LPS-induced monocarboxylate transporter-1 inhibition facilitates lactate accumulation triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and pulmonary fibrosis.

The epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) process of alveolar epithelial cells is recognized as involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Recent evidence has shown that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced aerobic glycolysis of lung tissue and elevated lactate concentration are associated with the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis. However, it is uncertain whether LPS promotes the development of sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis by promoting lactate accumulation in lung tissue, thereby initiating EMT process. We hypothesized that monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1), as the main protein for lactate transport, may be crucial in the pathogenic process of sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis. We found that high concentrations of lactate induced EMT while moderate concentrations did not. Besides, we demonstrated that MCT1 inhibition enhanced EMT process in MLE-12 cells, while MCT1 upregulation could reverse lactate-induced EMT. LPS could promote EMT in MLE-12 cells through MCT1 inhibition and lactate accumulation, while this could be alleviated by upregulating the expression of MCT1. In addition, the overexpression of MCT1 prevented LPS-induced EMT and pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Altogether, this study revealed that LPS could inhibit the expression of MCT1 in mouse alveolar epithelial cells and cause lactate transport disorder, which leads to lactate accumulation, and ultimately promotes the process of EMT and lung fibrosis.

Integrin ß3 Mediates Sepsis and Mechanical Ventilation-Associated Pulmonary Fibrosis Through Glycometabolic Reprogramming.

Mechanical ventilation (MV) has become a clinical first-line treatment option for patients with respiratory failure. However, it was unclear whether MV further aggravates the process of sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis and eventually leads to sepsis and mechanical ventilation-associated pulmonary fibrosis (S-MVPF). This study aimed to explore the mechanism of S-MVPF concerning integrin ß3 activation in glycometabolic reprogramming of lung fibroblasts. We found that MV exacerbated sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis induced by lipopolysaccharide, which was accompanied by proliferation of lung fibroblasts, increased deposition of collagen in lung tissue, and increased procollagen type I carboxy-terminal propeptide in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A large number of integrin ß3- and pyruvate kinase M2-positive fibroblasts were detected in lung tissue after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and MV, with an increase in lactate dehydrogenase A expression and lactate levels. S-MVPF was primarily attenuated in integrin ß3-knockout mice, which also resulted in a decrease in the levels of pyruvate kinase M2, lactate dehydrogenase A, and lactate. In conclusion, MV aggravated sepsis-associated pulmonary fibrosis, with glycometabolic reprogramming mediated by integrin ß3 activation. Thus, integrin ß3-mediated glycometabolic reprogramming might be a potential therapeutic target for S-MVPF.

Large-range lithography nano-alignment without phase unwrapping by a dual-frequency moiré fringe heterodyne.

Moiré fringe is an effective approach to realize nano-alignment. However, affected by short periodicity and phase unwrapping, moiré fringe technology has small alignment ranges and redundant algorithms, making it difficult to meet practical application requirements. To solve the problem, we propose a large-range lithography nano-alignment method without phase unwrapping by a dual-frequency moiré fringe heterodyne. This method obtains four sets of moiré fringes from the main and differential alignment marks and then calculates the misalignment information using the heterodyne method. In this approach, both large alignment range and high alignment accuracy are achieved while avoiding the phase unwrapping process. The experimental results verified the rationality and feasibility of the proposed method.

High-order spatial phase shift method realizes modulation analysis through a single-frame image.

For the modulation-based structured illumination microscopy system, how to obtain modulation distribution with an image has been a research hotspot. However, the existing frequency-domain single-frame algorithms (mainly including the Fourier transform method, wavelet method, etc.) suffer from different degrees of analytical error due to the loss of high-frequency information. Recently, a modulation-based spatial area phase-shifting method was proposed; it can obtain higher precision by retaining high-frequency information effectively. But for discontinuous (such as step) topography, it would be somewhat smooth. To solve the problem, we propose a high-order spatial phase shift algorithm that realizes robust modulation analysis of a discontinuous surface with a single-frame image. At the same time, this technique proposes a residual optimization strategy, so that it can be applied to the measurement of complex topography, especially discontinuous topography. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide higher-precision measurement.

Efficient Fourier single-pixel imaging based on weighted sorting.

Fourier single-pixel imaging (FSI) has attracted increased attention in recent years with the advantages of a wide spectrum range and low cost. FSI reconstructs a scene by directly measuring the Fourier coefficients with a single-pixel detector. However, the existing sampling method is difficult to balance the noise suppression and image details within a limited number of measurements. Here we propose a new sampling strategy for FSI to solve this problem. Both the generality of the spectral distribution of natural images in the Fourier domain and the uniqueness of the spectral distribution of the target images in the Fourier domain are considered in the proposed method. These two distributions are summed with certain weights to determine the importance of the Fourier coefficients. Then these coefficients are sampled in order of decreasing importance. Both the simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can capture more key Fourier coefficients and retain more details with lower noise. The proposed method provides an efficient way for Fourier coefficient acquisition.

[Progress in Application of Hyaluronic Acid-based Hydrogel on Surface of Medical Catheters].

Hyaluronic acid (HA) has favorable physicochemical properties and superior biological activities, which is an ideal biomaterial for preparing hydrogel coating. After physically or chemically modifying, HA-based hydrogel coating has been gradually applied to functional modification for medical catheters surface, such as hydrophilic lubricating coating, anti-inflammatory coating, biomedical antifouling coating and blood compatibility improved coating. However, there are still intractable problems in the coating technology of HA hydrogel which is applied to the surface of medical catheters, especially in adhesion, stability and element proportion of HA coating. Finally, the related influencing factors and improvement suggestions are analyzed in this study.

Rational Design of Inhibitor-Encapsulated Bio-MOF-1 for Dual Corrosion Protection.

Searching for the efficient and sustainable inhibitors to defend metal corrosion in the marine environment has received a great deal attention in both academia and industry. In this work, a new strategy was developed to encapsulate benzimidazole (BI) inhibitor guest molecules into the micropores of bio-MOF-1, which was constructed with the other natural adenine inhibitor. Electrochemical characterizations revealed that the slowly sustained release of BI and adenine inhibitors from the BI@bio-MOF-1 composite presented excellent anti-corrosion durability in the whole mild steel corrosion process. The impedance arc value attained approximately 5000 Ω·cm2 at initially 2 h and further increased to 6000 Ω·cm2 after 5 days immersion in 0.5 M NaCl solution, and the inhibition efficiency reached 85.36% due to the synergistic dual inhibitive effect of BI@bio-MOF-1 composite. The dual inhibition-based bio-MOF-1 composite equipped strong metal-chelating capability and response durability, exhibiting high potentiality for metal anti-corrosion applications.

Fast structured illumination microscopy with a large dynamic measurement range.

Fast structured illumination microscopy plays an important role in micro-nano detection due to the features of high accuracy, high efficiency, and excellent adaptability. The existing method utilizes the linear region of the axial modulation response curve (AMR), and by building the relationship between the modulation and the real height, achieves topography recovery. However, the traditional method is limited to narrow dynamic measurement range due to the linear region of the AMR being very short. In this paper, a double-differential fast structured illumination microscopy (DDFSIM) is proposed. By introducing two additional detectable branches for building the double-differential axial modulation response curve (DDAMR), the proposed method can obtain a large dynamic measurement range. In the measurement, three charge-coupled devices are respectively placed in and behind and before the focal plane to generate three axial modulation response curves. Three AMRs are used to set up the DDAMR, which has a large dynamic measurement range. Through simulation and experimental verification, the measurement range of DDFSIM is twice that of the conventional method under the same system parameters.

The economic research of arsenic trioxide for the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia in China.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to conduct the first systematic evaluation of the long-term economic impact of arsenic trioxide (ATO) plus all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) from the perspective of the Chinese health care system. METHODS: On the basis of clinical data from a randomized phase 3 trial, a time-dependent Markov model with 4 health states (complete remission, relapse or treatment failure, post-treatment failure, and death) was used to evaluate the incremental costs per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained from the ATO plus ATRA regimen compared with the ATRA plus chemotherapy (CT) regimen over a 30-year period. All costs were adjusted to 2018 levels based on the Chinese Consumer Price Index. Both costs and health outcomes were discounted by 3% annually. One-way sensitivity analysis and probability sensitivity analysis were performed. RESULTS: Compared with the ATRA plus CT strategy, the ATO plus ATRA strategy was associated with 1.38 additional QALYs gained and $392.05 (estimated in 2018 US dollars) in incremental costs per patient over 30 years. Consequently, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $284.02 per QALY gained, which was far below the Chinese willingness-to-pay threshold of $29,306 per QALY gained. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated the robustness of these results. CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of the Chinese health care system, the ATO plus ATRA strategy is cost-effective for patients with newly diagnosed APL compared with the ATRA plus CT strategy. Therefore, the authors strongly suggest that China's health authorities choose the former strategy for these patients, whether for the elderly or for young people.

Intensity modulation based optical proximity optimization for the maskless lithography.

The undesirable optical proximity effect (OPE) that appeared in the digital micro-mirrors device (DMD) based maskless lithography directly influences the final exposure pattern and decreases the lithography quality. In this manuscript, a convenient method of intensity modulation applied for the maskless lithography is proposed to optimize such an effect. According to the pulse width modulation based image recognition of DMD, we replaced the digital binary mask with a special digital grayscale mask to modulate the UV intensity distribution to be closer to the expectation in a way of point-by-point modification. The exposure result applying the grayscale mask has a better consistency with the design pattern than that for the case in which the original binary mask is used. The effectiveness of this method was analyzed by the image subtraction technique. Experimental data revealed that the matching rate between the exposure pattern and the mask pattern has been improved from 78% to 91%. Besides, more experiments have been conducted to verify the validity of this method for the optical proximity optimization and its potential in the high-fidelity DMD based maskless lithography.

Fast structured illumination microscopy with reflectance disturbance resistibility and improved accuracy.

The conventional fast structured illumination microscopy (FSIM) without vertical scanning has been proposed by Lee for fast surface profiling. Nevertheless, this method is vulnerable to nonuniform surface reflectivity which is generally caused by the different reflection characteristic of hybrid materials and the environmental fluctuations. Consequently, traditional IFSIM cannot be used in the profile measurement for the samples with surface heterogeneity. In this paper, an improved FSIM configuration (IFSIM) is explored for improving the axial accuracy and suppressing the disturbance of the reflectivity. With this technique, a sinusoidal pattern produced by the digital micro-mirror device (DMD) is illuminated onto the sample. The reflected patterns are captured by two charge-coupled devices (CCDs) that are separately placed in and behind or before the focal plane. The subtraction and sum values of the two axial modulation response curves (AMRs) are divided as the new response function, which effectively suppresses the influence of the inhomogeneous reflectivity. Both wide dynamic range and enhanced axial accuracy can be selectively obtained by controlling the defocusing amount of the two differential detectors. The theoretical analysis and experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility of this method.

Accurate surface profilometry using differential optical sectioning microscopy with structured illumination.

A differential optical sectioning microscopy with structured-illumination (DOSM-SI) with enhanced axial precision is explored in this paper for three-dimensional (3D) measurement. As the segment of data on the linear region of the contrast depth response curve (CDR) is very sensitive to variation of the height information, the DOSM-SI introduces a new CDR2 with an axial shift to intersect the linear region of the CDR1, which is achieved by using two charge-coupled detectors (CCDs) in the optical path. The CCD1 is located on the imaging plane and the CCD2 is displaced from the imaging plane. The difference between the CDR1 and CDR2 for each pixel is defined as the differential depth response curve (DCDR). Further, the zero-crossing point of the DCDR for each pixel is accurately extracted using the line-fitting technique, and finally, the sample surface can be reconstructed with a high resolution and precision. Since the slope around the zero-crossing point of the DCDR is apparently larger than that of near the focal position, an enhanced resolution and precision can be realized in DOSM-SI. The experiments and theoretical analysis are elaborated to demonstrate the feasibility of DOSM-SI.

Fast surface profilometry utilizing structured illumination microscopy based on the time-domain phase-shift technique.

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has attracted much research interest due to its high accuracy, strong adaptability, and high efficiency. Existing SIM is mainly based on the phase-shift technique, Hilbert transform technique, and global Fourier transform technique. The phase-shift technique is most widely applied for its higher accuracy, and both the phase-shift technique and Hilbert transform technique suffer from lower speed because multiple images are needed to obtain modulation information for each scanning step. The global Fourier transform technique has a higher speed, but the high-frequency information of the sample will inevitably be lost because a filter window is used. As a result, the global Fourier transform technique is limited to smooth surfaces. In this paper, a fast surface profilometry using SIM is proposed. It is based on the time-domain phase-shift technique (SIM-TPT), which combines one-fringe projection and phase shift. In this proposed measurement system, vertical scanning of the object is synchronized with the switching of the phase-shifted fringe pattern. As a result, only one fringe pattern must be projected, which enables a point-to-point processing defined as the local Fourier transform method in this paper to be utilized to extract the modulation information that will preserve the high-frequency information of the image so it can be applied to both smooth and rough surfaces. Compared to conventional SIM, SIM-TPT has a higher speed because it is a simpler system and can be applied to complex structures such as high roughness surfaces and steep edges.

[Clinical Study of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery in Peri-operative Management of Total Hip Arthroplasty].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect and rehabilitation benefit of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) model in perioperative management of total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: A retrospective study were conducted in THA patients from the database of big data Research Center of Biomedicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 2013 to 2016. The differences of rehabilitation quality, rehabilitation efficiency and hospitalization cost between ERAS model (ERAS group) and traditional model (traditional group) were compared. RESULTS: 915 THA patients were included in the study, of which 497 patients were given ERAS peri-operative management and 418 patients in the traditional group. The rate of overall complications in the ERAS group was significantly lower than that in the traditional group (4.8% vs. 8.6%, P < 0.05), with lower rate of deep venous thrombosis (0.8% vs. 3.1%) and pulmonary infection (0.6% vs. 2.4%) in the ERAS group. Compared with the traditional group, the average length of stay in hospital was shorter in the ERAS group 〔(7.6±2.0) d vs. (10.9±2.9) d, P=0.039〕, as well as postoperative length of stay in hospital 〔(5.6±0.9) d vs. (8.6±2.0) d, P=0.028)〕. And the ERAS model reduced the total hospitalization cost by 4.8% to 7.1% (P < 0.05), of which the drug cost decreased by 17.2% to 24.9% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ERAS model in THA is safe and effective. It can reduce hospitalization cost and help to control medical cost.

MiR-22 may Suppress Fibrogenesis by Targeting TGFßR I in Cardiac Fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) has been identified as a key factor in the development of heart failure, but the mechanisms undelying cardiac fibrosis remained unknown. microRNAs (miRNAs) are novel mechanisms leading to fibrotic diseases, including cardiac fibrosis. Previous studies revealed that miR-22 might be a potential target. However, the roles and mechanisms of miR-22 in cardiac fibrosis remained ill defined. The present study thus addressed the impact of miR-22 in cardiac fibrosis. METHODS: After seven days following coronary artery occlusion in mice, tissues used for histology were collected and processed for Masson's Trichrome staining. In addition, cardiac fibroblasts were transfected with mimics and inhibitors of miR-22 using Lipofectamin 2000, and luciferase activity was measured in cell lysates using a luciferase assay kit. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of collagen1, α-SMA and TGFßRI proteins levels, and real time-PCR was employed to measure the Col1α1, Col3α1, miR-22 and TGFßRI mRNA levels. RESULTS: In this study, we found that miR-22 was dynamically downregulated following MI induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 7 days, an effect paralleled by significant collagen deposition. Inhibition of miR-22 with AMO-22 resulted in increased expression of Col1α1, Col3α1 and fibrogenesis in cultured cardiac fibroblasts. Conversely, overexpression of miR-22 in cultured cardiac fibroblasts significantly abrogated angiotensin II-induced collagen formation and fibrogenesis. Furthermore, we found that TGFßRI is a direct target for miR-22, and downregulation of TGFßR may have mediated the antifibrotic effect of miR-22. CONCLUSION: Our data clearly demonstrate that miR-22 acts as a novel negative regulator of angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by suppressing the expression of TGFßRI in the heart and may represent a new potential therapeutic target for treating cardiac fibrosis.

The effects of fast-track surgery on inflammation and immunity in patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to explore the effects of the fast-track surgery (FTS) program on inflammation and immunity in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. METHODS: From August 2014 to March 2015, a prospective and randomized controlled trial of 230 patients who underwent colorectal surgery was performed. The patients were randomly assigned to an FTS group (116 patients) or a traditional group (114 patients). Inflammatory mediators, immunological indicators, postoperative recovery indexes, and complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The inflammatory mediators (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α) were lower in the FTS group than in the traditional group (P < 0.05) on postoperative day (POD) 1, POD 4, and POD 6, and the immunological indicators (IgG, IgA, C3, C4) of the FTS group were superior to those of the traditional group (P < 0.05) on POD 4 and POD 6. The time to first aerofluxus, defecation, oral intake, and ambulation after surgery was shorter in the FTS group than in the traditional group (P < 0.05); however, the duration of postoperative hospitalization did not differ significantly between the two groups (P > 0.05). The total complications were significantly lower in the FTS group than in the traditional group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The FTS program can decrease inflammation, maintain immune homeostasis, and improve rehabilitation effects in colorectal surgery patients.

Characterization of the degradation products of a color-changed monoclonal antibody: tryptophan-derived chromophores.

We describe the characterization of degradation products responsible for color change in near UV-visible light-irradiated and heat-stressed monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug product in liquid formulation. The treated samples were characterized using reversed-phase HPLC and size-exclusion HPLC with absorption spectroscopy. Both methods showed color change was due to chromophores formed on the mAb but not associated with the formulation excipients in both light-irradiated and heat-stressed mAb samples. These chromophores were further located by a new peptide mapping methodology with a combination of mass spectrometry and absorption spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry identified the major tryptophan oxidation products as kynurenine (Kyn), N-formylkynurenine (NFK), and hydroxytryptophan (OH-Trp). The absorption spectra showed that each of the tryptophan oxidation products exhibited a distinct absorption band above 280 nm shifted to the longer wavelengths in the order of OH-Trp < NFK < Kyn. The Kyn-containing peptide was detected by absorption at 420 nm. No new absorption bands were observed for either methionine or histidine oxidation products. This confirmed that tryptophan oxidation products, but not methionine and histidine oxidation products, were responsible for the color change. It is worth noting that a new oxidation product with the loss of hydrogen (2 Da mass decrease) for Trp-107 of the heavy chain was identified in the heat-stressed mAb sample. This oxidized tryptophan residue exhibited a distinct absorption band at the maximum absorbance wavelength 335 nm, which is responsible for the color change to yellow. This study showed that the new peptide mapping methodology with a combination of mass spectrometry and absorption spectroscopy is useful to identify tryptophan oxidation products as chromophores responsible for color change in stressed mAb drug product.

Efficacy of kidney-tonifying traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions in hypoplastic uterus treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To review and evaluate the efficacy of kidney-tonifying traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (KT-TCMP) in hypoplastic uterus (HU) treatment. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), WANFANG and VIP databases until 14 December 2013 independently with two investigators. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) involving KT-TCMP as a combined or monotherapy in the treatment of HU were reviewed and analyzed. Meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager (version 5.2). RESULTS: Nine RCT of 1745 patients were eligible for this review and meta-analysis, of which eight RCT described the primary outcome of clinical efficacy and three RCT drew the secondary outcome of uterine size. Meta-analyzed 'recovery' clinical efficacy of KT-TCMP in seven RCT was conducted which considered diethylstilbestrol therapy alone as control, as well as three RCT that meta-analyzed the effect of KT-TCMP on uterine diameter enlargement. As a result, KT-TCMP therapy had a significantly improved difference in increasing 'recovery' clinical efficacy (risk ratio, 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.90-2.89) and enlarging the uterine diameter (standardized mean difference, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.39-1.84). One study reported adverse reactions as an important outcome and found it was safe during KT-TCMP therapy. CONCLUSION: The therapy of applying KT-TCMP as a combined or monotherapy in the treatment of HU may be more efficacious. However, these RCT were of moderate methodological quality and small sample size; thus, the results should be confirmed with more rigorously controlled further studies.

Correlation between serum inflammatory factors and cognitive function in patients with high-altitude polycythemia: A case-control study.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the serum inflammatory factors in patients with high-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) and their correlation with cognitive function. The subjects were recruited and placed into a HAPC group and control group. Serum samples were collected, and inflammatory factors (interleukin-1beta [IL-1ß], monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) were measured using ELISA kits. The mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognitive function. According to the MMSE scores, HAPC group was further divided into normal cognitive function group (HNCF) and cognitive dysfunction group (HCDF). In comparison with the control group, the MMSE scores in the HAPC group were significantly low (P < .05), whereas the serum levels of IL-1ß, MCP-1, and TNF-α were significantly high (P < .01). Among the HAPC group (n = 60), 21 belonged to the HCDF and 39 belonged to the HNCF. Compared with the HNCF, the IL-1ß, MCP-1, and TNF-α in the HCDF were significantly increased (P < .01). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that inflammatory factors were positively correlated with hemoglobin, and negatively correlated with MMSE. Serum inflammatory cytokines IL-1, MCP-1, and TNF-α were increased in HAPC, and HAPC exhibited cognitive dysfunction. Considering chronic hypoxia environment influences the change of the red blood cell metabolic and inflammatory factor, red blood cells and inflammatory factor in plateau is likely to be affected by patients with vascular lesions, increase cognitive impairment.

A multifunctional chitosan based porous membrane for pH-responsive antibacterial activity and promotion of infected wound healing.

Unsatisfactory mechanical and antibacterial properties restricted the solo use of chitosan (CS) as a wound dressing. In this work, a novel CS/hydroxyapatite/ZIF-8 (CS/HAp/ZIF-8, CHZ-10) porous membrane was facilely constructed by in situ loading of ZIF-8 on CS/HAp. The advantages of the three compositions were rationally integrated, and the multifunctionality and practicality of this CS-based dressing were improved. HAp not only improved the mechanical strength and stability of CS, but also promoted cell proliferation and accelerated hemostasis with its released Ca2+. Meanwhile, ZIF-8 enhanced the antibacterial activity of CS by releasing antibacterial Zn2+ in a pH-responsive and sustainable manner, avoiding the bio-accumulation toxicity of heavy metals. Compared with CS/HAp and conventionally used gauze, CHZ-10 exhibited superior coagulation and hemolytic ability, as well as outstanding antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Besides, both in vivo observation and histological evaluation demonstrated that CHZ-10 could not only effectively inhibit bacterial infection and reduce inflammation of the wound, but also promote its re-epithelialization, granulation, tissue formation and collagen fibre growth, leading to effectively enhanced wound-healing. This work provides a new method for the easy construction of multifunctional antibacterial dressings based on CS, showing promise for application in clinical wound care.