Disparities in donor heart acceptance between the USA and Europe: clinical implications.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Given limited evidence and lack of consensus on donor acceptance for heart transplant (HT), selection practices vary widely across HT centres in the USA. Similar variation likely exists on a broader scale-across countries and HT systems-but remains largely unexplored. This study characterized differences in heart donor populations and selection practices between the USA and Eurotransplant-a consortium of eight European countries-and their implications for system-wide outcomes. METHODS: Characteristics of adult reported heart donors and their utilization (the percentage of reported donors accepted for HT) were compared between Eurotransplant (n = 8714) and the USA (n = 60 882) from 2010 to 2020. Predictors of donor acceptance were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Additional analyses estimated the impact of achieving Eurotransplant-level utilization in the USA amongst donors of matched quality, using probability of acceptance as a marker of quality. RESULTS: Eurotransplant reported donors were older with more cardiovascular risk factors but with higher utilization than in the USA (70% vs. 44%). Donor age, smoking history, and diabetes mellitus predicted non-acceptance in the USA and, by a lesser magnitude, in Eurotransplant; donor obesity and hypertension predicted non-acceptance in the USA only. Achieving Eurotransplant-level utilization amongst the top 30%-50% of donors (by quality) would produce an additional 506-930 US HTs annually. CONCLUSIONS: Eurotransplant countries exhibit more liberal donor heart acceptance practices than the USA. Adopting similar acceptance practices could help alleviate the scarcity of donor hearts and reduce waitlist morbidity in the USA.

Ex Vivo Optimization of Donor Lungs with Inhaled Sevoflurane during Normothermic Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion (VITALISE): A Pilot and Feasibility Study in Sheep.

Volatile anesthetics have been shown in different studies to reduce ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) facilitates graft evaluation, extends preservation time and potentially enables injury repair and improvement of lung quality. We hypothesized that ventilating lungs with sevoflurane during EVLP would reduce lung injury and improve lung function. We performed a pilot study to test this hypothesis in a slaughterhouse sheep DCD model. Lungs were harvested, flushed and stored on ice for 3 h, after which EVLP was performed for 4 h. Lungs were ventilated with either an FiO2 of 0.4 (EVLP, n = 5) or FiO2 of 0.4 plus sevoflurane at a 2% end-tidal concentration (Cet) (S-EVLP, n = 5). Perfusate, tissue samples and functional measurements were collected and analyzed. A steady state of the target Cet sevoflurane was reached with measurable concentrations in perfusate. Lungs in the S-EVLP group showed significantly better dynamic lung compliance than those in the EVLP group (p = 0.003). Oxygenation capacity was not different in treated lungs for delta partial oxygen pressure (PO2; +3.8 (-4.9/11.1) vs. -11.7 (-12.0/-3.2) kPa, p = 0.151), but there was a trend of a better PO2/FiO2 ratio (p = 0.054). Perfusate ASAT levels in S-EVLP were significantly reduced compared to the control group (198.1 ± 93.66 vs. 223.9 ± 105.7 IU/L, p = 0.02). We conclude that ventilating lungs with sevoflurane during EVLP is feasible and could be useful to improve graft function.

Near-infrared spectroscopy and processed electroencephalogram monitoring for predicting peri-operative stroke risk in cardiothoracic surgery: An observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a feared complication after cardiothoracic surgery, with an incidence of around 2 to 3%. Anaesthesia and postoperative sedation may obscure clinical symptoms of stroke and thus delay diagnosis and timely intervention. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the value of intra-operative neuromonitoring and blood pressure monitoring for predicting the occurrence of peri-operative stroke within 3 days after cardiothoracic surgery. DESIGN: Single-centre retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Academic tertiary care medical centre. PATIENTS: All consecutive patients with cardiothoracic surgery and intra-operative neuromonitoring admitted postoperatively to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) between 2008 and 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the occurrence of any stroke confirmed by brain imaging within 3 days postcardiothoracic surgery. Areas under the curve (AUC) of intra-operative mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO 2 ) and bispectral index (BIS) below predefined thresholds were calculated, and the association with early stroke was tested using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 2454 patients admitted to the ICU after cardiothoracic surgery had complete intra-operative data for ScO 2 , BIS and MAP and were included in the analysis. In 58 patients (2.4%), a stroke was confirmed. In univariate analysis, a larger AUC MAP<60 mmHg [odds ratio (OR) 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21 to 1.68) and larger AUC BIS<25 (OR 1.51; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.83) were associated with the occurrence of postoperative stroke while ScO 2 less than 50% or greater than 20% reduction from individual baseline was not (OR 0.91; 95% CI, 0.50 to 1.67). After multivariable analysis, AUC BIS<25 (OR 1.45; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.87) and longer duration of MAP less than 60 mmHg (OR 1.52; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.27) remained independently associated with stroke occurrence. CONCLUSION: Cumulative intra-operative BIS values below 25 and longer duration of MAP below 60 mmHg were associated with the occurrence of peri-operative stroke within 3 days after cardiothoracic surgery. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate a causal relationship between low BIS and stroke to establish whether avoiding intra-operative BIS values below 25 might reduce the incidence of peri-operative stroke.

Impact of COVID-19 social distancing measures on lung transplant recipients: decline in overall respiratory virus infections is associated with stabilisation of lung function.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) social distancing measures led to a dramatic decline in non-COVID-19 respiratory virus infections, providing a unique opportunity to study their impact on annual forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) decline, episodes of temporary drop in lung function (TDLF) suggestive of infection and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). METHODS: All FEV1 values of LTRs transplanted between 2009 and April 2020 at the University Medical Center Groningen (Groningen, The Netherlands) were included. Annual FEV1 change was estimated with separate estimates for pre-social distancing (2009-2020) and the year with social distancing measures (2020-2021). Patients were grouped by individual TDLF frequency (frequent/infrequent). Respiratory virus circulation was derived from weekly hospital-wide respiratory virus infection rates. Effect modification by TDLF frequency and respiratory virus circulation was assessed. CLAD and TDLF rates were analysed over time. RESULTS: 479 LTRs (12 775 FEV1 values) were included. Pre-social distancing annual change in FEV1 was -114 (95% CI -133- -94) mL, while during social distancing FEV1 did not decline: 5 (95% CI -38-48) mL (difference pre-social distancing versus during social distancing: p<0.001). The frequent TDLF subgroup showed faster annual FEV1 decline compared with the infrequent TDLF subgroup (-150 (95% CI -181- -120) versus -90 (95% CI -115- -65) mL; p=0.003). During social distancing, we found significantly lower odds for any TDLF (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33-0.85; p=0.008) and severe TDLF (OR 0.34, 0.16-0.71; p=0.005) as well as lower CLAD incidence (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.27-1.02; p=0.060). Effect modification by respiratory virus circulation indicated a significant association between TDLF/CLAD and respiratory viruses. CONCLUSIONS: During COVID-19 social distancing the strong reduction in respiratory virus circulation coincided with markedly less FEV1 decline, fewer episodes of TDLF and possibly less CLAD. Effect modification by respiratory virus circulation suggests an important role for respiratory viruses in lung function decline in LTRs.

Oxygenated machine perfusion at room temperature as an alternative for static cold storage in porcine donor hearts.

BACKGROUND: There is a continued interest in ex situ heart perfusion as an alternative strategy for donor heart preservation. We hypothesize that oxygenated machine perfusion of donor hearts at a temperature that avoids both normothermia and deep hypothermia offers adequate and safe preservation. METHODS: Cardioplegia-arrested porcine donor hearts were randomly assigned to six hours of preservation using cold storage (CS, n = 5) or machine perfusion using an oxygenated acellular perfusate at 21°C (MP, n = 5). Subsequently, all grafts were evaluated using the Langendorff method for 120 min. Metabolic parameters and histology were analyzed. Systolic function was assessed by contractility and elastance. Diastolic function was assessed by lusitropy and stiffness. RESULTS: For both groups, in vivo baseline and post-Langendorff biopsies were comparable, as were lactate difference and myocardial oxygen consumption. Injury markers gradually increased and were comparable. Significant weight gain was seen in MP (p = 0.008). Diastolic function was not impaired in MP, and lusitropy was superior from 30 min up to 90 min of reperfusion. Contractility was superior in MP during the first hour of evaluation. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the initial functional outcome of MP-preserved hearts was transiently superior compared to CS, with no histological injury post-Langendorff. Our machine perfusion strategy could offer feasible and safe storage of hearts prior to transplantation. Future studies are warranted for further optimization.

Early Thromboembolic Stroke Risk of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Following Cardiac Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The authors aimed to study the association between postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) and thromboembolic stroke and to determine risk factors for thromboembolic stroke after cardiac surgery. DESIGN: The authors performed a secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial (GRIP-COMPASS). The patients with thromboembolic stroke were compared with those without thromboembolic stroke, and the difference in the incidence of POAF between these groups was assessed. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression analyses. Brain imaging was studied for the occurrence of thromboembolic stroke during hospital admission, and POAF was monitored for seven days. To assess which characteristics were associated with occurrence of thromboembolic stroke, stepwise backward regression analysis was performed. PARTICIPANTS: All adult consecutive cardiac surgery patients admitted postoperatively to the intensive care unit. SETTING: Academic tertiary care medical center. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 910 patients included in this study, 26 patients (2.9%) had a thromboembolic stroke during hospital admission. The incidence of POAF during the first seven days after cardiac surgery in those with thromboembolic stroke was 65%, compared with 39% in those without thromboembolic stroke: adjusted OR 3.01 (95% confidence interval, 1.13-8.00). POAF, a history of peripheral vascular disease, a higher EuroSCORE, and a longer duration of surgery were associated with thromboembolic stroke. CONCLUSIONS: POAF within seven days after cardiac surgery was associated with a three-fold increased risk for a thromboembolic stroke during hospital admission. Expeditious treatment of POAF may, therefore, reduce early stroke risk after cardiac surgery.

Conservative initial postoperative anticoagulation strategy after HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device implantation.

INTRODUCTION: Although anticoagulation therapy is mandated after implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), postoperative bleedings and reoperations occur relatively frequently and are associated with worse outcomes. We evaluated the use of a conservative postoperative anticoagulation protocol in patients implanted with a HeartMate 3 (HM3) LVAD. METHODS: In a single-centre retrospective analysis of postoperative outcomes after HM3 LVAD implantation, a standard (old) anticoagulation protocol (i.e. early, full-dose anticoagulation with low-molecular weight heparin and overlapping vitamin K antagonist) was compared with a new conservative anticoagulation protocol (i.e. slow initiation of vitamin K antagonists without overlapping heparin). Main outcomes were changes in international normalised ratio (INR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bleeding and/or tamponade events requiring reoperation, length of stay and adverse events. RESULTS: In total, 73 patients (48 in old vs 25 in new protocol group) were evaluated. Mean age was 56 years (standard deviation 13) and most patients (78%) were males. Changes in INR and LDH in the first 14 days were similar in both groups (p = 0.50 and p = 0.997 for interaction, respectively). Number of bleeding/tamponade events requiring reoperation was lower in the new than in the old protocol group (4% vs 33%, p = 0.005). Postoperative 30-day mortality was similar, and we observed no thromboembolic events. Median (25th-75th percentiles) total length of postoperative hospital stay (27 (25-41) vs 21 (19-27) days, p < 0.001) and length of intensive care unit stay (5 (2-9) vs 2 (2-5) days, p = 0.022) were significantly shorter in the new protocol group. CONCLUSION: These retrospective data suggest that conservative slow initiation of anticoagulation therapy after HM3 LVAD implantation is associated with less bleeding/tamponade events requiring reoperation, a similar safety profile and a shorter duration of stay than the currently advised standard anticoagulation protocol.

Brain death-induced lung injury is complement dependent, with a primary role for the classical/lectin pathway.

In brain-dead donors immunological activation occurs, which deteriorates donor lung quality. Whether the complement system is activated and which pathways are herein involved, remain unknown. We aimed to investigate whether brain death (BD)-induced lung injury is complement dependent and dissected the contribution of the complement activation pathways. BD was induced and sustained for 3 hours in wild-type (WT) and complement deficient mice. C3-/- mice represented total complement deficiency, C4-/- mice represented deficiency of the classical and lectin pathway, and factor properdin (P)-/- mice represented alternative pathway deficiency. Systemic and local complement levels, histological lung injury, and pulmonary inflammation were assessed. Systemic and local complement levels were reduced in C3-/- mice. In addition, histological lung injury and inflammation were attenuated, as corroborated by influx of neutrophils and gene expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8-like KC, TNF-α, E-selectin, and MCP-1. In C4-/- mice, complement was reduced on both systemic and local levels and histological lung injury and inflammatory status were ameliorated. In P-/- mice, histological lung injury was attenuated, though systemic and local complement levels, IL-6 and KC gene expressions, and neutrophil influx were not affected. We demonstrated that BD-induced lung injury is complement dependent, with a primary role for the classical/lectin activation pathway.

Post-transplant inotrope score is associated with clinical outcomes after adult heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Inotrope score has been proposed as a marker of clinical outcome after adult heart transplantation (HTx) but is rarely used in practice. METHODS: Inotrope score during the first 48 h after HTx was calculated in 81 patients as: dopamine + dobutamine + amrinone + milrinone (dose × 15) + epinephrine (dose × 100) + norepinephrine (dose × 100) + enoximone + isoprenaline (dose × 100), with each drug in µg/kg/min. Determinants of inotrope score were identified with linear regression. Cox regression was used to determine the association of inotrope score with mortality. RESULTS: The mean recipient age was 52 ± 11 years, and 32 (39.5%) patients were female. Determinants of inotrope score were preoperative C-reactive protein, serum urea, congenital heart disease, and donor cardiac arrest (R2  = .30). Inotrope score was associated with 5-year mortality, independent of recipient age and gender (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.07). This association was attenuated when adjusting for female-to-male transplant and ischemia time. Inotrope score was also strongly associated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.12). CONCLUSION: High inotrope score post-HTx was observed in recipient congenital heart disease and was associated with a higher risk of mortality and acute kidney injury.

Donor Heart Preservation with Hydrogen Sulfide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Preclinical studies have shown that postconditioning with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exerts cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). The aim of this study was to appraise the current evidence of the cardioprotective effects of H2S against IRI in order to explore the future implementation of H2S in clinical cardiac transplantation. The current literature on H2S postconditioning in the setting of global myocardial ischemia was systematically reviewed and analyzed, performing meta-analyses. A literature search of the electronic databases Medline, Embase and Cinahl identified 1835 studies that were subjected to our pre-defined inclusion criteria. Sixteen studies were considered eligible for inclusion. Postconditioning with H2S showed significant robust effects with regard to limiting infarct size (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -4.12, 95% CI [-5.53--2.71], p < 0.00001). Furthermore, H2S postconditioning consistently resulted in a significantly lower release of cardiac injury markers, lower levels of oxidative stress and improved cardiac function. Postconditioning with slow-releasing H2S donors offers a valuable opportunity for novel therapies within cardiac preservation for transplantation. Before clinical implication, studies evaluating the long-term effects of H2S treatment and effects of H2S treatment in large animal studies are warranted.

Distribution of Cardioembolic Stroke: A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: A cardiac origin in ischemic stroke is more frequent than previously assumed, but it is not clear which patients benefit from cardiac work-up if obvious cardiac pathology is absent. We hypothesized that thromboembolic stroke with a cardiac source occurs more frequently in the posterior circulation compared with thromboembolic stroke of another etiology. METHODS: We performed a multicenter observational study in 3,311 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke who were enrolled in an ongoing prospective stroke registry of 8 University hospitals between September 2009 and November 2014 in The Netherlands. In this initiative, the so-called Parelsnoer Institute-Cerebrovascular Accident Study Group, clinical data, imaging, and biomaterials of patients with stroke are prospectively and uniformly collected. We compared the proportions of posterior stroke location in patients with a cardiac stroke source with those with another stroke etiology and calculated risk ratios (RR) with corresponding 95% CI with Poisson regression analyses. To assess which patient or disease characteristics were most strongly associated with a cardiac etiology in patients with ischemic stroke, we performed a stepwise backward regression analysis. RESULTS: For the primary aim, 1,428 patients were eligible for analyses. The proportion of patients with a posterior stroke location among patients with a cardiac origin of their stroke (28%) did not differ statistically significant to those with another origin (25%), age and sex adjusted RR 1.16; 95% CI 0.96-1.41. For the secondary aim, 1,955 patients were eligible for analyses. No recent history of smoking, no hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, a higher age, and a higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score were associated with a cardiac etiology of ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS: We could not confirm our hypothesis that thromboembolic stroke localized in the posterior circulation is associated with a cardioembolic source of ischemic stroke, and therefore posterior stroke localization on itself does not necessitate additional cardiac examination. The lack of determinants of atherosclerosis, for example, no recent history of smoking and no hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, a higher age, and a higher NIHSS score are stronger risk factors for a cardiac source of ischemic stroke.

Incidence of Massive Transfusion and Overall Transfusion Requirements During Lung Transplantation Over a 25-Year Period.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence of massive transfusion and overall transfusion requirements during lung transplantation, changes over time, and association with outcome in relation to patient complexity. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All 514 adult patients who underwent transplantation from 1990 until 2015. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patient records and transfusion data, divided into 5-year intervals, were analyzed. The incidence of massive transfusion (>10 units of red blood cells [RBCs] in 24 h) was 27% and did not change over time, whereas the median (interquartile range) transfusion requirement in the whole cohort decreased from 8 (5-12) to 3 (0-10) RBCs (p < 0.001). In patients transplanted from the intensive care unit, the incidence of massive transfusion increased over time from 25% to 54% (p = 0.04) and median transfusion requirements from 4.5 (3-8.5) units to 14.5 (5-26) units of RBCs (p = 0.03). Multivariable analysis showed that circulatory support, pulmonary hypertension, re-transplantation, cystic fibrosis, Eisenmenger syndrome, bilateral transplantation, and low body mass index were associated with massive transfusion. Patients with massive transfusion had more primary graft dysfunction grade III at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours (p < 0.001), higher 30-day mortality (13% v 4%; p < 0.001), and lower 5-year survival (hazard ratio 3.67 [95% confidence interval 1.72-7.85]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The incidence of massive transfusion did not change over time, whereas transfusion requirements in the whole cohort decreased. In patients transplanted from the intensive care unit, massive transfusion and transfusion requirements increased. Massive transfusion was associated with poor outcome.

Hospital Costs Of Extracorporeal Life Support Therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct an exploration of the hospital costs of extracorporeal life support therapy. Extracorporeal life support seems an efficient therapy for acute, potentially reversible cardiac or respiratory failure, when conventional therapy has been inadequate, or as bridge to transplant, but unfortunately, no evidence in randomized controlled trials is delivered yet. DESIGN: Single-center retrospective exploratory cohort cost study. The study is performed from a hospital perspective with a time horizon of patients' complete hospital admission in which they received extracorporeal life support. SETTING: ICU of a university teaching hospital in The Netherlands. PATIENTS: All 67 consecutive adult patients who were admitted to the ICU of the University Medical Center Groningen in the period 2010-2013 and received extracorporeal life support treatment. INTERVENTION: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The bottom-up microcosting method was used except when stated otherwise. Medical costs were estimated by multiplying every registered healthcare consumption with unit prices. Unit prices were largely based on Dutch reference prices. For each patient, the personnel costs and material costs were assessed in detail. The costs of extracorporeal life support were differentiated in costs of procedures and costs of daily surcharge of therapy. Procedure-related costs were subdivided in costs of devices and disposables, costs of additional human resources, and surgery hours. The mean total hospital costs were € 106.263 (€ 83.841 to € 126.266) per patient ($145,580). On average, 52% of the total costs arose from hospital nursing days and 11% of direct procedure-related extracorporeal life support costs. Surgery and diagnostics represented a vast amount of the remaining costs. CONCLUSIONS: This large and detailed economic evaluation of hospital costs of extracorporeal life support therapy in the Netherlands showed that mean total hospital cost of extracorporeal life support treatment is € 106.263 per patient. The majority of the costs are composed of nursing days.

DCD lung donation: donor criteria, procedural criteria, pulmonary graft function validation, and preservation.

In an era where there is a shortage of lungs for transplantation is increased utilization of lungs from donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors. We review the reports of 11 controlled and 1 uncontrolled DCD programs focusing on donor criteria, procedural criteria, graft assessment, and preservation techniques including the use of ex vivo lung perfusion. We have formulated conclusions and recommendations for each of these areas, which were presented at the 6th International Conference on Organ Donation. A table of recommendations, the grade of recommendations, and references are provided.

A staged approach for a lung-liver transplant patient using ex vivo reconditioned lungs first followed by an urgent liver transplantation.

Combined lung-liver transplantation is a logistically challenging procedure hampered by shortage of organ donors. We describe the case of a young patient with end-stage lung disease due to of cystic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis who needed combined lung-liver transplantation. The long waiting for this caused an interesting clinical dilemma. We decided to change our policy in this situation by listing him only for the lung transplantation and to apply for a high urgent liver transplantation if the liver failed after the lung transplantation. This strategy enabled us to use lungs treated with ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) from an unsuitable donor after circulatory death. After conditioning for 4 h via EVLP, the pO2 was 59.7 kPa. The lungs were transplanted successfully. He developed an acute-on-chronic liver failure for which he received a successful liver transplantation 19 days after the lung transplantation.

Effects of ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate on cardiac and mitochondrial function during donation after circulatory death heart transplantation.

Normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) allows assessment of therapeutic interventions prior to donation after circulatory death transplantation. Sodium-3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) increases cardiac output in heart failure patients and diminishes ischemia-reperfusion injury, presumably by improving mitochondrial metabolism. We investigated effects of 3-OHB on cardiac and mitochondrial function in transplanted hearts and in cardiac organoids. Donor pigs (n = 14) underwent circulatory death followed by NRP. Following static cold storage, hearts were transplanted into recipient pigs. 3-OHB or Ringer's acetate infusions were initiated during NRP and after transplantation. We evaluated hemodynamics and mitochondrial function. 3-OHB mediated effects on contractility, relaxation, calcium, and conduction were tested in cardiac organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Following NRP, 3-OHB increased cardiac output (P < 0.0001) by increasing stroke volume (P = 0.006), dP/dt (P = 0.02) and reducing arterial elastance (P = 0.02). Following transplantation, infusion of 3-OHB maintained mitochondrial respiration (P = 0.009) but caused inotropy-resistant vasoplegia that prevented weaning. In cardiac organoids, 3-OHB increased contraction amplitude (P = 0.002) and shortened contraction duration (P = 0.013) without affecting calcium handling or conduction velocity. 3-OHB had beneficial cardiac effects and may have a potential to secure cardiac function during heart transplantation. Further studies are needed to optimize administration practice in donors and recipients and to validate the effect on mitochondrial function.

The gut microbiome in end-stage lung disease and lung transplantation.

Gut dysbiosis has been associated with impaired outcomes in liver and kidney transplant recipients, but the gut microbiome of lung transplant recipients has not been extensively explored. We assessed the gut microbiome in 64 fecal samples from end-stage lung disease patients before transplantation and 219 samples from lung transplant recipients after transplantation using metagenomic sequencing. To identify dysbiotic microbial signatures, we analyzed 243 fecal samples from age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy controls. By unsupervised clustering, we identified five groups of lung transplant recipients using different combinations of immunosuppressants and antibiotics and analyzed them in relation to the gut microbiome. Finally, we investigated the gut microbiome of lung transplant recipients in different chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) stages and longitudinal gut microbiome changes after transplantation. We found 108 species (58.1%) in end-stage lung disease patients and 139 species (74.7%) in lung transplant recipients that were differentially abundant compared with healthy controls, with several species exhibiting sharp longitudinal increases from before to after transplantation. Different combinations of immunosuppressants and antibiotics were associated with specific gut microbial signatures. We found that the gut microbiome of lung transplant recipients in CLAD stage 0 was more similar to healthy controls compared to those in CLAD stage 1. Finally, the gut microbial diversity of lung transplant recipients remained lower than the average gut microbial diversity of healthy controls up to more than 20 years post-transplantation. Gut dysbiosis, already present before lung transplantation was exacerbated following lung transplantation.IMPORTANCEThis study provides extensive insights into the gut microbiome of end-stage lung disease patients and lung transplant recipients, which warrants further investigation before the gut microbiome can be used for microbiome-targeted interventions that could improve the outcome of lung transplantation.

Flush at room temperature followed by storage on ice creates the best lung graft preservation in rats.

Current clinical lung preservation techniques have not eliminated ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, despite many improvements. The optimal combination of flush and storage temperatures remain unclear in lung preservation. This is the first study to investigate a range of temperatures with 24-h inflated storage using consistent state-of-the-art preservation techniques. A rat lung transplant model was used to investigate the optimal combination of flush and storage temperatures. In six groups, rat lungs were flushed at 4 °C, 10 °C or room temperature (F(4) /F(10) /F(Rt)) with Perfadex and stored inflated for 24 h in Perfadex on melting ice or at 10 °C (S(ice) /S(10)). Left donor lungs were transplanted for analysis. During 2-h reperfusion, the lung graft function was measured (blood gases, maximum ventilation pressure and static compliance) and lung graft injury was also assessed (W/D ratio, total lung protein, Tryptase, Myeloperoxidase). Right donor lungs were assessed for W/D ratio only after flush and storage. For baseline measurements, left lungs without intervention were used. The combination of F(Rt) -S(ice) showed a significantly higher pO(2), lower P(max), low W/D ratios and total protein levels of left lungs after reperfusion when compared with F(4) -S(ice) and baseline. Storage at 10 °C did not improve preservation. We conclude that F(Rt) -S(ice) creates the best lung graft preservation.