Association of oral health-related quality of life measures with aggressive and chronic periodontitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests that periodontitis has a negative effect on the quality of life of an individual, with increased impacts by greater disease severity. The aim of this study was to assess the association between quality of life and the presence of different severity and forms of periodontitis (aggressive and chronic), compared to a disease-free control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred and seventy one study participants were classified according to periodontal diagnosis using the 1999 Consensus Classification into chronic periodontitis (CP), aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and periodontally healthy. Oral health-related quality of life was assessed using the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Outcomes consisted of the prevalence of oral impacts reported occasionally, fairly often or very often (OFOVO) as well as fairly often or very often (FOVO), OHIP-14 total and domain scores. Logistic and linear regression analyses were carried out to test associations between periodontal diagnosis and quality of life outcomes, adjusted for smoking, age, ethnicity and body mass index. RESULTS: Over 90% of periodontitis patients reported at least one oral impact experienced occasionally, fairly often or very often (OFOVO) compared with 53.8% of periodontally healthy controls (P < .001). After adjustment for covariates, significant differences were found between the periodontitis groups and healthy controls for OHIP-14 outcome scores (P < .001) and across all of the OHIP-14 domains (P < .005). These differences were clinically meaningful as they were higher than the measurement errors. No significant differences were identified between AgP and CP in adjusted analysis when comparing OHIP-14 scores. CONCLUSION: Patients with periodontitis have worse quality of life than periodontally healthy individuals, with differences being clinically meaningful. AgP patients reported worse OHRQoL overall compared to CP patients, but these moderate and meaningful differences were explained through the adjustment process.

Comparison of NOSE Scores Following Functional Septorhinoplasty Using Autologous versus Cadaveric Rib.

In functional septorhinoplasty (FSRP), alternative grafting material is used if septal cartilage is insufficient for reconstructive needs. Autologous costal cartilage (ACC) and irradiated homologous costal cartilage (IHCC) are compared via the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale. One-hundred forty-one patients who underwent FSRP with ACC or IHCC between January 2013 and March 2018 were administered the NOSE scale pre- and postoperatively at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months. There was no significant difference in mean NOSE scores between the ACC and IHCC cohorts at the preoperative visit (68.5 [standard deviation, SD 24.1] and 71.7 [20.1], respectively; p < 0.6) or first postoperative visit (30.4 [26.6] and 33.9 [30.4], respectively; p < 0.6) or subsequent visits. NOSE scores demonstrated a clinically and statistically significant improvement at all follow-up time points for both the ACC and IHCC groups. Patients who underwent grafting with IHCC were significantly older than those with ACC; average age of 55.6 [SD: 17.3] versus 40.1 [SD:12.1]; (p < 0.001). Two IHCC (0.05%) patients had postoperative infections; both resolved with antibiotics, but one required revision surgery. Both ACC and IHCC provide reliable grafting material when septal cartilage is insufficient. In FSRP for nasal airway obstruction, ACC and IHCC both provide a clinically and statistically significant reduction in NOSE scores postoperatively that remain stable between follow-up time points. The authors find no difference in NOSE scores between the ACC and IHCC groups; however, IHCC did have a higher rate of postoperative infection. Both materials should be discussed with patients and are an important part of the informed consent process.

Cleft Repair in Adults: A Report on a Case Series.

Speech defects and facial appearance due to untreated cleft lip and/or palate in the elderly population have associated life-long impacts on the quality of life for these patients. Treatment and rehabilitation in this patient group can be extensive and the problems not easily corrected. We report the outcomes of surgical repair of cleft in a series of elderly patients with unrepaired cleft lip and/or palate. Our results confirm an improvement in speech, quality of life and aesthetic outcomes after surgical repair in these patients. With this in mind, we advise cleft teams to consider surgical repair of untreated cleft lip and/or palate in the elderly population.

Relative Position of the Third Characteristic Peak of the Intracranial Pressure Pulse Waveform Morphology Differentiates Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus Shunt Responders and Nonresponders.

INTRODUCTION: The diversion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) remains the principal treatment option for patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). External lumbar drain (ELD) and overnight intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring are popular prognostic tests for differentiating which patients will benefit from shunting. Using the morphological clustering and analysis of continuous intracranial pulse (MOCAIP) algorithm to extract morphological metrics from the overnight ICP signal, we hypothesize that changes in the third peak of the ICP pulse pressure waveform can be used to differentiate ELD responders and nonresponders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study involved 66 patients (72.2 ± 9.8 years) undergoing evaluation for possible NPH, which included overnight ICP monitoring and ELD. ELD outcome was based on clinical notes and divided into nonresponders and responders. MOCAIP was used to extract mean ICP, ICP wave amplitude (waveAmp), and a metric derived to study P3 elevation (P3ratio). RESULTS: Of the 66 patients, 7 were classified as nonresponders and 25 as significant responders. The mean ICP and waveAmp did not vary significantly (p = 0.19 and p = 0.41) between the outcome groups; however, the P3ratio did show a significant difference (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Initial results suggest that the P3ratio might be used as a prognostic indicator for ELD outcome.

Cigarette smoking induces small airway epithelial epigenetic changes with corresponding modulation of gene expression.

The small airway epithelium (SAE), the first site of smoking-induced lung pathology, exhibits genome-wide changes in gene expression in response to cigarette smoking. Based on the increasing evidence that the epigenome can respond to external stimuli in a rapid manner, we assessed the SAE of smokers for genome-wide DNA methylation changes compared with nonsmokers, and whether changes in SAE DNA methylation were linked to the transcriptional output of these cells. Using genome-wide methylation analysis of SAE DNA of nonsmokers and smokers, the data identified 204 unique genes differentially methylated in SAE DNA of smokers compared with nonsmokers, with 67% of the regions with differential methylation occurring within 2 kb of the transcriptional start site. Among the genes with differential methylation were those related to metabolism, transcription, signal transduction and transport. For the differentially methylated genes, 35 exhibited a correlation with gene expression, 54% with an inverse correlation of DNA methylation with gene expression and 46% a direct correlation. These observations provide evidence that cigarette smoking alters the DNA methylation patterning of the SAE and that, for some genes, these changes are associated with the smoking-related changes in gene expression.

Exome sequencing identifies potential risk variants for Mendelian disorders at high prevalence in Qatar.

Exome sequencing of families of related individuals has been highly successful in identifying genetic polymorphisms responsible for Mendelian disorders. Here, we demonstrate the value of the reverse approach, where we use exome sequencing of a sample of unrelated individuals to analyze allele frequencies of known causal mutations for Mendelian diseases. We sequenced the exomes of 100 individuals representing the three major genetic subgroups of the Qatari population (Q1 Bedouin, Q2 Persian-South Asian, Q3 African) and identified 37 variants in 33 genes with effects on 36 clinically significant Mendelian diseases. These include variants not present in 1000 Genomes and variants at high frequency when compared with 1000 Genomes populations. Several of these Mendelian variants were only segregating in one Qatari subpopulation, where the observed subpopulation specificity trends were confirmed in an independent population of 386 Qataris. Premarital genetic screening in Qatar tests for only four out of the 37, such that this study provides a set of Mendelian disease variants with potential impact on the epidemiological profile of the population that could be incorporated into the testing program if further experimental and clinical characterization confirms high penetrance.

Head and neck sarcomas: the UCLA experience.

PURPOSE: To profile the clinical presentation, subtype distribution, and treatment results of sarcomas of the head and neck at a single tertiary academic center over an 11-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed by examining the records and reviewing the pathology of 186 patients with head and neck sarcomas treated at UCLA Medical Center from 2000 to 2011. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 49 ± 22 years. 58% of the patients were male and 42% were female. Median duration of follow-up for the entire group was 18.5 months. The most common presenting symptom was a mass lesion in 59.9% of patients. The nasal cavity/sinus was the most common presenting site seen in 22% of patients. Solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma was the most common subtype. 15% of patients had evidence of prior radiation exposure. 26.3% of tumors were greater than 5 cm and 35.5% were high-grade. Margins were positive in 31.2% of patients. Lymph node metastasis was rare at 6.5%. Perineural invasion was identified in 6.5%. Among all subtypes, 5-year recurrence-free survival and overall survival were 50% and 49%, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that grade and margin status were predictors of recurrence-free survival while grade and age affected overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Head and neck sarcomas are a rare entity frequently presenting as a mass lesion. In our series, lesions tended to be high-grade with a significant portion of surgical specimens having positive margins. Grade and margin status were the most important predictors of survival.

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Nasal Valve Repair and Nasal Obstruction.

Although no gold-standard test exists for measuring the success of surgery in functional rhinoplasty, the patient's own subjective experience of their nasal airway obstruction and its impact on quality of life is paramount in outcomes assessment. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are questionnaires designed to evaluate both disease-specific nasal functional and esthetic domains and global health-related quality of life domains. Ideal PROMs are derived from patient input, psychometrically validated, reliable, and responsive. Assessment at both preoperative and postoperative visits allows for quantitative analysis of surgical outcomes and helps promote communication between the patient and surgeon.

Population genetic structure of the people of Qatar.

People of the Qatar peninsula represent a relatively recent founding by a small number of families from three tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, Persia, and Oman, with indications of African admixture. To assess the roles of both this founding effect and the customary first-cousin marriages among the ancestral Islamic populations in Qatar's population genetic structure, we obtained and genotyped with Affymetrix 500k SNP arrays DNA samples from 168 self-reported Qatari nationals sampled from Doha, Qatar. Principal components analysis was performed along with samples from the Human Genetic Diversity Project data set, revealing three clear clusters of genotypes whose proximity to other human population samples is consistent with Arabian origin, a more eastern or Persian origin, and individuals with African admixture. The extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) is greater than that of African populations, and runs of homozygosity in some individuals reflect substantial consanguinity. However, the variance in runs of homozygosity is exceptionally high, and the degree of identity-by-descent sharing generally appears to be lower than expected for a population in which nearly half of marriages are between first cousins. Despite the fact that the SNPs of the Affymetrix 500k chip were ascertained with a bias toward SNPs common in Europeans, the data strongly support the notion that the Qatari population could provide a valuable resource for the mapping of genes associated with complex disorders and that tests of pairwise interactions are particularly empowered by populations with elevated LD like the Qatari.

Differential expression of vitamin E and selenium-responsive genes by disease severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Antioxidant nutritional status is hypothesized to influence chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) susceptibility and progression. Although past studies relate antioxidants to gene expression, there are no data in patients with COPD. This study investigated the hypothesis that antioxidant status is compromised in patients with COPD, and antioxidant-responsive genes differentially express in a similar pattern. Lung tissue samples from patients with COPD were assayed for vitamin E and gene expression. Selenium and vitamin E were assayed in corresponding plasma samples. Discovery based genome-wide expression analysis compared moderate, severe, and very severe COPD (GOLD II-IV) patients to mild and at-risk/normal (GOLD 0-I). Hypotheses-driven analyses assessed differential gene expression by disease severity for vitamin E-responsive and selenium-responsive genes. GOLD II-IV COPD patients had 30% lower lung tissue vitamin E levels compared to GOLD 0-I participants (p = 0.0082). No statistically significant genome-wide differences in expression by disease severity were identified. Hypothesis-driven analyses of 109 genes found 16 genes differentially expressed (padjusted < 0.05) by disease severity including 6 selenium-responsive genes (range in fold-change -1.39 to 2.25), 6 vitamin E-responsive genes (fold-change -2.30 to 1.51), and 4 COPD-associated genes. Lung tissue vitamin E in patients with COPD was associated with disease severity and vitamin E-responsive genes were differentially expressed by disease severity. Although nutritional status is hypothesized to contribute to COPD risk, and is of therapeutic interest, evidence to date is mainly observational. The findings reported herein are novel, and support a role of vitamin E in COPD progression.

Inferring genome-wide patterns of admixture in Qataris using fifty-five ancestral populations.

BACKGROUND: Populations of the Arabian Peninsula have a complex genetic structure that reflects waves of migrations including the earliest human migrations from Africa and eastern Asia, migrations along ancient civilization trading routes and colonization history of recent centuries. RESULTS: Here, we present a study of genome-wide admixture in this region, using 156 genotyped individuals from Qatar, a country located at the crossroads of these migration patterns. Since haplotypes of these individuals could have originated from many different populations across the world, we have developed a machine learning method "SupportMix" to infer loci-specific genomic ancestry when simultaneously analyzing many possible ancestral populations. Simulations show that SupportMix is not only more accurate than other popular admixture discovery tools but is the first admixture inference method that can efficiently scale for simultaneous analysis of 50-100 putative ancestral populations while being independent of prior demographic information. CONCLUSIONS: By simultaneously using the 55 world populations from the Human Genome Diversity Panel, SupportMix was able to extract the fine-scale ancestry of the Qatar population, providing many new observations concerning the ancestry of the region. For example, as well as recapitulating the three major sub-populations in Qatar, composed of mainly Arabic, Persian, and African ancestry, SupportMix additionally identifies the specific ancestry of the Persian group to populations sampled in Greater Persia rather than from China and the ancestry of the African group to sub-Saharan origin and not Southern African Bantu origin as previously thought.

Restoration of localised erosive wear using a combination of dental materials: a conservative approach.

Objectives To present the treatment approach for the restoration of localised anterior erosive wear using a combination of dental materials.Clinical considerations A patient presented in a private dental practice concerned about the aesthetics of his anterior teeth. The patient's history and clinical examination revealed erosive wear on the labial and palatal aspects of his maxillary central incisors and right lateral incisor. The formulated treatment plan was to restore the teeth in a conservative way. A diagnostic wax-up was performed and confirmed with the patient with chairside mock-up. The treatment provided included direct composite restorations, replacement of a porcelain-fused-to-metal crown on his left lateral incisor with a porcelain-fused-to-zirconia crown, and lithium disilicate ceramic veneers on the worn labial surfaces of the central incisors and the right lateral incisor. The preparations for the ceramic veneers were carried out with the aid of the diagnostic mock-up, thus minimising the need for tooth removal of the worn teeth.Conclusions Pre-operative planning for tooth surface loss cases can help to ensure that little or no remaining tooth structure is removed during the restorative procedures. A strict bonding protocol is crucial to ensure longevity of the restorations.

Facial paralysis: timing of repair and management of the nonflaccidly paralyzed face.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To explore recent advances in therapeutic interventions for nonflaccid facial paralysis (NFFP), including new evidence for surgical and nonsurgical treatments. Timing of treatment is also discussed, along with possible future treatments. RECENT FINDINGS: NFFP remains a difficult disease to treat. Chemodenervation with botulinum toxin remains a first-line treatment to suppress aberrant and antagonistic movements during voluntary use of muscles. More permanent treatments such as selective neurectomy, myectomy, and nerve and muscle transfers have been shown to offer promising results for the nonflaccidly paralyzed face. SUMMARY: NFFP is commonly seen in patients who have incomplete recovery from facial paralysis, and carries high psychosocial morbidity. A large array of treatments have been described in the literature, both procedural and nonprocedural. Both treatment type and timing are important in optimal patient recovery.

Modified Skoog Method for Hump Reduction.

Dorsal hump reduction is a key component of rhinoplasty. Spreader grafts are the most frequently used technique; however, dorsal irregularities may result. The modified Skoog method involves removal of the osseocartilaginous dorsal hump, its modification, further reduction of the nasal dorsum, replacement of the modified dorsal segment, and suspension of the upper lateral cartilages. The dorsal segment acts as an onlay spreader graft, preserves the middle vault, closes the open roof deformity, and creates a smooth dorsal contour from radix to anterior septal angle. The modified Skoog method produces optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes in appropriately selected patients.

Prognostic Impact of Adverse Pathologic Features in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Objective This study aimed to describe the impact of adverse clinical and pathologic features in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Design This study is designed with retrospective chart review. Setting The present study is conducted at a tertiary care institution. Participants All patients treated surgically for sinonasal SCC at our tertiary care institution between January 2006 and December 2013. Main Outcome Measures Overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) are the final measurement of this study. Results Forty-eight patients were identified. Mean age at surgery was 65.8 years, and mean follow-up time was 40.7 months. Eighteen patients (38%) had T1-T3 disease, while 30 patients (63%) had T4 disease. Seven patients (8.3%) had nodal disease at presentation. At 2, 5, and 10 years, OS was 71, 54, and 48%, respectively, while DFS was 64, 51, and 45%, respectively. Twelve patients (25%) experienced local recurrences with mean time to recurrence of 15.3 months. Twenty-five patients (52%) had positive margins, 24 (50%) had high-grade tumors, 18 (38%) had perineural invasion (PNI), and 15 (31%) had lymphovascular invasion (LVI). In the univariate analysis, T4 disease (risk ratio [RR] = 2.7) and high grade (RR = 2.4) had a significant association with DFS. In the multivariate analysis, high grade (RR = 4.0 and 4.5) and LVI (RR = 4.1 and 4.7) had a significant association with OS and DFS. Conclusion Our single-institution experience of 48 patients suggests that high grade and LVI are independently associated with survival outcomes in sinonasal SCC, while PNI and microscopically positive margins do not have a significant impact.

How polypharmacologic is each chemogenomics library?

AIM: High-throughput phenotypic screens have emerged as a promising avenue for small-molecule drug discovery. The challenge faced in high-throughput phenotypic screens is target deconvolution once a small molecule hit is identified. Chemogenomics libraries have emerged as an important tool for meeting this challenge. Here, we investigate their target-specificity by deriving a 'polypharmacology index' for broad chemogenomics screening libraries. METHODS: All known targets of all the compounds in each library were plotted as a histogram and fitted to a Boltzmann distribution, whose linearized slope is indicative of the overall polypharmacology of the library. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Comparison of libraries clearly distinguished the most target-specific library, which might be assumed to be more useful for target deconvolution in a phenotypic screen.

Preoperative characteristics of over 1,300 functional septorhinoplasty patients.

OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristics of patients presenting preoperatively for functional septorhinoplasty associated with increased Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort at a tertiary medical center. Only baseline assessments were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. METHODS: 1,338 patients completed baseline nasal evaluation, resulting in 1,034 NOSE scores. Demographics, medical history, surgical history, and physical exam findings were recorded. RESULTS: The average preoperative NOSE score was 59.8 out of 100 (standard deviation: 24.9). Fifty-four percent (578 per 1,074) of respondents were female, although sex did not affect baseline NOSE score (P = 0.7). Forty-five percent (404 per 896) reported prior nasal surgery. History of rhinoplasty was not associated with a difference in baseline NOSE score (P = 0.1924); however, history of septoplasty (P = 0.0390) was associated with an increased baseline NOSE score. Snoring was also both associated with higher baseline NOSE score (P = 0.0003). All 12 septal/nasal valve measurements were associated with higher preoperative NOSE score, whereas the internal nasal valve narrowing variables retained significance in multivariate analysis (left: P = .0490; right: P = .0077). CONCLUSION: Patients presenting for nasal airway obstruction were evaluated. Sex was not associated with difference in NOSE score. History of septoplasty was associated with higher baseline NOSE score, as were snoring and internal nasal valve narrowing at rest. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2C Laryngoscope, 130:25-31, 2020.

Review of literature of saddle nose deformity reconstruction and presentation of vomer onlay graft.

OBJECTIVE: Saddle nose deformity is a well-described condition that most commonly results from trauma or prior surgery. For larger saddle nose deformity defects, bone grafts are a reconstructive option that provide adequate structure for repair. One new technique for repair of these deformities is a vomerian bone onlay graft. We aim to provide a review of literature on autogenous repair of saddle nose deformities, as well as introduce a new technique in which the vomer bone is used as an onlay bone graft. METHODS: Literature review and case series. Five cases in which vomer onlay grafts were used for repair of saddle nose deformity were reviewed between January 2013 and December 2015. Aesthetic outcomes and postoperative complications were evaluated at subsequent follow-up visits in clinic. RESULTS: In all cases where vomer bone was harvested, the vomer onlay graft provided adequate structure to traverse the saddle nose deformity. No postoperative complications were observed in an 18 month follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Vomerian bone onlay grafts are a reconstructive option for saddle nose deformity and nasal dorsum defects. While septal cartilage is commonly used, and ethmoidal bone has been previously described as an option for composite graft reconstruction, vomer bone onlay grafting has not been well described in the literature. This method may be of use when previous nasal surgery has been performed and standard septal cartilage is not possible to harvest. The aesthetic outcomes following nasal dorsum reconstruction using onlay grafts are favorable, but long-term outcomes of these grafts require further study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Analysis of Patient-Perceived Nasal Appearance Evaluations Following Functional Septorhinoplasty With Spreader Graft Placement.

IMPORTANCE: Spreader grafts have been shown to improve nasal airway obstruction in patients with nasal valve dysfunction; however, their use has been limited by concerns over their aesthetic penalty of widening the nasal dorsum. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of functional septorhinoplasty (FSRP) using spreader graft placement with patient satisfaction with nasal appearance postoperatively. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective cohort study was conducted in a university-based tertiary care medical center. All participants were patients undergoing FSRP for the treatment of nasal obstruction who had spreader grafts placed between June 2016 and May 2018. EXPOSURES: The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale and the FACE-Q Satisfaction With Nose, FACE-Q Satisfaction With Nostrils, and FACE-Q Social Functioning scales were administered to patients preoperatively and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Patient demographics, nasal history, and outcomes were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Comparison of preoperative and postoperative NOSE and FACE-Q scores. RESULTS: A total of 154 patients (72 male [46.8%]) with mean (SD) age of 36.8 (15.4) years underwent FSRP with spreader graft placement. Mean (SD) last follow-up was 5.8 (4.1) months postoperatively (range, 2-12 months). Fifty-seven patients had 6 months follow-up, and 42 patients had at least 12 months of follow-up. At time of last follow-up, mean (SD) NOSE and FACE-Q Satisfaction With Nose, Satisfaction With Nostrils, and Social Functioning scores significantly improved from 62.7 (20.7) to 22.8 (21.0) (P < .001), 54.7 (22.2) to 76.2 (25.1) (P < .001), 59.4 (27.9) to 83.6 (24.8) (P < .001), and 73.6 (21.8) to 81.7 (21.9) (P < .001), respectively. When separated into those with only spreader grafts (n = 89) and those with spreader grafts plus other graft types (n = 65), there was no significant difference between score improvements in the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in final nasal appearance scores between patients undergoing functional vs dual functional and cosmetic FSRP. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Despite concerns that placement of spreader grafts for the treatment of nasal obstruction due to nasal valve dysfunction during FSRP may have a negative impact on nasal aesthetics, this study shows that both nasal obstruction and patient satisfaction with their nasal appearance were significantly improved following surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

A Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Training Module Using Surgical Simulation for Capacity Building.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce 3 novel intensive facial plastic and reconstructive surgery teaching modules for surgical capacity building using simulation in a low-middle income country. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University-based medical center in Quito, Ecuador. PARTICIPANTS: First- and second-year otolaryngology residents in Quito, Ecuador. RESULTS: Residents participated in an intensive 3-day teaching program focused on microtia, nasoseptal abnormalities, and facial paralysis that included didactic lectures, simulation workshops, and live surgery. Residents underwent rigorous pre- and postmodule testing including written, oral, and practical examinations in each subject area. All participants completed anonymous feedback surveys with ratings on a Likert scale from 0 (very poor) to 10 (excellent). Nineteen residents completed both pre- and postmodule testing. The training module was successfully implemented and testing performance across all 3 subject areas significantly improved. Resident feedback was exceedingly positive, with average scores for each component ranging from 8.9 to 9.8, with highest scores given to the simulation workshops. The postmodule survey indicated that all residents found the course helpful and they desired additional courses covering more subject areas. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of an intensive surgical training module combining didactics, surgical simulation, and live surgery resulted in the successful transfer of both skills and knowledge. While the long-term benefit of this program is yet to be determined, this model of training may prove to be a useful tool to help address surgical capacity building in the developing world.