RESUMEN
Non-healing wounds are one of the chronic complications of diabetes and have remained a worldwide challenge as one of the major health problems. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is proven to be very successful for diabetic wound treatment, for which the molecular basis is not understood. Adipocytes regulate multiple aspects of repair and may be therapeutic for inflammatory diseases and defective wound healing associated with aging and diabetes. Endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles could promote wound healing in diabetes. To study the mechanism by which HBO promotes wound healing in diabetes, we investigated the effect of HBO on fat cells in diabetic mice. A diabetic wound mouse model was established and treated with HBO. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunofluorescence were used for the analysis of wound healing. To further explore the mechanism, we performed whole-genome sequencing on extracellular vesicles (EVs). Furthermore, we conducted in vitro experiments. Specifically, exosomes were collected from human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cells after HBO treatment, and then these exosomes were co-incubated with adipose tissue. The wound healing rate in diabetic mice treated with HBO was significantly higher. HBO therapy promotes the proliferation of adipose precursor cells. HUVEC-derived exosomes treated with HBO significantly promoted fat cell browning. These data clarify that HBO therapy may promote vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and promote browning of fat cells through vascular endothelial cells derived exosomes, thereby promoting diabetic wound healing. This provides new ideas for the application of HBO therapy in the treatment of diabetic trauma.
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Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/terapia , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana , Tejido Adiposo BlancoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the development of obesity and obesity-associated metabolic diseases. METHODS: In this study, we dynamically observed the characteristics of mitochondrial damage in a rat model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). From the 2nd to the 10th week, animals were killed every 2 weeks and the heart, liver, kidney, and testicular tissues were harvested. Mitochondria were isolated and the activities of respiratory chain complexes I, II, III, and IV as well as the 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine content were determined. Reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were measured. RESULTS: Mitochondrial damages were observed in the heart and liver of DIO and DR rats, and the damages occurred later in DR group than that in DIO group. The mitochondrial membrane potential of heart and liver decreased in DIO and DR groups. The activity of the heart mitochondria complexes I, III, and IV (composing NADH oxidative respiratory) was higher in the early stage of DIO and lower in the end of week 10. The higher activity of the liver complexes I, III, and IV was found until the end of week 10 in DIO and DR groups, accompanied with enhanced oxidative stress. Besides, mitochondrial DNA damages were observed in all tissues. CONCLUSION: In DIO rats, the heart mitochondrial dysfunction occurred first and the liver presented the strongest compensatory ability against oxidative stress.
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Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Transporte de Electrón/fisiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Animales , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de OxígenoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Both pharmacologic and genetic approaches have been used to study the involvement of the muscarinic acetylcholine system in the regulation of chronic pain. Previous studies suggest that the M2 and M4 subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are important targets for the development of chronic pain. (5R,6R)6-(3-Propylthio-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane (PTAC) has agonist effects on muscarinic M2 and M4 receptors and antagonist effects on muscarinic M1, M3, and M5 receptors. However, its analgesic effects have been less studied. METHODS: Male C57B L/6 mice were anesthetized, and left common peroneal nerve (CPN) ligation was performed to induce neuropathic pain. Before and after the application of PTAC systemically or specifically to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimulation and static weight balance were measured, and the effects of PTAC on the conditioned place preference (CPP) were further evaluated. Western blotting was used to examine the expression of M1 and M2 in the striatum, ACC, and ventral tegmental area. RESULTS: The application of PTAC ([i.p.] intraperitoneal injection) increased the paw withdraw threshold in both the early (0.05 mg/kg, mean difference [95% confidence interval, CI]: 0.19 [0.05-0.32]; 0.10 mg/kg: mean difference [95% CI]: 0.34 [0.22-0.46]) and the late phases (0.05 mg/kg: mean difference [95% CI]: 0.45 [0.39-0.50]; 0.1 mg/kg: mean difference [95% CI]: 0.44 [0.37-0.51]) after nerve injury and rebalanced the weight distribution on the hind paws of mice (L/R ratio: before, 0.56 ± 0.03. 0.05 mg/kg, 1.00 ± 0.04, 0.10 mg/kg, 0.99 ± 0.03); however, it failed to induce place preference in the CPP (0.05 mg/kg, 2-way analysis of variance, P > .05; 0.2 mg/kg, 2-way analysis of variance, P > .05,). At the same doses, the analgesic effects at D3-5 lasted longer than the effects at D14-16. This may be due to the down-regulation of the M2 and M1 in tested brain regions. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggested that PTAC has analgesic effects on the neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury.
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Analgésicos/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Bicíclicos con Puentes/administración & dosificación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Tiadiazoles/administración & dosificación , Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Microinyecciones , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Neuralgia/patología , Receptores Muscarínicos/biosíntesis , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Chronic pain is a major health issue and most patients suffer from spontaneous pain. Previous studies suggest that Huperzine A (Hup A), an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata, is a potent analgesic with few side effects. However, whether it alleviates spontaneous pain is unclear. We evaluated the effects of Hup A on spontaneous pain in mice using the conditioned place preference (CPP) behavioral assay and found that application of Hup A attenuated the mechanical allodynia induced by peripheral nerve injury or inflammation. This effect was blocked by atropine. However, clonidine but not Hup A induced preference for the drug-paired chamber in CPP. The same effects occurred when Hup A was infused into the anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, ambenonium chloride, a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, also increased the paw-withdrawal threshold but failed to induce place preference in CPP. Therefore, our data suggest that acetylcholinesterase in both the peripheral and central nervous systems is involved in the regulation of mechanical allodynia but not the spontaneous pain.
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Alcaloides/administración & dosificación , Analgésicos/administración & dosificación , Hiperalgesia/prevención & control , Neuralgia/prevención & control , Receptores Muscarínicos/fisiología , Sesquiterpenos/administración & dosificación , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Cloruro de Ambenonio/administración & dosificación , Animales , Atropina/administración & dosificación , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/administración & dosificación , Dolor Crónico/prevención & control , Clonidina/administración & dosificación , Giro del Cíngulo/efectos de los fármacos , Giro del Cíngulo/metabolismo , Hiperalgesia/etiología , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/complicaciones , Aprendizaje/efectos de los fármacos , Lipopolisacáridos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Antagonistas Muscarínicos/administración & dosificación , Umbral del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Nervio Peroneo/lesionesRESUMEN
1. Aerobic interval training (AIT) exerts beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. However, its cardioprotective mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate AIT-mediated anti-oxidation by focusing on anti-oxidase and mitochondrial biogenesis in rats after myocardial infarction (MI). 2. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: (i) a sham-operated control (CON); (ii) an MI group; and (iii) an MI + AIT group. Myocardial microstructure and function, markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial anti-oxidase, Phase II enzymes and mitochondrial biogenesis were assessed. In addition, levels of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and phosphorylated (p-) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were determined. The anti-oxidative gene sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and the prosurvival phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signalling cascade were also evaluated. 3. Compared with CON, there was noticeable microstructure injury, cardiac dysfunction and oxidative damage in rats after MI. In addition, decreased mitochondrial anti-oxidase content, Phase II enzyme (except heme oxygenase-1) expression and mitochondrial biogenesis were observed in the post-MI rats as well as reduced protein levels of the regulators Nrf2 and p-AMPK and suppression of SIRT3 levels and PI3-K/Akt signalling. These detrimental modifications were considerably ameliorated by AIT, as evidenced by increases in anti-oxidase, mitochondrial biogenesis, Nrf2 and AMPK phosphorylation, as well as SIRT3 upregulation and PI3-K/Akt signalling activation. Moreover, PI3-K inhibitor-LY294002 (20 mg/kg) treatment partly attenuated AIT-elicited increases in Nrf2 levels and AMPK phosphorylation. 4. Based on these results, we conclude that AIT effectively alleviates MI-induced oxidative injury, which may be closely correlated with activation of the anti-oxidase system and mitochondrial biosynthesis. Increased SIRT3 expression and activation of PI3-K/Akt signalling may play key roles in AIT-mediated anti-oxidation. These results open up new avenues for exercise intervention therapies for MI patients.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Recambio Mitocondrial/fisiología , Infarto del Miocardio/fisiopatología , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Animales , Masculino , Mitocondrias/fisiología , Infarto del Miocardio/metabolismo , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasa/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Sirtuina 3/metabolismoRESUMEN
Aerobic interval training (AIT) can favorably affect cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of AIT on post-myocardial infarction (MI)-associated mitochondrial dysfunctions remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of AIT on myocardial mitochondria in post-MI rats by focusing on mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission). Mitochondrial respiratory functions (as measured by the respiratory control ratio (RCR) and the ratio of ADP to oxygen consumption (P/O)); complex activities; dynamic proteins (mitofusin (mfn) 1/2, type 1 optic atrophy (OPA1) and dynamin-related protein1 (DRP1)); nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α); and the oxidative signaling of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and P53 were observed. Post-MI rats exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and adverse mitochondrial network dynamics (reduced fusion and increased fission), which was associated with activated ERK1/2-JNK-P53 signaling and decreased nuclear PGC-1α. After AIT, MI-associated mitochondrial dysfunction was improved (elevated RCR and P/O and enhanced complex I, III and IV activities); in addition, increased fusion (mfn2 and OPA1), decreased fission (DRP1), elevated nuclear PGC-1α and inactivation of the ERK1/2-JNK-P53 signaling were observed. These data demonstrate that AIT may restore the post-MI mitochondrial function by inhibiting dynamics pathological remodeling, which may be associated with inactivation of ERK1/2-JNK-P53 signaling and increase in nuclear PGC-1α expression.
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Mitocondrias Cardíacas/patología , Dinámicas Mitocondriales/fisiología , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Adenosina Difosfato/análisis , Animales , Dinaminas/biosíntesis , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , GTP Fosfohidrolasas/biosíntesis , Corazón/fisiología , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/biosíntesis , Proteínas Mitocondriales/biosíntesis , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Factores de Transcripción/biosíntesis , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The mortality rate of liver cancer ranks third in the world, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract. Cucurbitacin B (CuB), a natural compound extracted from Cucurbitaceae spp., is the main active component of Chinese patent medicine the Cucurbitacin Tablet, which has been widely used in the treatment of various malignant tumors in clinics, especially HCC. PURPOSE: This study explored the role and mechanism of CuB in the suppression of liver cancer progression. METHODS: Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays were used to detect the inhibitory function of CuB in Huh7, Hep3B, and Hepa1/6 hepatoma cells. Calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement assays were performed to determine cell death. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was measured, and flow cytometry was performed to evaluate cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Several techniques, such as proteomics, Western blotting (WB), and ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference, were utilized to explore the potential mechanism. The animal experiment was performed to verify the results of in vitro experiments. RESULTS: CuB significantly inhibited the growth of Huh7, Hep3B, and Hepa1/6 cells and triggered the cell cycle arrest in G2/M phage without leading to cell death, especially apoptosis. Knockdown of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), a target of CuB, did not reverse CuB elicited cell cycle arrest. CuB enhanced phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (p-ATM) and phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) levels. Moreover, CuB increased p53 and p21 levels and decreased cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) expression, accompanied by improving phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (p-CHK1) level and suppressing cell division cycle 25C (CDC25C) protein level. Interestingly, these phenomena were partly abolished by a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) protector methylproamine (MPA). Animal studies showed that CuB also significantly suppressed tumor growth in BALB/c mice bearing Hepa1/6 cells. In tumor tissues, CuB reduced the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and γ-H2AX but did not change the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) level. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated for the first time that CuB could effectively impede HCC progression by inducing DNA damage-dependent cell cycle arrest without directly triggering cell death, such as necrosis and apoptosis. The effect was achieved through ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent p53-p21-CDK1 and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1)-CDC25C signaling pathways. These findings indicate that CuB may be used as an anti-HCC drug, when the current findings are confirmed by independent studies and after many more clinical phase 1, 2, 3, and 4 testings have been done.
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Ataxia Telangiectasia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Triterpenos , Animales , Ratones , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Quinasa 1 Reguladora del Ciclo Celular (Checkpoint 1)/genética , Quinasa 1 Reguladora del Ciclo Celular (Checkpoint 1)/metabolismo , Quinasa 1 Reguladora del Ciclo Celular (Checkpoint 1)/uso terapéutico , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutada/genética , Proteínas de la Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutada/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutada/uso terapéutico , Puntos de Control del Ciclo Celular , Daño del ADN , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación CelularRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Huachansu (HCS), a known Chinese patent drug extracted from the Chinese toad skin, is frequently used for the treatment of various advanced cancers, especially gastric cancer, due to the good therapeutic effect. However, it is rather difficult to clarify the active substances and molecular mechanisms involved owing to the lack of appropriate research strategies. We recently proposed the concept and research ideas of compound-composed Chinese medicine formula. PURPOSE: To discover compound-composed Chinese medicine from Huachansu and to explore its mechanism of action in inducing apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. METHOD: Network pharmacology combined with serum pharmacochemistry was utilized to screen the predominant active constituents from HCS against gastric cancer. Then, the compound-composed Chinese medicine of HCS (CCMH) was prepared according to their relative contents in serum. The pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms for CCMH were investigated by assays for cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), proteomics, reactive oxygen species (ROS), N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) antagonism, proteasome activity, and western blot. RESULTS: CCMH was comprised of arenobufagin (11.14%), bufalin (18.67%), bufotalin (7.33%), cinobufagin (16.67%), cinobufotalin (16.74%), gamabufotalin (8.45%), resibufogenin (12.03%), and telocinobufagin (8.97%). CCMH evidently induced proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and MMP collapse in gastric cancer cells, possessing the better activities than HCS. Proteomic analysis showed that CCMH influenced ROS pathway, ubiquitin proteasome system, and PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. CCMH markedly enhanced intracellular ROS levels in gastric cancer cells, which was reversed by NAC. Accordingly, NAC antagonized the apoptosis-inducing effect of CCMH. Significantly decreased proteasome 20S activity by CCMH was observed in gastric cancer cells. CCMH also regulated the expression of key proteins in PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: CCMH possesses more significant apoptotic induction effects on gastric cancer cells than HCS, which is achieved primarily through suppression of proteasome activities and increase of ROS levels, followed by regulating PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Network pharmacology combined with serum pharmacochemistry is an effective strategy for discovering compound-composed Chinese medicine from traditional Chinese medicine, which can help clarify the pharmacological substances and mechanisms of action for traditional Chinese medicine.
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Venenos de Anfibios , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Medicina Tradicional China , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteómica , Línea Celular Tumoral , ApoptosisRESUMEN
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen shrub with a pleasant fragrance and a wide range of applications in many fields. The condensed hydrolat obtained during the drying process of its fresh flowers was collected in a low-temperature vacuum environment and its sensory evaluation and volatile components were studied. The main aroma compounds in Osmanthus fragrans were dihydro-ß-ionone, nonanal, ß-cyclocitral, ß-ionone, benzaldehyde, α-ionone, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, whose contents were used as the main evaluation criteria, and the hydrolats obtained under different scenting and drying times were compared. This process can effectively collect the aroma components in Osmanthus fragrans and the optimal drying conditions were 50 °C for 5 h. The hydrolat was used to provide the scent of osmanthus black tea, which had a fresher and mellower taste, while the fragrance of osmanthus was abundant. These results show that osmanthus hydrolat can be used to provide the scent of floral black tea. Chemical compounds studied in this article: (-)-Catechin (PubChem CID: 1203); (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (PubChem CID: 65064); (-)-epicatechin gallate (PubChem CID: 367141); (-)-epigallocatechin (PubChem CID: 72277); (-)-epicatechin (PubChem CID: 72276); (-)-gallocatechin gallate (PubChem CID: 199472); (-)-catechin gallate (PubChem CID: 6419835); (-)-gallocatechin (PubChem CID: 9882981).
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Variations in the quality of brewing water profoundly impact tea flavor. This study systematically investigated the effects of four common water sources, including pure water (PW), mountain spring water (MSW), mineral water (MW) and natural water (NW) on the flavor of Tieguanyin tea infusion. Brewing with MW resulted in a flat taste and turbid aroma, mainly due to the low leaching of tea flavor components and complex interactions with mineral ions (mainly Ca2+, Mg2+). Tea infusions brewed with NW exhibited the highest relative contents of total volatile compounds, while those brewed with PW had the lowest. NW and MSW, with moderate mineralization, were conducive to improving the aroma quality of tea infusion and were more suitable for brewing both aroma types of Tieguanyin. These findings offer valuable insights into the effect of brewing water on the sensory and physicochemical properties of oolong teas.
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To improve the quality of osmanthus black tea, samples produced with different scenting methods were prepared. The sensory quality was assessed and the characteristic aromatic components were explored using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. According to the results, osmanthus black tea obtained by adding osmanthus scenting in the fermentation process had the strongest floral aroma. The major contributors to the aroma of osmanthus black tea were identified as ß-ionone, dihydro-ß-ionone, benzeneacetaldehyde, citral, geraniol, and linalool by calculating their relative odor activity values. An analysis of the causes revealed that the moisture content of tea dhool significantly affected the adsorption of fresh flower aroma by tea. The experimental results showed that osmanthus black tea produced using tea dhool containing 30% moisture content had the highest content of crucial aroma components, suggesting the tea dhool under this condition had the strongest adsorption capacity for osmanthus aroma.
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Camellia sinensis , Oleaceae , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Té/química , Odorantes/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Camellia sinensis/químicaRESUMEN
Genomic full-length sequence of HLA-B*13:64 was identified in a Chinese individual by sequence-based typing.
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Médula Ósea , Pueblos del Este de Asia , Trasplante de Tejidos , Humanos , Alelos , Secuencia de Bases , Genómica , Prueba de Histocompatibilidad , Antígenos HLA-B/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Donantes de TejidosRESUMEN
Introduction: Tea is the main raw material for preparing tea wine. Methods: In this research, four types of tea wine were prepared using different categories of tea leaves, including green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and dark tea, and the comparative study looking their physicochemical, sensorial, and antioxidant profiles were carried out. Results: The dynamic changes of total soluble solids, amino acids and ethanol concentrations, and pH were similar in four tea wines. The green tea wine (GTW) showed the highest consumption of total soluble solids and amino acids, and produced the highest concentrations of alcohol, malic, succinic, and lactic acid among all tea wines. The analysis of volatile components indicated the number and concentration of esters and alcohols increased significantly after fermentation of tea wines. GTW presented the highest volatile concentration, while oolong tea wine (OTW) showed the highest number of volatile compounds. GTW had the highest total catechins concentration of 404 mg/L and the highest ABTS value (1.63 mmol TEAC/mL), while OTW showed the highest DPPH value (1.00 mmol TEAC/mL). Moreover, OTW showed the highest score of sensory properties. Discussion: Therefore, the types of tea leaves used in the tea wine production interfere in its bioactive composition, sensorial, and antioxidant properties.
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Theasinensin A is an important quality chemical component in tea, but its taste characteristics and the related mechanism are still unclear. The bitterness quantification and simulated taste mechanism of theasinensin A were researched. The results showed that theasinensin A was significantly correlated with the bitterness of tea. The bitterness threshold of theasinensin A was identified as 65 µmol/L for the first time. The dose-over-threshold (DOT) value of theasinensin A was significantly higher than that of caffeine in black tea soup. The concentration-bitterness curve and time-intensity curve of theasinensin A were constructed. The bitterness contribution of theasinensin A in black tea was higher than in oolong and green tea. Theasinensin A had the highest affinity with bitterness receptor protein TAS2R16, which was compared to TAS2R13 and TAS2R14. Theasinensin A was mainly bound to a half-open cavity at the N-terminal of TAS2R13, TAS2R14, and TAS2R16. The different binding capacity, hydrogen bond, and hydrophobic accumulation effect of theasinensin A and bitterness receptor proteins might be the reason why theasinensin A presented different bitterness senses in human oral cavity.
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HLA-C*14:02:38 differs from HLA-C*14:02:01:01 by one nucleotide at position 288 in exon 2.
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Pueblo Asiatico , Antígenos HLA-C , Humanos , Antígenos HLA-C/genética , Alelos , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Exones/genética , China , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Seven batches of raw tea leaves, processed by different methods (steaming, pan-frying) and from two different harvesting seasons (spring, autumn), were used to investigate the effect of baking treatment on changes in the composition and content of nonvolatile and volatile compounds. The results showed that baking had a greater impact on sensory and flavor quality, which chemically modified some of taste and aroma components. The aroma concentrations of steamed teas (4,168-10,706 µg/L) were significantly higher than those of pan-fried teas (959-2,608 µg/L), and the aroma concentrations of baked green teas (2,608-10,706 µg/L) were significantly higher than those of unbaked teas (959-4,213 µg/L). Based on VIP > 1 and ACI > 1, (E, E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, hexanal, ß-ionone, 5-methylfurfural, ß-cyclocitral, and linalool were identified as the main aroma compounds. Chemical changes resulting from Maillard reaction were greater during baking of steamed, than pan-fried green tea. These results help improve the quality of green tea with baking.
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Té , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Odorantes/análisis , Gusto , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisisRESUMEN
Karamay oily sludge (KOS), Zhundong subbituminous coal (ZSBC), and their equal mass mixture (M KOS/ZSBC) were selected as the research samples, and composition characteristics and pyrolysis performance of KOS, ZSBC, and its mixture were investigated by means of various analytical methods. Results showed that yields of fixed carbon and volatile matter from ZSBC are higher than those from KOS, and the content of moisture in ZSBC is also higher; most of the components in KOS are inorganic minerals, with the ash yield of 71.4%, and the fixed carbon yield of nearly 0. According to Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis, the types of functional groups in KOS and ZSBC are basically the same, while the contents of which are different. Thermogravimetry-differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) analysis indicated that the mass loss of ZSBC, KOS, and M KOS/ZSBC are 41.1%, 25.7%, and 32.8% with a heating temperature up to 990 °C, respectively. By analyzing the theoretical pyrolysis and combustion TG-DTG profiles of M KOS/ZSBC and the measured composition of the flue gas produced during the tested processes, it is found that the mixture of oily sludge and coal helps generate remarkable combustible gases with significantly reduced CO2, indicating that there is an effective "synergistic effect" between KOS and ZSBC. Based on the Coats-Redfern (CR) model, in the main pyrolysis temperature range, when the reaction order is selected as 1, the kinetic fitting effect of pyrolysis and combustion profiles for ZSBC is better, with the correlation coefficient R 2 > 0.98. While for KOS and M KOS/ZSBC, in N2 atmosphere, the fitting effect is satisfactory as the reaction order is set to 5, in air atmosphere, the better fitting effect is considered that reaction order is selected as 1.
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Genomic full-length sequence of HLA-A*11:264 was identified in a Chinese individual by sequence-based typing.
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Antígenos HLA-A , Alelos , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Médula Ósea , China , Genómica , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Humanos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Donantes de TejidosRESUMEN
HLA-A*02:406 was initially identified in a volunteer donor for China Marrow Donor Program.
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Antígenos HLA-A , Alelos , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Médula Ósea , China , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Humanos , Donantes de TejidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of 2-hexyl-4-pentylenic acid (HPTA) in combination with radiotherapy (RT) on distant unirradiated breast tumors. METHODS: Using a rat model of chemical carcinogen (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene,DMBA)-induced breast cancer, tumor volume was monitored and treatment response was evaluated by performing HE staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and western blot analyses. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that HPTA in combination with RT significantly delayed the growth of distant, unirradiated breast tumors. The mechanism of action included tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration into distant tumor tissues, M1 polarization, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by IFN-γ. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the combination of HPTA with RT has an abscopal effect on distant tumors via M1-polarized TAMs, and HPTA may be considered as a new therapeutic for amplifying the efficacy of local RT for non-targeted breast tumors.The graphical abstract was available in the web of www.besjournal.com.