Fog Computing for Control of Cyber-Physical Systems in Industry Using BCI.

Brain-computer interfaces use signals from the brain, such as EEG, to determine brain states, which in turn can be used to issue commands, for example, to control industrial machinery. While Cloud computing can aid in the creation and operation of industrial multi-user BCI systems, the vast amount of data generated from EEG signals can lead to slow response time and bandwidth problems. Fog computing reduces latency in high-demand computation networks. Hence, this paper introduces a fog computing solution for BCI processing. The solution consists in using fog nodes that incorporate machine learning algorithms to convert EEG signals into commands to control a cyber-physical system. The machine learning module uses a deep learning encoder to generate feature images from EEG signals that are subsequently classified into commands by a random forest. The classification scheme is compared using various classifiers, being the random forest the one that obtained the best performance. Additionally, a comparison was made between the fog computing approach and using only cloud computing through the use of a fog computing simulator. The results indicate that the fog computing method resulted in less latency compared to the solely cloud computing approach.

Neurologic complications after surgical management of complex elbow trauma requiring radial head replacement.

BACKGROUND: Radial head arthroplasty (RHA) has become a successful procedure for addressing acute unreconstructible radial head fractures that compromise elbow stability in complex elbow trauma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for the development of neurologic complications after surgical treatment of complex elbow fractures that require an RHA. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with an unreconstructible radial head fracture and complex elbow instability treated with RHA were included. There were 33 men and 29 women, with a mean age of 54 years (range, 22-87 years). The average follow-up period was 5.2 years (range, 3-16 years). All patients were neurologically intact before surgery. The arthroplasty was implanted through a Kocher approach in 55 cases, whereas a Kaplan approach was used in 7. An uncemented smooth stem arthroplasty (Evolve) was used in 27 patients, and an anatomic ingrowth system (Anatomic Radial Head), in 35. At the time of surgery, 23 patients underwent fixation of a coronoid fracture and 15 underwent plating of the proximal ulna. All patients were clinically examined immediately after surgery and during follow-up to detect any degree of neurologic deficit. Radial and ulnar nerve injuries were classified according to the Hirachi and McGowan classifications, respectively. Functional outcomes were evaluated with the Mayo Elbow Performance Score. RESULTS: A complete posterior interosseous nerve palsy occurred postoperatively in 2 patients. Hand function had completely recovered in both at 2 months after surgery without sequelae. Nine patients complained of ulnar nerve symptoms (immediately after surgery in 6 and as delayed ulnar neuropathy in 3). Most patients with ulnar nerve deficits had undergone additional surgical procedures to address ulnar fractures. Among patients with ulnar neuropathies, only 3 complained of mild sensory symptoms at the latest follow-up. No significant differences in range of motion and Mayo Elbow Performance Score were found between patients with and without neurologic complications. Associated olecranon or coronoid fixation and a prolonged tourniquet time were identified as risk factors for neurologic complications. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the incidence of neurologic complications associated with the surgical treatment of complex elbow fractures requiring implantation of a radial head prosthesis may be underestimated in the literature. Inappropriate retraction in the anterior aspect of the radial neck, a prolonged ischemia time, and concomitant coronoid or olecranon fracture fixation represent the main risk factors for the development of this complication. Although the great majority of patients have full recovery of their nerve function, they should be advised on the risk of this stressful complication.

An early prediction model for gestational diabetes mellitus based on metabolomic biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents the main metabolic alteration during pregnancy. The available methods for diagnosing GDM identify women when the disease is established, and pancreatic beta-cell insufficiency has occurred.The present study aimed to generate an early prediction model (under 18 weeks of gestation) to identify those women who will later be diagnosed with GDM. METHODS: A cohort of 75 pregnant women was followed during gestation, of which 62 underwent normal term pregnancy and 13 were diagnosed with GDM. Targeted metabolomics was used to select serum biomarkers with predictive power to identify women who will later be diagnosed with GDM. RESULTS: Candidate metabolites were selected to generate an early identification model employing a criterion used when performing Random Forest decision tree analysis. A model composed of two short-chain acylcarnitines was generated: isovalerylcarnitine (C5) and tiglylcarnitine (C5:1). An analysis by ROC curves was performed to determine the classification performance of the acylcarnitines identified in the study, obtaining an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.934 (0.873-0.995, 95% CI). The model correctly classified all cases with GDM, while it misclassified ten controls as in the GDM group. An analysis was also carried out to establish the concentrations of the acylcarnitines for the identification of the GDM group, obtaining concentrations of C5 in a range of 0.015-0.25 µmol/L and of C5:1 with a range of 0.015-0.19 µmol/L. CONCLUSION: Early pregnancy maternal metabolites can be used to screen and identify pregnant women who will later develop GDM. Regardless of their gestational body mass index, lipid metabolism is impaired even in the early stages of pregnancy in women who develop GDM.

Intercity Mobility Assessment Facing the Demographic Challenge: A Survey-Based Research.

The key factor in moving towards a more sustainable travel model is based on improving mobility, especially in rural areas that share territorial dynamics with urban areas and are connected by a daily flow of inhabitants. The purpose of this article is to carry out a diagnosis of the daily mobility patterns of the inhabitants of a number of rural municipalities, with the aim of promoting sustainability and mitigating the phenomenon of territorial depopulation in future local planning policies. The research methodology is based on the use of revealed preference surveys together with accessibility analysis using GIS tools, allowing for an in-depth knowledge of the mobility patterns of the municipalities in the area under analysis. In this respect, the reference parameters in terms of territorial accessibility are determined by applying the network analysis procedure to basic public services. The results reflect the existence of an unbalanced modal split with a preponderance of private vehicle use (regardless of the destination or the reason for the journey). In addition, a very weak inter-municipal connection dynamic is observed. There is a knowledge gap in the verification of the long-term suitability of sustainable measures in rural areas implemented after the development of mobility plans (in order to assess their effectiveness).

Characterization of Mechanical and Hygroscopic Properties of Individual Canes of Reed.

The search for sustainability has led to the utilization of more ecological materials with at least, a similar structural performance to those used at present. In this regard, reed fits the environmental and structural requirements as it is a sustainable and biodegradable lignin-cellulose material with remarkable mechanical properties. This research confirms the reed's structural efficiency as it demonstrates that it has excellent strength and stiffness in relation to its density. The reed anisotropy has a large impact on its properties. Indeed, the strength and stiffness parallel to the fibers are clearly higher than in the perpendicular direction. The results confirm that strength and stiffness decrease with the moisture content and nodes act as reinforcement in compression and bending. If compared with steel, timber and concrete, the reed possesses the highest value for strength. Hence, reed constitutes a strong candidate for environmentally friendly engineering.

Usefulness of a mobile app to improve performance of specialists in responding correctly to CRC screening and surveillance clinical scenarios.

Background and study aims The adherence to and knowledge of physicians about colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and surveillance guidelines is still suboptimal, threatening the effectiveness of CRC screening. This study assessed the usefulness of a mobile decision support system (MDSS) to improve physician ability to recommend proper timing of and intervals for CRC screening and surveillance. Patients and methods This was a binational, single-blinded, randomized clinical trial including gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons from Argentina and Uruguay. The specialists were invited to respond to a questionnaire with 10 CRC screening and surveillance clinical scenarios, randomized into two groups, with and without access to a dedicated app (CaPtyVa). The main outcome measure was the proportion of physicians correctly solving at least 60 % of the clinical cases according to local guidelines. Results A total of 213 physicians were included. The proportion of physicians responding correctly at least 60 % of the vignettes was higher in the app group as compared to the control group (90 % versus 56 %) (relative risk [RR] 1.6 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.34-1.91). The performance was also higher in the app group for both vignette categories: CRC screening (93 % vs 75 % RR 1.24, 95 %CI 1.01-1.40) and surveillance (85 % vs 47 % RR 1.81 95 %CI 1.46-2.22), respectively. Physicians considered the app easy to use and of great utility in daily practice. Conclusions A MDSS was shown to be a useful tool that improved specialist performance in solving CRC screening and surveillance clinical scenarios. Its implementation in daily practice may facilitate the adherence of physicians to CRC screening and surveillance guidelines.

Multidisciplinary approach to COVID-19 and cancer: consensus from scientific societies in Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: The world is living through an outbreak of an acute respiratory syndrome caused by a new betacoronavirus known as coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), which has been declared an international public health emergency by the World Health Organisation. Cancer patients are a very special population in this setting since they are more susceptible to viral infections than the general population. Several recommendations have been made on this issue, most of them based on expert opinion and institutional experience. It is essential to gather the evidence available for decision making. OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence available in order to create a multi-institutional position from the perspective of scientific societies in Argentina involved in the management of cancer patients. METHODOLOGY: The review included two phases: 1) search and systematic revision of the medical literature; 2) consensus and revision of the document drafted by national scientific societies involved in the management and care of cancer patients using the modified Delphi method. The final results were presented at a videoconference with all the participants. Also, additional comment and recommendations were discussed. The final document was revised and approved for publication by the members of the panel. RESULTS: The consensus panel included 18 representatives from scientific societies from Argentina who assessed the evidence and then made recommendations for the management of cancer patients in our country. International guidelines (CDC; ASCO, NCCN and ESMO) were considered as a background for analysis, as well as institutional guidelines and an open ad hoc survey administered to 114 healthcare professionals from the scientific societies involved in this study.The recommendations are grouped as follows: 1) general care interventions-training of the personnel, cleaning and disinfection of the hospital premises and patient scheduling; 2) treatment decisions-patient care, surgeries, immunosuppressive therapy, radiotherapy and screening; 3) ethical considerations-optimisation of resources, end-of-life care for critically-ill patients; 4) management of hospitalised patients; and 5) wellbeing of the healthcare team.The general recommendation arising from the study is that the management of cancer patients must adapt to the exceptional pandemic status quo without disregarding treatment or cure options. Moreover, healthcare professional accompaniment of all patients should not be neglected. All healthcare professionals must make a significant joint effort to create multidisciplinary teams to discuss the most appropriate measures for each particular situation. CONCLUSIONS: The scientific evidence available on this topic worldwide is in progress. This together with the epidemiologically shifting scenario poses unprecedented challenges in the management of cancer amidst this global pandemic. Furthermore, the key role of the healthcare structural organisation appears evident, such as the drafting of clear guidelines for all the stakeholders, adaptability to constant change and an interdisciplinary shared vision through consensus to provide adequate care to our cancer patients in the light of uncertainty and fast-paced change.

Fractures of the tibial pilon treated by open reduction and internal fixation (locking compression plate-less invasive stabilising system): Complications and sequelae.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate variables that could be related to complications and sequelae in fractures of the tibial pilon treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with a locking compression plate-less invasive stabilising system (LCP-LISS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 137 fractures treated by ORIF in a 7-year period were analysed. The mean follow-up was 3.3 years. We analysed the following variables: age, sex, side, type of fracture, energy of the injury, use of provisional external fixation (EF), time until ORIF, stages of treatment (one or two), surgical approach, type of bone fixation, quality of reduction, use of bone graft, hardware removal, associated fractures (fibula and others), functional results (AOFAS scale), early complications (infection, skin necrosis) and late complications (nonunion, early post-traumatic ankle osteoarthritis [AOA]). RESULTS: According to the AOFAS scale, 30.5% of the results were excellent, 46.7% good, 13.1% fair and 9.7% poor. The rate of infection was 8.7%, and the rate of skin necrosis requiring flap coverage was 15.2%. Furthermore, type 43C3 fractures of the AO classification had a higher rate of skin necrosis and flap coverage. The rate of nonunion was 16.3% (22 cases, 4 aseptic, 18 infected), and the use of a medial plate was related to a higher rate of nonunion than the use of a lateral plate. The rate of early post-traumatic AOA was 13.1%, and open fractures were related to a higher prevalence of nonunion and flap coverage. Both infection and a suboptimal anatomic reduction were related to a higher prevalence of fair and poor results. The anteromedial approach was associated with a higher prevalence of skin necrosis and early post-traumatic AOA than the anterolateral approach. CONCLUSION: Optimal reduction and stable fixation is paramount to diminishing the rate of complications and sequelae after ORIF (LCP-LISS) of these fractures.

Analysis of the variables affecting outcome in fractures of the tibial pilon treated by open reduction and internal fixation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess variables that could be related to outcomes in fractures of the tibial pilon treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: University Hospital. PATIENTS: A total 92 fractures of the tibial pilon treated by ORIF in a 5-year period. The minimum follow-up was 1 year (mean: 3.3 years; range: 1-5). INTERVENTION: ORIF with LCP-LISS plate. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, side, type of fracture, energy of the injury, provisional external fixation (EF), time until ORIF, stages of treatment (one or two), surgical approach, type of bone fixation, quality of reduction, bone graft, hardware removal, associated fractures (fibula and others), functional results (AOFAS scale), rates of infection, skin necrosis, flap coverage, non-union, and early posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis (AOA). RESULTS: According to AOFAS scale 30.5% of results were excellent, 46.7% good, 13.1% fair and 9.7% poor. Overall, the rate of infection was 13.04%, The rate of non-union was 10.86%. The rate of skin necrosis was 7.6% and the rate of flap coverage was 13.04%. The rate of early posttraumatic AOA was 13.04%. Type 43C3 fractures of the AO classification had a higher rate of skin necrosis and flap coverage. Open fractures were related to a higher prevalence of nonunion and flap coverage. The use of a bone graft was associated with a higher rate of nonunion and poor results. Infection was related to a higher prevalence of fair and poor results. EF was associated with a higher need for flap coverage. A suboptimal anatomic reduction was related to a higher rate of fair and poor results. The anteromedial approach was associated with a higher prevalence of skin necrosis and early posttraumatic AOA than the anterolateral approach. The use of an medial plate was related to a higher rate of nonunion than the use of a lateral plate. CONCLUSIONS: The anteromedial approach was associated with a higher rate of skin necrosis and posttraumatic AOA than the anterolateral approach. Medial plating had a higher prevalence of nonunion than lateral plating. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV (case series).