RESUMEN
Spirocerca lupi is a nematode that infects the dog's oesophagus and promotes the formation of an inflammatory fibroblastic nodule that progresses to sarcoma in approximately 25% of cases. Spirocercosis-associated oesophageal sarcoma is an excellent and under-utilized spontaneous model of parasite-associated malignancy. The inflammatory infiltrate of paraffin-embedded, non-neoplastic oesophageal nodules (n = 46), neoplastic nodules (n = 25) and normal oesophagus (n = 14) was examined by immunohistochemistry using MAC387 (myeloid cells), CD3 (T cells), Pax5 (B cells) and FoxP3 (T regulatory cells) antibodies. Myeloid cells predominated in 70% of nodules, in pockets around the worms' migratory tracts and in necro-ulcerative areas in neoplastic cases. T cells predominated in 23% of cases with a focal or diffuse distribution, in the nodule periphery. No significant differences were observed between neoplastic and non-neoplastic stages. FoxP3+ cells were observed in low numbers, not significantly different from the controls. The inflammation in spirocercosis is characterized by pockets of pus surrounded by organized lymphoid foci. There was no evidence of a local accumulation of FoxP3+ cells, unlike many previous studies that have reported an increase in FoxP3+ T cells in both malignancies and parasite infections. The triggering factor(s) driving the malignant transformation of the spirocercosis-associated chronic inflammatory nodule warrants further investigation.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Enfermedades del Esófago/veterinaria , Células Mieloides/inmunología , Infecciones por Spirurida/veterinaria , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Thelazioidea/inmunología , Thelazioidea/patogenicidad , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/inmunología , Perros , Enfermedades del Esófago/inmunología , Enfermedades del Esófago/patología , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Microscopía , Infecciones por Spirurida/inmunología , Infecciones por Spirurida/patologíaRESUMEN
Draschia megastoma, Habronema microstoma, and Habronema muscae are the etiological agents of cutaneous habronemosis, commonly known as summer sores, an inflammatory cutaneous and ocular parasitic disease of horses and other equids transmitted by flies. Here, we describe a cluster of cutaneous habronemosis in five horses that showed single or multiple typical cutaneous ulcerative wounds located on the face, lower forelegs or hindquarters in Israel with the presence of typical "sulphur granules." All affected animals were confirmed by histopathological and/or molecular methods to be infected by H. muscae. This constitutes the first report of cutaneous habronemosis in Israel in which the causative nematode, H. muscae, was identified by molecular means. Cutaneous habronemosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in equids with cutaneous ulcerative lesions during the summer months, especially when affected animals are refractive to antibiotic treatment alone.
Asunto(s)
Dípteros , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Infecciones por Spirurida , Spiruroidea , Animales , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Caballos , Israel/epidemiología , Infecciones por Spirurida/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Spirurida/epidemiología , Infecciones por Spirurida/veterinariaRESUMEN
A dose of 48 Gy of X-irradiation given over two to five weeks after grafting caused no significant delay in the rate of healing and only a small and statistically non-significant decrease in the torsional strength of the graft-bone junction of either vascularised or non-vascularised bone grafts of the tibiae of rabbits. Healing was faster and the union between the graft and adjacent bone developed torsional strength significantly more rapidly with vascularised than with non-vascularised grafts. These findings suggest that postoperative radiotherapy is unlikely to have a significantly deleterious effect on the healing of bone grafts used to repair defects produced by excision of malignant bone tumours.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante Óseo , Huesos/efectos de la radiación , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de la radiación , Animales , Huesos/irrigación sanguínea , Huesos/patología , Cuidados Posoperatorios , Conejos , Resistencia a la Tracción , TibiaRESUMEN
Over the last 14 years, 134 patients with obstructive lymphedema have been treated with microlymphaticovenous anastomoses. Ninety patients were available for long-term follow-up study. Of these, 52 patients were treated by microlymphatic surgery only and 38 of them also had segmental or radical reduction surgery, either at the same time or secondarily. Objective assessment was undertaken by volume and circumferential measurements. Initially, lymphangiography was used, but a study demonstrated increased edema immediately following the investigation in one-third of the patients and it was abandoned, both preoperatively and postoperatively. In the microlymphaticovenous anastomoses only group (N = 52), subjective improvement occurred in 38 patients (73 percent). Objectively, volume changes showed a significant improvement in 22 patients (42 percent), with an average reduction of 44 percent of the excess volume. In the microlymphaticovenous anastomoses and reduction surgery, usually segmental, group (N = 38), subjective improvement occurred in 30 patients (78 percent) and objective improvement occurred in 23 patients (60 percent), with an average reduction of 44 percent of the excess volume. Of those followed up, 67 patients (74 percent) have been able to discontinue the use of conservative measures, with an average follow-up of 4.0 years and average reduction in excess volume of 26 percent. There was a 58 percent reduction in the incidence of cellulitis following surgery. In those patients who were improved, drainage resulted in increased softness of the limbs. Edema of the hand diminished considerably in most patients, although this was difficult to measure. These long-term results indicate that microlymphaticovenous anastomoses have a valuable place in the treatment of obstructive lymphedema and should be the treatment of choice in these patients. Reduction surgery can be used as an adjunct in some of these patients, especially in the posteromedial aspect of the upper arm. Liposuction has been used in failed cases or in patients in whom no lymphatics could be found. Improved results can be expected with earlier operations because patients referred earlier usually have less lymphatic disruption.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Linfático/cirugía , Linfedema/cirugía , Venas/cirugía , Anastomosis Quirúrgica , Celulitis (Flemón)/etiología , Constricción Patológica , Extremidades/patología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Linfedema/etiología , Linfedema/patología , Masculino , Microcirugia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones PosoperatoriasRESUMEN
Lead II electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded in 88 dogs ranging in weight from 3 to 50 kg. A commercial direct-writing electrocardiograph was used to record the ECGs, first with manual HUM filter (notch filter at 50/60 Hz) and EMG filter (cut-off frequency of -3 dB at 35 Hz) on, immediately followed by a recording with both filters off. The mean (sd) reduction in R-amplitude with the filters on was 53(18) per cent with a range from 22 to 100 per cent and a median value of 51 per cent. The R-amplitude with the filters off was related to the R-amplitude with the filters on, making it possible to correct for the effect of the filters. The reduction in R-amplitude was inversely correlated with the weight of the dog and with the duration of the QRS-complex. Other known changes induced by filters, such as the elimination of notches and the slurring of the junction between the QRS-complex and the ST-interval were also observed. The inverse relationship between the weight of the dog and the magnitude of the reduction in R-amplitude by the filters indicates that ECG machines with different characteristics should ideally be used to record ECGs in dogs of different sizes.
Asunto(s)
Electrocardiografía/instrumentación , Animales , Perros , Diseño de Equipo , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
A case of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in an English bulldog is described. The dog was presented with chronic weight loss and vomiting. An intestinal obstruction was suspected based on clinical and radiological findings. A diagnosis of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction was made on the basis of full thickness intestinal biopsies. The dog was refractory to any antiemetic therapy. Necropsy revealed marked atrophy and fibrosis of the tunica muscularis, together with a mononuclear cell infiltrate extending from the duodenum to the colon. This case was presented with clinical findings consistent with visceral myopathy in humans--namely, atony and dilatation of the whole gut--but the histological findings resembled sclerosis limited to the gastrointestinal tract.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Seudoobstrucción Intestinal/veterinaria , Animales , Cruzamiento , Enfermedad Crónica , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Perros , Seudoobstrucción Intestinal/diagnóstico , Seudoobstrucción Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Seudoobstrucción Intestinal/patología , Seudoobstrucción Intestinal/cirugía , Masculino , RadiografíaRESUMEN
A one-year-old, male, smooth-haired standard dachshund was presented with a history of chronic hypersalivation, dysphagia, puffing of the cheeks on expiration, and inspiratory stridor. Oral examination revealed a moderately thickened tongue radix and that the normal intrapharyngeal opening was obliterated. A 7 mm long, midline palatal slit was the only communication between the naso- and oropharynx. The soft palate was fused to the caudal pharyngeal wall. A concurrent hiatal hernia was diagnosed on thoracic radiographs. The soft palate abnormality was surgically corrected and the hiatal hernia was managed medically. On follow-up evaluations, the clinical signs had markedly improved, and the hiatal hernia was no longer visible on survey thoracic radiographs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/congénito , Hernia Hiatal/veterinaria , Paladar Blando/anomalías , Faringe/anomalías , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/veterinaria , Animales , Perros , Hernia Hiatal/congénito , Hernia Hiatal/cirugía , Masculino , Paladar Blando/cirugía , Linaje , Faringe/cirugía , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Canine spirocercosis is caused by the nematode Spirocerca lupi and is characterized by esophageal fibro-inflammatory nodules that may undergo neoplastic transformation. No sensitive and specific laboratory assays other than histopathology have been reported to differentiate non-neoplastic from neoplastic disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Dogs with spirocercosis will have evidence of hypercoagulability based on thromboelastography (TEG)-derived maximal amplitude (MA); increased MA will be correlated with increased acute phase protein (APP) concentrations (C-reactive protein [CRP] and fibrinogen); increased MA and APPs will be exacerbated with neoplastic spirocercosis. ANIMALS: Thirty-nine client-owned dogs with naturally occurring spirocercosis and 15 sex-matched healthy controls. METHODS: A prospective comparative study evaluating TEG, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, antithrombin (AT) activity, platelet count and D-dimer concentration, and APPs of dogs with non-neoplastic (n = 24) and neoplastic (n = 15) spirocercosis compared to control dogs. RESULTS: Median MA was significantly increased in the non-neoplastic group (P < .01) and neoplastic group (P < .01) compared to the controls. Both APPs were significantly increased in the neoplastic group compared to the non-neoplastic and control groups. MA was strongly correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.85, P < .001) and CRP (r = 0.73, P < .001). An MA >76 mm provided 96% specificity and 73% sensitivity for differentiation of disease state. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Canine spirocercosis is associated with increased TEG variables, MA and α, and decreased AT activity, which may indicate a hypercoagulable state seemingly more severe with neoplastic transformation. MA was correlated with APP in dogs with spirocercosis and can be used as an adjunctive test to support the suspicion of neoplastic transformation.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Spirurida/veterinaria , Thelazioidea/inmunología , Tromboelastografía/veterinaria , Animales , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/inmunología , Perros , Neoplasias Esofágicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Esofágicas/inmunología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/parasitología , Femenino , Productos de Degradación de Fibrina-Fibrinógeno/análisis , Fibrinógeno/análisis , Masculino , Tiempo de Tromboplastina Parcial/veterinaria , Recuento de Plaquetas/veterinaria , Estudios Prospectivos , Tiempo de Protrombina/veterinaria , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Infecciones por Spirurida/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Spirurida/inmunología , Infecciones por Spirurida/parasitología , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent proangiogenic factor associated with tumor development. Spirocerca lupi is a nematode of canids that induces an esophageal nodule that progresses to a sarcoma in 25% of cases. Determination of neoplastic transformation is challenging and usually based on endoscopy-guided biopsies under general anesthesia, an expensive procedure that often yields nondiagnostic, necrotic samples. HYPOTHESIS: Circulatory VEGF concentrations are increased in dogs with neoplastic spirocercosis and can distinguish between dogs with neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease. ANIMALS: A total of 24 client-owned dogs, 9 nonneoplastic, 9 neoplastic, and 6 controls. METHODS: Case-control study. Plasma and serum VEGF concentrations at the time of diagnosis were compared with those of healthy controls. Measurement of VEGF was performed using a canine-specific ELISA. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were used for statistical analysis with significance set at P < .05. RESULTS: The median plasma VEGF concentrations of dogs with neoplastic spirocercosis were 629 pg/mL (range, 282-2,366) higher than both the nonneoplastic (<39.5 pg/mL; range, <39.5-716) and control dogs (<39.5 pg/mL; all values, <39.5; P = .0003). The median serum VEGF concentration of the neoplastic dogs was 69 pg/mL (range, <39.5-212) higher than the nonneoplastic (<39.5 pg/mL; range, <39.5-44.13) and control dogs (<39.5 pg/mL; all values, <39.5; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Both plasma and serum VEGF concentrations can be used to differentiate nonneoplastic and neoplastic spirocercosis. The role of VEGF in neoplastic transformation of S. lupi-induced nodules and the potential utility of anti-VEGF drugs in spirocercosis-induced sarcoma warrant further investigation.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Sarcoma/veterinaria , Infecciones por Spirurida/veterinaria , Thelazioidea/inmunología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/sangre , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Estudios de Cohortes , Enfermedades de los Perros/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Sarcoma/sangre , Sarcoma/inmunología , Sarcoma/patología , Infecciones por Spirurida/sangre , Infecciones por Spirurida/inmunología , Infecciones por Spirurida/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Spirocercosis in dogs is characterized by esophageal nodules that can undergo neoplastic transformation. Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with neoplasia formation. We hypothesized hypovitaminosis D in neoplastic spirocercosis and that it could be a risk factor for neoplastic transformation. OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare vitamin D status, assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in non-neoplastic (n = 25) and neoplastic (n = 26) spirocercosis client-owned dogs and healthy dogs (n = 24). ANIMALS: Twenty-five non-neoplastic dogs, 26 neoplastic dogs, and 24 healthy dogs. METHODS: Fifty-one dogs were randomly selected from 119 dogs diagnosed with spirocercosis presenting to our hospital, and further divided into non-neoplastic or neoplastic groups. Exclusion criteria included dogs less than 1 year old, with concurrent diseases, received corticosteroids, or treated prophylactically for spirocercosis. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Spirocercosis dogs' appetites were graded and compared. RESULTS: Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly different among all groups (P < .001). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significantly lower in neoplastic group (median 30.7 nmol/L [range 14.7-62.2]) compared to non-neoplastic (median 52.7 nmol/L [range 19.1-129.7, P < .05]) and healthy groups (median 74.6 nmol/L [range 37.4-130.5, P < .005]). 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significantly lower in non-neoplastic spirocercosis dogs compared to healthy ones (P < .05). Neoplastic and non-neoplastic spirocercosis dogs had similar appetite scores (P = 1.0). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were not significantly different between dogs with normal (P = .087) and abnormal (P = .125) appetites within neoplastic and non-neoplastic spirocercosis groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Further studies are warranted to determine potential use of vitamin D treatment in spirocercosis and explore role of hypovitaminosis D in pathogenesis of malignant transformation.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Infecciones por Spirurida/veterinaria , Thelazioidea , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/veterinaria , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Infecciones por Spirurida/sangre , Infecciones por Spirurida/complicaciones , Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/etiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The nematode Spirocerca lupi (S. lupi) induces sarcoma in the dog oesophagus in about 25% of cases. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in the cytokine milieu between dogs with neoplastic (n=29) and non-neoplastic disease (n=49) and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n=25). We measured IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, GM-CSF and MCP-1 in a specific canine multiplex immunoassay kit. Cytokine concentrations were compared between the different groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test. Only IL-8 and IL-18 showed significant differences in their plasma concentration among the three groups. Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a significant (p=0.001) difference in IL-8 concentration between the neoplastic group (634pg/ml), the non-neoplastic (429 pg/ml) and the control groups (150 pg/ml). Post-test analysis revealed a significance difference between the two S. lupi groups and the control group (p<0.01). The highest IL-18 concentration was found in the non-neoplastic group (53 pg/ml), followed by the control group (46 pg/ml) and finally the neoplastic group (33 pg/ml). IL-18 concentrations were significantly higher in the non-neoplastic group than in the neoplastic group (p=0.05). The increased IL-8 in the spirocercosis groups is consistent with the neutrophilic infiltrate in spirocercosis lesions and in those of other inflammatory-induced neoplasias such as Barret's oesophagus and Helicobacter gastritis. IL-18 showed negative regulatory effect in several worm infections and it is possible that it plays the same role in spirocercosis, allowing the worm to evade the host response and to induce neoplastic transformation.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/inmunología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/veterinaria , Sarcoma/veterinaria , Infecciones por Spirurida/veterinaria , Thelazioidea/inmunología , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Perros , Neoplasias Esofágicas/inmunología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/parasitología , Femenino , Interleucina-18/sangre , Interleucina-8/sangre , Masculino , Infecciones por Spirurida/inmunología , Infecciones por Spirurida/parasitologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Spirocerca lupi is a nematode of canids that forms a nodule in the esophagus that can undergo neoplastic transformation. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute phase protein in the dog that has been used for treatment, monitoring, and prognostication in inflammatory and neoplastic disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine if serum CRP concentration (1) is increased in canine spirocercosis, (2) can be used to determine neoplastic transformation, and (3) can be used to monitor response to treatment in benign spirocercosis. ANIMALS: Forty-two dogs naturally infected with S. lupi and 21 control dogs. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed. The infected cases were divided into benign (n = 28) or malignant (n = 14) spirocercosis. CRP was performed on all of the spirocercosis and control cases at presentation. Statistical analysis was done by the one-way analysis of variance and Student's t-test. RESULTS: The mean CRP concentration in the benign cases was 60.4 ± 48.0 mg/L and that of the malignant cases was 76.5 ± 44.8 mg/L; both values were significantly higher (P < .001) than those of the control group where the mean was 13.4 ± 17.9 mg/L. The mean CRP concentration for the convalescent sera in the benign group was lower than the pretreatment concentrations (P= .01). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: CRP cannot be used to differentiate between benign and malignant spirocercosis. There is a decrease in CRP concentration in dogs with benign spirocercosis once treatment has commenced. Serial CRP measurement can be used to monitor response to treatment in benign spirocercosis.
Asunto(s)
Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Perros/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Spirurida/veterinaria , Thelazioidea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Perros , Neoplasias Esofágicas/sangre , Neoplasias Esofágicas/parasitología , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Infecciones por Spirurida/sangre , Infecciones por Spirurida/parasitologíaRESUMEN
This study aims to outline the histological progression of the Spirocerca lupi nodule from infection to neoplastic transformation. Sixty-two spirocercosis-induced nodules, 42 non-neoplastic and 20 neoplastic, were stained with HE. Ten non-overlapping high power fields per nodule were examined and non-neoplastic and neoplastic nodules were compared. Inflammation was scored 0-3 and revealed a score of 1.91+/-0.52 in the non-neoplastic and 0.97+/-0.5 in the neoplastic cases (p<0.01). In most non-neoplastic cases the inflammatory infiltrate was lymphoplasmacytic and in the neoplastic cases neutrophils predominated. Necrosis was scored 0-3 and revealed a score of 0.88+/-0.41 in the non-neoplastic and 1.47+/-0.5 in the neoplastic cases (p<0.01). The average number of mitoses over 10 high power fields per nodule was 1.31+/-1.55 in the non-neoplastic compared to 42.85+/-30.79 in the neoplastic cases (p<0.01). The average number of multinucleated giant cells over 10 high power fields per nodule was 0.9+/-1.45 in the non-neoplastic compared to 13.9+/-14.66 in the neoplastic cases (p<0.01). In the non-neoplastic cases, collagen, immature fibroblasts and fibroblast activation (excessively plump euchromatic nuclei with single or multiple prominent nucleoli) were scored 0-3 and a combined score, fibroblasts+activation score-collagen was calculated. The non-neoplastic cases were divided into a combined score of