A Case Report of Simultaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage and Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in a Young Indian Male: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.

This case report discusses the intricate diagnostic and therapeutic challenges faced by a 23-year-old Indian male who presented with altered consciousness, a holo-cranial headache, right-sided hemiparesis, and subsequent neurological symptoms. The patient's dietary habits, leading to vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies resulting in hyperhomocysteinemia, along with binge alcohol drinking leading to dehydration, were identified as the main causes of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in this case. The case was complicated by an additional cerebral hemorrhage. The patient received a comprehensive treatment regimen involving antiepileptic medications, intravenous fluids, and anticoagulation therapy. A decline in the Glasgow Coma Scale score prompted further interventions. Collaborative decision-making, involving neurologists, neurosurgeons, and the patient's relatives, steered the treatment course, ultimately favoring continued medical management over decompression surgery. Notably, the patient exhibited remarkable progress in mobility, achieving the ability to walk with support by the end. This case report contributes valuable insights to the understanding of CVST, emphasizing the significance of nutritional considerations, especially in vegetarians, and underscoring the importance of thorough diagnostic evaluations in complex clinical scenarios.

A Rare Case of Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis in an Adult Male.

A 40-year-old Indian male presented with rash and abdominal pain, leading to a diagnosis of IgA vasculitis, a rare condition in adults. This systemic vasculitis involves IgA immune complex deposition, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. Diagnosis relies on clinical features and biopsy findings, with management focused on symptom relief and addressing organ involvement. Long-term prognosis varies, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary care and patient education for optimal outcomes.

An Atypical Presentation of Fabry Disease in a Patient With Nephrotic Syndrome: A Case Report.

Fabry disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder that leads to the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) across various tissues, stemming from a deficiency in alpha-galactosidase A (GLA). This condition is characterized by a spectrum of clinical manifestations that can significantly complicate diagnosis. Classical symptoms typically include neuropathic pain, angiokeratomas, and significant involvement of the renal and cardiac systems. However, atypical presentations may obscure the underlying diagnosis, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a high level of clinical suspicion. This case report details the diagnostic journey of a 24-year-old female who initially presented with nephrotic syndrome, a presentation not commonly associated with Fabry disease. Subsequent genetic testing revealed a pathogenic variant in the GLA gene, confirming Fabry disease and highlighting the critical need for genetic analysis in cases of unexplained renal pathology. This case underscores the variability of Fabry disease presentations and the pivotal role of comprehensive diagnostic strategies in uncovering this complex disorder.

A Study on the Clinical Profile of Patients Presenting With Dengue Fever and the Precision Prediction of Dengue Severity Using Platelet Count at Presentation.

Background The most prevalent arbovirus infection in the world, dengue, has become a serious public health issue. This study aims to examine the clinical characteristics of individuals who present with dengue fever and use platelet count prediction to estimate the severity of dengue. Materials and methods This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India, from February 2022 to May 2024. A total of 100 patients older than 12 years old who had dengue fever (presenting within three days of the first symptom) and were dengue NS1 antigen-positive in the laboratory were included. Patients under 12 years of age and pregnant women were excluded. Also excluded were patients with a history of prior dengue infection and patients on medications causing thrombocytopenia, such as antiplatelets (aspirin). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient. For adolescent boys and girls aged 13-18, consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian along with the adolescent's assent. Data were collected through physical examinations and laboratory investigations. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20 (Released 2011; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York), with descriptive statistics and tests for nonparametric data, setting the significance at p<0.05. Results The average age of the study participants was 29.48 ± 10.62 years, with 24% in the 0-20 year age group, 36% in the 21-30 age group, 24% in the 31-40 age group, 12% in the 41-50 age group, 3% in the 51-60 age group, and 1% in the 61-70 age group. Men comprised 65% of the population, with 35% being women. Weakness was the most prevalent symptom, followed by nausea and fever with chills. Patients with dengue fever without warning indications had a median platelet count of 114,000/µL upon admission; those with dengue fever with warning signs had a median count of 35,500/µL; and those with severe dengue had a median count of 25,000/µL. These distinctions attained statistical significance, underscored by p-values of <0.001. The predictive model for severe dengue using platelet count on presentation demonstrated a robust capacity to anticipate severe dengue with a noteworthy association (p<0.04), indicating an increased risk of severe dengue with a lower platelet count (<25,000/µL, odds ratio (OR) 7.5). Conclusion Dengue was more common in the young population, with a predominance of male patients. Weakness was the most common symptom. Patients with a platelet count less than 25,000/µL had 7.5 times more odds of developing severe dengue.

Tuberculosis in a Liver Cirrhosis Patient: A Management Conundrum.

This case report delves into the intricate challenges of managing tuberculosis (TB) in a 70-year-old male with decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD) and a history of endoscopic variceal ligation. The patient, initially presenting with symptoms such as black-colored stools, breathlessness, and weight loss, was diagnosed with right-sided pneumonia alongside DCLD. Despite the administration of standard beta-lactam plus macrolide antibiotics, the patient exhibited no improvement. Subsequent bronchoscopy revealed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), prompting the initiation of first-line anti-tubercular therapy. However, the hepatotoxic response necessitated a switch to a modified regimen with non-hepatotoxic drugs, emphasizing the challenge of managing TB in cirrhotic patients. Effective management of MTB infection involves personalized administration of anti-TB drugs, taking into account the individual's chronic liver disease status. This case underscores the importance of treating tuberculosis in liver cirrhosis patients based on the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score. A tailored and vigilant approach is indispensable for the successful management of MTB infection.

A Study on the Etiology and Clinical Manifestations of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults in Western India.

BACKGROUND:  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute lung infection affecting the alveoli in individuals who have not had recent exposure to healthcare settings. It is characterized by newly detected pulmonary infiltration on a chest X-ray or computed tomography scan, accompanied by at least two of the following symptoms: a new or worsening cough, shortness of breath, increased sputum production, fever or hypothermia, pleuritic chest pain, hypoxia, confusion, or an abnormal WBC count (either leukopenia or leukocytosis). It is a major contributor to global mortality and morbidity, especially in elderly populations. This study aims to investigate the etiology of CAP in our region and analyze the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with CAP. METHODOLOGY:  This prospective, hospital-based study was conducted at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, a 2,011-bed multispecialty hospital. The study included 100 patients over 18 years old, diagnosed with CAP, and hospitalized between January 2023 and January 2024. All patients underwent a thorough clinical assessment, and sputum cultures were collected on the day of admission. Patients under 18 years old, those who had been hospitalized within the preceding two weeks, individuals with pneumonia caused by tuberculosis or aspiration pneumonia, patients with compromised immune systems, and pregnant women were excluded. RESULTS:  The study included 100 patients with a mean age of 53.13 years (±18.31). The most common age group was 59-68 years, which included 25 (25%) cases, followed by the 69-78 year age group with 18 (18%) cases and the 18-28 year age group with 15 (15%) cases. The majority were male, with 61 (61%) cases. Common symptoms included fever in 78 cases (78%), chest pain in 69 cases (69%), dyspnea in 65 cases (65%), and cough in 51 cases (51%). Sputum cultures showed growth in 65 cases (65%), with Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most prevalent pathogen in 28 cases (43%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae in 18 cases (28%). Together, these two pathogens accounted for 46 out of 65 positive samples (70%). CONCLUSIONS:  This study highlights the clinical profile and rising etiology of K. pneumoniae in CAP in adults in Western India, particularly in the elderly. These findings underscore the need for periodic updates on CAP etiology to inform empirical treatment strategies effectively. Future research should use advanced diagnostics and diverse samples to refine CAP management, with continuous monitoring to update treatment protocols.

A Systematic Review of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Indian Adults.

This systematic review aimed to consolidate findings on the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among Indian adults. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Guidelines 2020 and conducted a comprehensive search across databases including PubMed, Scopus-Elsevier, and hand-searched reference lists using key terms such as "Community-Acquired Pneumonia," "CAP," "Indian," and "adults." Articles published between January 2010 and January 2024 were included, with exclusions for studies involving pediatric populations, non-Indian patients, or those published before 2010. From an initial pool of 344 articles, duplicates were removed and titles and abstracts were screened, resulting in nine studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The analysis of pooled data comprising 1,643 Indian adult participants revealed the following pathogen distribution: Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common organism, accounting for 33% of the cases. This was followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae at 23%, Staphylococcus aureus at 10%, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila each at 7%, and Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa each at 4%. Notably, the review highlights a rising incidence of K. pneumoniae in CAP cases, which is a significant concern and should be considered when treating CAP patients in India. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive diagnostic testing, including advanced methods such as bronchoalveolar lavage, urinary antigen tests, serology for atypical pathogens, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, to improve diagnostic yield and guide targeted antibiotic therapy. This review underscores the need for updated empirical treatment guidelines that account for dominant pathogens. Future research should focus on employing advanced diagnostic methods to enhance understanding of CAP etiology.

A Study of Abnormal Echocardiogram Findings in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease With Reference to Cardiac Biomarkers.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent, especially in populations with multiple risk factors, such as undiagnosed and untreated hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) leading to poor quality of life or even death have been noted as an increasing trend among CKD patients. This study aims to use cardiac biomarkers to evaluate their association with abnormal echocardiogram findings in CKD patients, which may allow for the improvement of quality of life with early treatment. Methods and materials This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 103 diagnosed CKD patients at the Department of Medicine, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital, and Research Centre in Pimpri, Pune, from January 2023 to January 2024. Ethical approval was acquired, and written consent was obtained from participants. The study utilised cardiac biomarkers such as N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), troponin I (Trop I), and a radiological tool, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). All patients with diagnosed stages 3, 4, and 5 CKD between the ages of 18-80 years were included, and the exclusion criteria consisted of patients who had already undergone cardiac interventional procedures or known cases of CVDs. Results In our study, out of 103 participants, the majority were aged between 51 and 60 years (35, 34%). The study had a majority of male participants (76, 73.8%). Major risk factors were considered, noting hypertension in 63 (61.2%) and diabetes mellitus in 81 (78.6%). Participants were divided into stages of CKD. Cardiac biomarkers such as NT-proBNP and Trop I levels were assessed in all participants in the different stages of CKD showing elevated levels of NT-proBNP across all stages. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) screening tests were also evaluated for all patients, showing diastolic dysfunction (DD) as the most common finding in stage 3 (5, 41.67%), stage 4 (25, 62.5%), and stage 5 (35, 68.83%), followed by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as a common finding in stage 3 (4, 33.3%), stage 4 (20, 50%), and stage 5 (30, 58.2%) CKD. Furthermore, the association between raised cardiac biomarkers and abnormal echocardiogram findings across the stages of CKD was evaluated, resulting in a statistically significant association with p-values < 0.05. Conclusion This research sheds light on the association between cardiac biomarkers and abnormal echocardiogram findings in CKD patients and helps us determine if there is any added benefit or predictive value in screening these individuals at different stages of the disease to allow early intervention and improvement in treatment and quality of life.

Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Activities of Daily Living Using Barthel Index Within a Geriatric Population Having Non-Communicable Diseases.

Introduction Disabilities and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are prevalent among the elderly, significantly affecting their quality of life. Comprehensive population-based data are essential for effective healthcare planning and rehabilitation. This study aims to determine the prevalence of self-reported disabilities and compare Barthel Index scores among elderly individuals with and without NCDs. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, involving 102 patients aged 60 years and above. Patients with a history of strokes or limb amputations were excluded. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and functional status were collected using a structured questionnaire designed based on Barthel Index scoring to assess the activities of daily living (ADL). Results The study included 102 participants: 58 males (56.9%) and 44 females (43.1%). Age distribution showed 73.5% in the 60-74 age group, 22.5% in the 75-84 age group, and 3.9% in the 85+ age group. Comorbidity data revealed that 37.3% had no comorbidities, 26.4% had one comorbidity, and 36.3% had two or more comorbidities. The mean Barthel Index scores were 87.11 for those without comorbidities, 83.89 for those with one comorbidity, and 82.30 for those with two or more comorbidities. The most affected activities were stair climbing (75.7%), bowel control (48.5%), and mobility (47.1%). Conclusion NCDs significantly impact daily activities in the elderly, underscoring the need for targeted healthcare interventions to improve their quality of life. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive care strategies to address the specific needs of elderly patients with comorbidities.

Consequences of Irregular Tuberculosis Treatment: A Case Report of Destroyed Lung Syndrome.

Destroyed lung syndrome (DLS) refers to the irreversible and complete destruction of lung tissue, often due to chronic or recurrent lung infections. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a prominent cause of this condition, particularly prevalent in regions burdened by high PTB rates. This report delineates the case of a 60-year-old Indian male who presented with DLS as a consequence of a history of irregular PTB treatment. The patient complained of a productive cough, hemoptysis, fever, and dyspnea. A comprehensive evaluation confirmed the diagnosis, prompting the re-initiation of antitubercular therapy. This case report highlights the challenges and consequences of irregular PTB therapy leading to severe lung damage, emphasizing the significance of prompt and consistent treatment in preventing such debilitating outcomes.

A Case of Acquired Angioedema Leading to the Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

We describe a case of a young 32-year-old Indian female who presented with a solitary symptom of facial swelling for two months. The patient's blood test results showed hypocomplementemia and C1 INH deficiency and fell into the "third type" of acquired angioedema (AAE), leading to the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with SLE inactivity at the time of presentation, which makes this an interesting case due to the rarity of such findings in our clinical settings.

Pyrethroid and Neonicotinoid Poisoning: A Good Prognosis.

Insecticide poisoning is still one of the major means of suicide in rural India. We report a case of a 38-year-old male who had come to us with ingestion of thiamethoxam and lambda-cyhalothrin in an alcohol-intoxicated state. The prompt response and intensive care given by our center gave him a second chance to make better decisions ahead.

Dengue and Chikungunya Co-Infection-Associated Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: A Case Report.

Dengue and chikungunya infections are increasing globally, especially in India. While the majority of patients settle with symptomatic management, some develop life-threatening complications. Here we discuss a case of co-infection between dengue virus (DENV-2) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in a young Indian male who presented with an acute febrile illness that progressed to multi-organ dysfunction involving the hepatic, nervous, respiratory, and hematological systems. We discuss the management of this complicated case and attempt to generate awareness regarding the severity of co-infection by these viruses.