[RECOMMENDATION FOR ITCH ASSESSMENT FROM THE ATOPIC ITCH CONSENSUS MEETING (AICOM)].

BACKGROUND: Itch is the most troublesome symptom of atopic dermatitis, and it is important to assess it appropriately for optimal treatment. We discussed issues regarding itch and the most appropriate methods of assessment at the Atopic Itch Consensus Meeting (AICOM), attended by physicians and researchers with expertise in itch treatment and research. METHODS: The AICOM participants prepared a draft consensus statement that addressed the most appropriate itch assessment methods for age groups <2 years, 2-6 years, 7-14 years, and ≥15 years. Consensus was defined as agreement by ≥80% of the participants. RESULTS: Votes were cast by 20 participants (8 dermatologists, 7 pediatricians, and 5 researchers), and a consensus on the best current methods of itch assessment was reached with 95% agreement. For infants and preschool children, because subjective evaluation is difficult, a checklist for itch assessment was developed for caregivers. CONCLUSION: For itch assessment, we recommend subjective evaluation by the patient using a rating scale. For infants and preschoolers, evaluation should be done by the caregiver using a checklist, combined with objective evaluation (of skin lesions, for example) by a physician. We anticipate that more objective itch assessment indices will be established in the future.

Cancer extracellular vesicles, tumoroid models, and tumor microenvironment.

Cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, promote tumor progression through enhancing tumor growth, initiating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, remodeling the tumor microenvironment, and preparing metastatic niches. Three-dimensionally (3D) cultured tumoroids / spheroids aim to reproduce some aspects of tumor behavior in vitro and show increased cancer stem cell properties. These properties are transferred to their EVs that promote tumor growth. Moreover, recent tumoroid models can be furnished with aspects of the tumor microenvironment, such as vasculature, hypoxia, and extracellular matrix. This review summarizes tumor tissue culture and engineering platforms compatible with EV research. For example, the combination experiments of 3D-tumoroids and EVs have revealed multifunctional proteins loaded in EVs, such as metalloproteinases and heat shock proteins. EVs or exosomes are able to transfer their cargo molecules to recipient cells, whose fates are often largely altered. In addition, the review summarizes approaches to EV labeling technology using fluorescence and luciferase, useful for studies on EV-mediated intercellular communication, biodistribution, and metastatic niche formation.

Efficacy of gilteritinib in comparison with alectinib for the treatment of ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer.

Gilteritinib is a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), approved for the treatment of FLT3-mutant acute myeloid leukemia, with a broad range of activity against several tyrosine kinases including anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). This study investigated the efficacy of gilteritinib against ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). To this end, we assessed the effects of gilteritinib on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and acquired resistance responses in several ALK-rearranged NSCLC cell lines and mouse xenograft tumor models and compared its efficacy to alectinib, a standard ALK inhibitor. Gilteritinib was significantly more potent than alectinib, as it inhibited cell proliferation at a lower dose, with complete attenuation of growth observed in several ALK-rearranged NSCLC cell lines and no development of drug tolerance. Immunoblotting showed that gilteritinib strongly suppressed phosphorylated ALK and its downstream effectors, as well as mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) signaling. By comparison, MET signaling was enhanced in alectinib-treated cells. Furthermore, gilteritinib was found to more effectively abolish growth of ALK-rearranged NSCLC xenograft tumors, many of which completely receded. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) mRNA levels were elevated in gilteritinib-treated cells, together with a concomitant increase in the infiltration of tumors by natural killer (NK) cells, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. This suggests that IL-15 production along with NK cell infiltration may constitute components of the gilteritinib-mediated antitumor responses in ALK-rearranged NSCLCs. In conclusion, gilteritinib demonstrated significantly improved antitumor efficacy compared with alectinib against ALK-rearranged NSCLC cells, which can warrant its candidacy for use in anticancer regimens, after further examination in clinical trial settings.

TIP60 is required for tumorigenesis in non-small cell lung cancer.

Histone modifications play crucial roles in transcriptional activation, and aberrant epigenetic changes are associated with oncogenesis. Lysine (K) acetyltransferases 5 (TIP60, also known as KAT5) is reportedly implicated in cancer development and maintenance, although its function in lung cancer remains controversial. Here we demonstrate that TIP60 knockdown in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines decreased tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, analysis of a mouse lung cancer model with lung-specific conditional Tip60 knockout revealed suppressed tumor formation relative to controls, but no apparent effects on normal lung homeostasis. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses of inducible TIP60 knockdown H1975 cells relative to controls revealed transglutaminase enzyme (TGM5) as downstream of TIP60. Investigation of a connectivity map database identified several candidate compounds that decrease TIP60 mRNA, one that suppressed tumor growth in cell culture and in vivo. In addition, TH1834, a TIP60 acetyltransferase inhibitor, showed comparable antitumor effects in cell culture and in vivo. Taken together, suppression of TIP60 activity shows tumor-specific efficacy against lung cancer, with no overt effect on normal tissues. Our work suggests that targeting TIP60 could be a promising approach to treating lung cancer.

Clinical utility of the BIWACO score for patients with atrial fibrillation after percutaneous coronary intervention.

No predictive clinical risk scores for net adverse clinical events (NACE) have been developed for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We evaluated NACE to develop clinically applicable risk-stratification scores in the Bleeding and thrombotic risk evaluation In patients With Atrial fibrillation under COronary intervention (BIWACO) study, a multicenter survey which has enrolled a total of 7837 patients. We also investigated the current status and time trends for the use of antithrombotic drugs. A total of 188 AF patients who had received PCI were examined. At discharge, 65% of patients were prescribed a triple therapy (TT), 6% were prescribed a dual therapy, the remaining 29% of patients received dual-antiplatelet therapy. After 4 years, the fraction of patients continuing TT decreased by 15%, whereas oral anticoagulant alone was only 2% of patients. NACE developed in 20% of patients, resulting in death in 5% of the patients, and the remaining 13% experienced bleeding events. We developed risk scores for NACE comprising the five strongest predictive items, which we designated BIWACO scores. The area under the curve was 0.774 for NACE. Our study explored the differences in treatment practices and guideline recommendations for antithrombotic therapy. We concluded that our BIWACO score is useful for predicting clinical outcomes in AF-patients after PCI.

Anterior superior iliac spine is not always reliable as a pelvic reference axis. -3D study of pelvic axis.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of the axis connecting both anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS axis) as the absolute pelvic axis. No study has ever verified the accuracy of ASIS axis particularly on the AP pelvic radiograph, which cannot be specified on it. METHODS: Sixty patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty and fifty patients with femoral neck fracture were recruited as subjects without hip deformities and their CT scan data were collected. We defined the line through both center of femoral heads as absolute reference axis of pelvis three-dimensionally. On the coronal plane, the errors between the femoral head axis and the axes through six pelvic landmarks in total, including ASIS were analyzed. On the axial plane, the errors of the lines through four landmarks were analyzed in the same way. Finally, on the coronal images, the mediolateral diameter of the obturator foramen and the mediolateral distance between the midline of the sacrum and the pelvic cavity were measured to evaluate bilateral symmetry of the pelvis. RESULTS: The errors tended to be smaller as the axes were closer to the femoral head axis (axes connecting bilateral superior aspects of the acetabulum and the teardrops) and the ASIS axis errors were moderate. The obturator foramen based on the ASIS axis was more asymmetrical than the femoral head axis. CONCLUSION: Adjusting the pelvic tilt and rotation, surgeons should not always rely on the ASIS and refer to appropriate, close to the hip joint references in each case.

Global Analysis of Heme Proteins Elucidates the Correlation between Heme Distortion and the Heme-Binding Pocket.

Heme proteins play diverse and important biological roles, from electron transfer and chemical catalysis to oxygen transport and/or storage. Although the distortion of heme porphyrin correlates with the physical properties of heme, such as the redox potential and oxygen affinity, the relationship between heme distortion and the heme protein environment is unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the protein environment of the heme-binding pocket determines heme distortion (conformation). We analyzed the correlations between the amino acid composition of the heme-binding pocket and the magnitude of heme distortion along 12 vibrational modes using machine learning. A correlation was detected in the three lowest vibrational modes. Analysis of heme distortions in nearly the same environments of the heme-binding pocket supported this notion. Our analyses indicate that the heme-binding pocket environment is a major factor impacting the distortion of heme porphyrin along the three lowest vibrational modes. In addition, statistical analysis of the distortion of heme porphyrin revealed that the peaks of distributions of the ruffling and breathing distortions are shifted from 0 (the equilibrium structure). Both the ruffling and breathing distortions are correlated with the redox potential of heme, so that heme molecules with these distortions have a lower redox potential than planar molecules. These findings explain the structure-function relationship of heme.

Is Anterior Rotation of the Acetabulum Necessary to Normalize Joint Contact Pressure in Periacetabular Osteotomy? A Finite-element Analysis Study.

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate sagittal plane correction can result in an increased risk of osteoarthritis progression after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). Individual and postural variations in sagittal pelvic tilt, along with acetabular deformity, affect joint contact mechanics in dysplastic hips and may impact the direction and degree of acetabular correction. Finite-element analyses that account for physiologic pelvic tilt may provide valuable insight into the effect of PAO on the contact mechanics of dysplastic hips, which may lead to improved acetabular correction during PAO. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We performed virtual PAO using finite-element models with reference to the standing pelvic position to clarify (1) whether lateral rotation of the acetabulum normalizes the joint contact pressure, (2) risk factors for abnormal contact pressure after lateral rotation of the acetabulum, and (3) whether additional anterior rotation of the acetabulum further reduces contact pressure. METHODS: Between 2016 and 2020, 85 patients (92 hips) underwent PAO to treat hip dysplasia. Eighty-two patients with hip dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle < 20°) were included. Patients with advanced osteoarthritis, femoral head deformity, prior hip or spine surgery, or poor-quality images were excluded. Thirty-eight patients (38 hips) were eligible to participate in this study. All patients were women, with a mean age of 39 ± 10 years. Thirty-three women volunteers without a history of hip disease were reviewed as control participants. Individuals with a lateral center-edge angle < 25° or poor-quality images were excluded. Sixteen individuals (16 hips) with a mean age of 36 ± 7 years were eligible as controls. Using CT images, we developed patient-specific three-dimensional surface hip models with the standing pelvic position as a reference. The loading scenario was based on single-leg stance. Four patterns of virtual PAO were performed in the models. First, the acetabular fragment was rotated laterally in the coronal plane so that the lateral center-edge angle was 30°; then, anterior rotation in the sagittal plane was added by 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°. We developed finite-element models for each acetabular position and performed a nonlinear contact analysis to calculate the joint contact pressure of the acetabular cartilage. The normal range of the maximum joint contact pressure was calculated to be < 4.1 MPa using a receiver operating characteristic curve. A paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction was used to compare joint contact pressures among acetabular positions. We evaluated the association of joint contact pressure with the patient-specific sagittal pelvic tilt and acetabular version and coverage using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients. An exploratory univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify which of the preoperative factors (CT measurement parameters and sagittal pelvic tilt) were associated with abnormal contact pressure after lateral rotation of the acetabulum. Variables with p values < 0.05 (anterior center-edge angle and sagittal pelvic tilt) were included in a multivariable model to identify the independent influence of each factor. RESULTS: Lateral rotation of the acetabulum decreased the median maximum contact pressure compared with that before virtual PAO (3.7 MPa [range 2.2-6.7] versus 7.2 MPa [range 4.1-14 MPa], difference of medians 3.5 MPa; p < 0.001). The resulting maximum contact pressures were within the normal range (< 4.1 MPa) in 63% of the hips (24 of 38 hips). The maximum contact pressure after lateral acetabular rotation was negatively correlated with the standing pelvic tilt (anterior pelvic plane angle) (ρ = -0.52; p < 0.001) and anterior center-edge angle (ρ = -0.47; p = 0.003). After controlling for confounding variables such as the lateral center-edge angle and sagittal pelvic tilt, we found that a decreased preoperative anterior center-edge angle (per 1°; odds ratio 1.14 [95% CI 1.01-1.28]; p = 0.01) was independently associated with elevated contact pressure (≥ 4.1 MPa) after lateral rotation; a preoperative anterior center-edge angle < 32° in the standing pelvic position was associated with elevated contact pressure (sensitivity 57%, specificity 96%, area under the curve 0.77). Additional anterior rotation further decreased the joint contact pressure; the maximum contact pressures were within the normal range in 74% (28 of 38 hips), 76% (29 of 38 hips), and 84% (32 of 38 hips) of the hips when the acetabulum was rotated anteriorly by 5°, 10°, and 15°, respectively. CONCLUSION: Via virtual PAO, normal joint contact pressure was achieved in 63% of patients by normalizing the lateral acetabular coverage. However, lateral acetabular rotation was insufficient to normalize the joint contact pressure in patients with more posteriorly tilted pelvises and anterior acetabular deficiency. In patients with a preoperative anterior center-edge angle < 32° in the standing pelvic position, additional anterior rotation is expected to be a useful guide to normalize the joint contact pressure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This virtual PAO study suggests that biomechanics-based planning for PAO should incorporate not only the morphology of the hip but also the physiologic pelvic tilt in the weightbearing position in order to customize acetabular reorientation for each patient.

Effect of coronal plane acetabular correction on joint contact pressure in Periacetabular osteotomy: a finite-element analysis.

BACKGROUND: The ideal acetabular position for optimizing hip joint biomechanics in periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) remains unclear. We aimed to determine the relationship between acetabular correction in the coronal plane and joint contact pressure (CP) and identify morphological factors associated with residual abnormal CP after correction. METHODS: Using CT images from 44 patients with hip dysplasia, we performed three patterns of virtual PAOs on patient-specific 3D hip models; the acetabulum was rotated laterally to the lateral center-edge angles (LCEA) of 30°, 35°, and 40°. Finite-element analysis was used to calculate the CP of the acetabular cartilage during a single-leg stance. RESULTS: Coronal correction to the LCEA of 30° decreased the median maximum CP 0.5-fold compared to preoperatively (p <  0.001). Additional correction to the LCEA of 40° further decreased CP in 15 hips (34%) but conversely increased CP in 29 hips (66%). The increase in CP was associated with greater preoperative extrusion index (p = 0.030) and roundness index (p = 0.038). Overall, virtual PAO failed to normalize CP in 11 hips (25%), and a small anterior wall index (p = 0.049) and a large roundness index (p = 0.003) were associated with residual abnormal CP. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of acetabular correction in the coronal plane where CP is minimized varied among patients. Coronal plane correction alone failed to normalize CP in 25% of patients in this study. In patients with an anterior acetabular deficiency (anterior wall index < 0.21) and an aspherical femoral head (roundness index > 53.2%), coronal plane correction alone may not normalize CP. Further studies are needed to clarify the effectiveness of multiplanar correction, including in the sagittal and axial planes, in optimizing the hip joint's contact mechanics.

Wear analysis of the first-generation cross-linked polyethylene at minimum 10 years follow-up after THA: no significant effect of sports participation.

The impact of sports on long-term wear of highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is not fully understood. We investigated (1) the wear performance of the first-generation XLPE, and (2) whether sports participation influences the steady wear rate of XLPE. The femoral head penetration into the cup was measured digitally on radiographs of hips undergoing THA with XLPE. We retrospectively reviewed data that included age, gender, body mass index, follow-up period, preoperative diagnosis, types of XLPE, ball diameter, head material, inclination of the cup, physical function score, and sports participation. Statistical analyses were applied to determine whether sports affect the wear of XLPE and which factors were associated with the steady wear rate. Creep and steady wear rate were found to be 0.18 mm and 0.005 mm/year, respectively. Sports participation, regardless of impact, provided no significant difference in the steady wear rate. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that sports did not increase the steady wear rate. Our findings showed excellent wear performance of the first-generation XLPE at a minimum of ten years after THA, without significant effect of sports participation on the liner wear.

COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Lymphadenopathy Mimicking Regrowth of Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis of Lung Adenocarcinoma.

We encountered a woman with re-enlarged axillary lymph nodes during a computed tomography (CT) scan for surveillance of lung adenocarcinoma with axillary lymph node metastasis at the initial diagnosis that had shrunk with standard chemotherapy. We first suspected cancer recurrence and considered a change in the chemotherapeutic regimen. However, after careful history taking regarding the timing of her Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination, and subsequent careful, close follow-up, radiological shrinkage suggested a strictly benign cause. Especially in lung cancer with a medical history of axillary lymph node involvement, cliniciansshould be aware that vaccine-associated lymphadenopathy can mimic cancer recurrence and sometimesprompt serious misjudgment regarding a current treatment course and strategy.

Factors Associated With Abnormal Joint Contact Pressure After Periacetabular Osteotomy: A Finite-Element Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Identifying factors associated with poor hip contact mechanics after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) may help surgeons optimize acetabular corrections in individual patients. We performed individual-specific finite-element analyses to identify preoperative morphological and surgical correction factors for abnormal contact pressure (CP) after PAO. METHODS: We performed finite-element analyses before and after PAO with reference to the standing pelvic position on individual-specific 3-dimensional hip models created from computed tomography images of 51 dysplastic hips. Nonlinear contact analyses were performed to calculate the joint CP of the acetabular cartilage during a single-leg stance. RESULTS: The maximum CP decreased in 50 hips (98.0%) after PAO compared to preoperative values, and the resulting maximum CP was within the normal range (<4.1 MPa) in 33 hips (64.7%). Multivariate analysis identified the roundness index of the femoral head (P = .002), postoperative anterior center-edge angle (CEA; P = .004), and surgical correction of lateral CEA (Δlateral CEA; P = .003) as independent predictors for abnormal CP after PAO. A preoperative roundness index >54.3°, a postoperative anterior CEA <36.3°, and a Δlateral CEA >27.0° in the standing pelvic position predicted abnormal CP after PAO. CONCLUSION: PAO normalized joint CP in 64.7% of the patients but was less likely to normalize joint CP in patients with aspheric femoral heads. Successful surgical treatment depends on obtaining adequate anterior coverage and avoiding excessive lateral correction, while considering the physiological pelvic tilt in a weight-bearing position.

Pneumatic femoral broaching decreases post-operative subsidence of a cementless taper-wedge stem.

PURPOSE: Stem subsidence is a known cause of early failure in cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA). The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of pneumatic femoral broaching in preventing post-operative subsidence of a proximally porous-coated, taper-wedge stem. METHODS: We reviewed 169 cases of primary THA with a single taper-wedge stem. Eighty THAs performed using pneumatic broaching were compared with 89 THAs performed using manual broaching in terms of postoperative canal fill ratio (CFR) at three levels, stem subsidence at one year post-operation, and stem fixation at latest follow-up (median, 24 months). RESULTS: The median CFRs were higher in the pneumatic group than in the manual group at all levels (p < 0.05). The median stem subsidence at one year after THA was lower in the pneumatic group than in the manual group (0.2 mm vs. 0.6 mm, p = 0.007). A multivariate analysis determined a decreased CFR at 60 mm below the lesser trochanter and the manual broaching as independent factors affecting post-operative stem subsidence. At the latest follow-up, all stems showed stable fixation by bone ingrowth in both groups. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the pneumatic broaching device was useful in maximizing the mediolateral canal filling and initial stability and minimizing the subsidence of taper-wedge stems.

Analysis of factors influencing patient satisfaction after total hip arthroplasty in a Japanese cohort: the significant effect of postoperative physical activity.

[Purpose] To determine patient satisfaction after total hip arthroplasty in a Japanese cohort and to identify factors that significantly influence patient satisfaction. [Participants and Methods] This study included 285 patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. Postoperative satisfaction, Oxford hip score, short form-12 mental component summary score, and University of California Los Angeles activity score were investigated. Muscle strength and daily step counts were determined using a hand-held dynamometer (µ-Tas F1) and activity monitor (ActivPAL) in 89 and 26 patients, respectively. Factors associated with postoperative satisfaction, Oxford hip score-activities of daily living, and University of California Los Angeles activity score were identified. The relationship between the Oxford hip score-activities of daily living and daily step counts was examined. [Results] Overall, 94.7% of the patients reported satisfaction with total hip arthroplasty. The Oxford hip score-activities of daily living and University of California Los Angeles activity score were significantly associated with patient satisfaction. Younger age and hip abductor strength were significantly associated with a higher Oxford hip score-activities of daily living and University of California Los Angeles activity score. The average daily step count was significantly correlated with the Oxford hip score-activities of daily living. [Conclusion] Self-reported physical activity levels significantly influenced patient satisfaction and were correlated with objective muscle strength and daily step count measurements. These findings can guide total hip arthroplasty patient counseling on the importance of muscle strength and activity levels.

Does Patient-specific Functional Pelvic Tilt Affect Joint Contact Pressure in Hip Dysplasia? A Finite-element Analysis Study.

BACKGROUND: Although individual and postural variations in the physiologic pelvic tilt affect the acetabular orientation and coverage in patients with hip dysplasia, their effect on the mechanical environment in the hip has not been fully understood. Individual-specific, finite-element analyses that account for physiologic pelvic tilt may provide valuable insight into the contact mechanics of dysplastic hips, which can lead to further understanding of the pathogenesis and improved treatment of this patient population. QUESTION/PURPOSE: We used finite-element analysis to ask whether there are differences between patients with hip dysplasia and patients without dysplasia in terms of (1) physiologic pelvic tilt, (2) the pelvic position and joint contact pressure, and (3) the morphologic factors associated with joint contact pressure. METHODS: Between 2016 and 2019, 82 patients underwent pelvic osteotomy to treat hip dysplasia. Seventy patients with hip dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle ≥ 0° and < 20° on supine AP pelvic radiographs) were included. Patients with advanced osteoarthritis, femoral head deformity, prior hip or supine surgery, or poor-quality imaging were excluded. Thirty-two patients (32 hips) were eligible to this finite-element analysis study. For control groups, we reviewed 33 female volunteers without a history of hip disease. Individuals with frank or borderline hip dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle < 25°) or poor-quality imaging were excluded. Sixteen individuals (16 hips) were eligible as controls. Two board-certified orthopaedic surgeons measured sagittal pelvic tilt (the angle between the anterior pelvic plane and vertical axis: anterior pelvic plane [APP] angle) and acetabular version and coverage using pelvic radiographs and CT images. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities, evaluated using the kappa value and intraclass correlation coefficient, were good or excellent. We developed individual-specific, finite-element models using pelvic CT images, and performed nonlinear contact analysis to calculate the joint contact pressure on the acetabular cartilage during the single-leg stance with respect to three pelvic positions: standardized (anterior pelvic plane), supine, and standing. We compared physiologic pelvic tilt between patients with and without dysplasia using a t-test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test. A paired t-test or the Wilcoxon signed rank test with a Bonferroni correction was used to compare joint contact pressure between the three pelvic positions. We correlated joint contact pressure with morphologic parameters and pelvic tilt using the Pearson or the Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The APP angle in the supine and standing positions varied widely among individuals. It was greater in patients with hip dysplasia than in patients in the control group when in the standing position (3° ± 6° versus -2° ± 8°; mean difference 5° [95% CI 1° to 9°]; p = 0.02) but did not differ between the two groups when supine (8° ± 5° versus 5° ± 7°; mean difference 3° [95% CI 0° to 7°]; p = 0.06). The mean pelvic tilt was 6° ± 5° posteriorly when shifting from the supine to the standing position in patients with hip dysplasia. The median (range) maximum contact pressure was higher in dysplastic hips than in control individuals (in standing position; 7.3 megapascals [MPa] [4.1 to 14] versus 3.5 MPa [2.2 to 4.4]; difference of medians 3.8 MPa; p < 0.001). The median maximum contact pressure in the standing pelvic position was greater than that in the supine position in patients with hip dysplasia (7.3 MPa [4.1to 14] versus 5.8 MPa [3.5 to 12]; difference of medians 1.5 MPa; p < 0.001). Although the median maximum joint contact pressure in the standardized pelvic position did not differ from that in the standing position (7.4 MPa [4.3 to 15] versus 7.3 MPa [4.1 to 14]; difference of medians -0.1 MPa; p > 0.99), the difference in the maximum contact pressure varied from -3.3 MPa to 2.9 MPa, reflecting the wide range of APP angles (mean 3° ± 6° [-11° to 14°]) when standing. The maximum joint contact pressure in the standing position was negatively correlated with the standing APP angle (r = -0.46; p = 0.008) in patients with hip dysplasia. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings that individual and postural variations in the physiologic pelvic tilt affect joint contact pressure in the hip, future studies on the pathogenesis of hip dysplasia and joint preservation surgery should not only include the supine or standard pelvic position, but also they need to incorporate the effect of the patient-specific pelvic tilt in the standing position on the biomechanical environment of the hip. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We recommend assessing postural change in sagittal pelvic tilt when diagnosing hip dysplasia and planning preservation hip surgery because assessment in a supine or standard pelvic position may overlook alterations in the hip's contact mechanics in the weightbearing positions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of patient-specific functional pelvic tilt on the degeneration process of dysplastic hips, the acetabular reorientation maneuver, and the clinical result of joint preservation surgery.

Preoperative Rather Than Postoperative Intra-Articular Cartilage Degeneration Affects Long-Term Survivorship of Periacetabular Osteotomy.

PURPOSE: To determine whether intra-articular lesions changed in short-term follow-up after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and whether the intra-articular lesion changes impacted the long-term survivorship of PAO. METHODS: We reviewed patients with hip dysplasia who underwent PAO with arthroscopic observation between 1990 and 2001. Patients who underwent second-look arthroscopy were included. The correlations between the intra-articular lesion changes and the long-term outcome of PAO were analyzed for patients with >10 years of follow-up. The possible risk factors included demographic factors (age, sex, and body mass index), radiographic factors (Tönnis grade, lateral center-edge angle, Tönnis angle, acetabular head index, crossover sign, posterior wall sign, and joint congruity), and arthroscopic findings (full-thickness lesions at the time of PAO and lesions changes at the time of second-look arthroscopy). RESULTS: A total of 64 patients (72 hips) were studied. Second-look arthroscopy was performed at a median of 1.4 years after PAO. Intra-articular lesions were observed in 93% in the acetabulum, 81% in the femoral head, and 97% in the labrum, respectively. These lesions unchanged in 74% in the acetabulum, 76% in the femoral head, and 79% in the labrum, respectively. Cartilage repair was observed in the acetabulum and the femoral head in 24% and 17% of hips, respectively. Labral repair occurred in 10%. Intra-articular lesion changes were not a predictor of failure. Multivariate analysis identified International Cartilage Repair Society grade 4 lesion in the femoral head as an independent risk factor for failure. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that PAO prevents further deterioration in mild cartilage lesions and results in cartilage repair in some cases with advanced cartilage degenerations in the short term. However, these postoperative changes were not associated with long-term survivorship. Thus, appropriate surgical indications based on the preoperative intra-articular cartilage degeneration is paramount to achieving long-term success in PAO. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study.

Is Ranawat triangle method accurate in estimating hip joint center in Japanese population?

BACKGROUND: Little information has been available regarding the usefulness of Ranawat triangle method in estimating anatomical hip joint center in the Japanese population. In this study, we aimed to determine the accuracy of the method in estimating hip joint center. METHODS: Using digitally reconstructed radiographs of 123 normal hips (123 patients), we measured the hip joint center coordinates (Cx, Cy) with reference to the ipsilateral lowest point of the teardrop, the pelvic width, and the pelvic height. Using these measurement values, we performed the following analyses: (1) the relationship of hip joint center location with pelvic dimensions; (2) accuracy of Ranawat method in estimating hip joint center; (3) alternative methods to estimate hip joint center using pelvic height. RESULTS: The mean Cx and Cy were 32 ± 3.0 mm and 13 ± 2.1 mm, respectively. Pelvic height was positively correlated with Cx (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) and Cy (r = 0.69, p < 0.001), but the correlations of pelvic width with Cx and Cy were negligible. The mean estimation error of the Ranawat method was -6.7 ± 2.6 mm in x-axis and 6.6 ± 1.9 mm in y-axis, respectively. The hip joint center was estimated within a 5 mm error in both axes in only 8 hips (6.5%). Thus, we developed two estimating methods using pelvic height, modified Ranawat method and pelvic height ratio method, and the estimation errors of these methods were within 5 mm in both axes in 118 hips (96%) and 116 hips (94%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ranawat method showed poor accuracy in estimating anatomical hip joint center and is not recommended for clinical use. Our alternative methods may be useful for surgeons planning the position of the acetabular component in total hip arthroplasty.

Total hip arthroplasty after periacetabular osteotomy versus primary total hip arthroplasty: a propensity-matched cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Controversy still exist regarding the outcomes of total hip arthroplasty (THA) after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiologic outcomes of THA after PAO with primary THA based on balanced baseline characteristics with propensity score matching. METHODS: Using propensity score matching, 1:2 matched cohort to facilitate comparison between patients who underwent primary cementless THA with or without previous PAO. Then, we compared the operative time, blood loss, complications, postoperative clinical score, cup size, position, and alignment of acetabular cup, and degree of bony coverage on cup between the two groups. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients with 37 hips who underwent THA after PAO were successfully matched to 70 patients with 74 hips who underwent primary THA. The operative time and blood loss in THA after PAO were significantly longer and larger than those in primary THA (P < 0.001 and = 0.0067, respectively). Clinical score showed no difference between the groups (P > 0.05). For THA after PAO, the cup size and bony coverage were larger (P = 0.0014 and < 0.001, respectively), and the hip center was significantly higher and laterally (P < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively) comparing primary THA. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated longer operative time and larger blood loss without difference in the postoperative clinical score or complications between THA after PAO and primary THA. Furthermore, THA after PAO provided larger cup size and superolaterally positioned cup center without difference in the cup inclination or anteversion comparing primary THA.

Risk factors for radiological changes after bipolar hemiarthroplasty for osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to report the mid-term radiological outcomes of patients with bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA) for stage 3 osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), and to identify the risk factors for postoperative radiological changes. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 62 patients (38 men and 24 women; mean age, 50.1 years) aged <70 years who underwent primary BHA for Association Research Circulation Osseous stage 3 ONFH between 1998 and 2010. The mean follow-up period after BHA was 12.8 years. The following changes were assessed on follow-up radiographs: outer head migration, polyethylene wear, and femoral osteolysis. The association between demographic data and the development of postoperative radiological changes was evaluated. RESULTS: Radiological changes were found in 20 hips (32.3%) at a mean of 8.1 years after BHA; of these, three hips (4.8%) underwent total hip arthroplasty conversion at a mean of 10.9 years after BHA. Both univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that younger age and female sex were independent risk factors for the development of postoperative radiological changes. CONCLUSION: The current results suggest that the indication of BHA should be carefully determined in young or female patients with ONFH, even when the disease is in the early stage.

Development and evaluation of the sedentary behavior and light-intensity physical activity questionnaire.

[Purpose] To describe our newly developed Sedentary Behavior and Light-Intensity Physical Activity Questionnaire and examine its reliability and validity. [Participants and Methods] We identified and selected self-reported items through a literature review and interviews with 11 inactive individuals. Thirty-one individuals with lower limb prostheses and an expert panel assessed the content validity of the integrated items and identified 17 items. Patients who had undergone lower limb surgeries were regarded as inactive individuals, and 112 patients completed the questionnaire twice for test-retest reliability and wore an accelerometer for criterion validity. The ethics committee of Kyushu University approved this study (2019-126 and 2019-273). [Results] Item analysis was revised to the Sedentary Behavior and Light-Intensity Physical Activity Questionnaire-10 (six light-intensity physical activity and four sedentary behavior items) because of the floor effect. The test-retest correlation coefficient showed high reliability. Moderate to weak correlation coefficient was observed between the questionnaire and accelerometer (light-intensity physical activity: 0.43 and sedentary behavior: 0.20), and the Bland-Altman plots indicated no bias. [Conclusion] The Sedentary Behavior and Light-Intensity Physical Activity Questionnaire-10 had acceptable validity and reliability among inactive individuals and it could be used for studying light-intensity physical activity.