Renal transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected recipients: a case-control study from the Brazilian experience.

BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy has turned human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with end-stage renal disease into suitable candidates for renal transplantation. We present the Brazilian experience with kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients observed in a multicenter study. METHODS: HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients and matched controls were evaluated for the incidence of delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection (AR), infections, graft function, and survival of patients and renal grafts. RESULTS: Fifty-three HIV-infected recipients and 106 controls were enrolled. Baseline characteristics were similar, but a higher frequency of pre-transplant positivity for hepatitis C virus and cytomegalovirus infections was found in the HIV group. Immunosuppressive regimens did not differ, but a trend was observed toward lower use of anti-thymocyte globulin in the group of HIV-infected recipients (P = 0.079). The HIV-positive recipient group presented a higher incidence of treated AR (P = 0.036) and DGF (P = 0.044). Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimated that glomerular filtration rate was similar at 6 months (P = 0.374) and at 12 months (P = 0.957). The median number of infections per patient was higher in the HIV-infected group (P = 0.018). The 1-year patient survival (P < 0.001) and graft survival (P = 0.004) were lower, but acceptable, in the group of HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS: In the Brazilian experience, despite somewhat inferior outcomes, kidney transplantation is an adequate therapy for selected HIV-infected recipients.

Exercise reverses peripheral insulin resistance in trained L-NAME-hypertensive rats.

Several studies have demonstrated an increase in peripheral resistance to insulin associated with hypertension. To assess the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of exercise training, normotensive and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-hypertensive male Wistar rats were submitted to low-intensity treadmill exercise training for 10 weeks and compared with their sedentary controls. Blood pressure signals were obtained and processed with a data acquisition system (CODAS, 1 kHz) to evaluate mean arterial pressure, heart rate, autonomic control of heart rate, and baroreflex sensitivity. Exercise training induced a nonsignificant 6.5-mm Hg decrease in mean arterial pressure in trained hypertensive rats (163+/-9 mm Hg) compared with sedentary hypertensive rats (169.5+/-5. 5 mm Hg). The hypertensive groups showed impairment of baroreflex function in response to changes in arterial pressure compared with sedentary controls. Furthermore, exercise training improved the tachycardic response to decreasing arterial pressure and reduced intrinsic heart rate in trained control rats compared with all other groups. Sedentary hypertensive rats presented a decrease in body weight compared with normotensive animals. Basal evaluation of the glucose/insulin ratio showed increased insulin resistance in sedentary (28.4+/-3) and trained (23.5+/-2.7) hypertensive rats compared with sedentary control rats (40.5+/-3). However, the glucose/insulin ratio evaluated during the exercise session in trained rats showed an improvement in insulin resistance (54.5+/-5 for control rats and 44+/-9 for hypertensive rats). In conclusion, L-NAME-induced hypertension is accompanied by an increase in insulin resistance in rats. The improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity during exercise and the body weight gain observed in trained hypertensive rats may support the positive role of physical activity in the management of hypertension.

Effects of exercise training on autonomic and myocardial dysfunction in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

Several investigators have demonstrated that diabetes is associated with autonomic and myocardial dysfunction. Exercise training is an efficient non-pharmacological treatment for cardiac and metabolic diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on hemodynamic and autonomic diabetic dysfunction. After 1 week of diabetes induction (streptozotocin, 50 mg/kg, iv), male Wistar rats (222 +/- 5 g, N = 18) were submitted to exercise training for 10 weeks on a treadmill. Arterial pressure signals were obtained and processed with a data acquisition system. Autonomic function and intrinsic heart rate were studied by injecting methylatropine and propranolol. Left ventricular function was assessed in hearts perfused in vitro by the Langendorff technique. Diabetes (D) bradycardia and hypotension (D: 279 +/- 9 bpm and 91 +/- 4 mmHg vs 315 +/- 11 bpm and 111 +/- 4 mmHg in controls, C) were attenuated by training (TD: 305 +/- 7 bpm and 100 +/- 4 mmHg). Vagal tonus was decreased in the diabetic groups and sympathetic tonus was similar in all animals. Intrinsic heart rate was lower in D (284 +/- 11 bpm) compared to C and TD (390 +/- 8 and 342 +/- 14 bpm, respectively). Peak systolic pressure developed at different pressures was similar for all groups, but +dP/dt max was decreased and -dP/dt max was increased in D. In conclusion, exercise training reversed hypotension and bradycardia and improved myocardial function in diabetic rats. These changes represent an adaptive response to the demands of training, supporting a positive role of physical activity in the management of diabetes.

PP040. Expression of RANTES (CCL5) in maternal plasma, fetal plasma and placenta in pre-eclampsia and normotensive controls.

INTRODUCTION: Studies have shown pre-eclampsia (PE) as an exacerbation of gestational inflammatory process. RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted)/CCL5 is a chemokine, which is involved in chronic inflammation by the recruitment of inflammatory cells. It is secreted by many cell types such as endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets and activated T-cells. Thus we hypothesized that RANTES expression is altered in PE and may be different in gestational tissues (maternal plasma, fetal plasma and placenta). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study is to analyze the expression of RANTES (CCL5) in three different tissues: maternal plasma, fetal plasma and placenta, in PE and normotensive controls (NC). METHODS: PE was diagnosed by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy guidelines. The patients were assisted in the São Lucas Hospital from PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Following ethical approval and informed written consent, maternal and umbilical plasma and placental biopsies were taken from 33 PE and 35 NC. Samples were centrifuged immediately after blood collection and plasma was stored at -80°C until assay. Placental Biopsies were taken midway between the cord and periphery, from the central region of cotyledons and were stored as well. RANTES expression was made by the ELISA test, in duplicates. They were also analyzed in each group: maternal age, maternal parity, gestational age on delivery, glucose, body mass index, proteinúria creatinuria ratio, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), delivery method, birth weight, placental weight and Apgar index in 1st and 5th minute. RESULTS: Maternal age at the time of blood collection was not significantly different between the two groups. The women with preeclampsia delivered earlier and had smaller babies compared with the controls. Significant associations between groups (p<0.001) were seen in SBP, DBP, birth weight and delivery method. RANTES was increased in maternal plasma and placenta in patients with PE and decreased in fetus plasma in the same group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In this study, we have shown that RANTES expression in maternal plasma and placenta tissues, in women with established pre-eclampsia, is higher than in gestation-matched women with a healthy pregnancy. It confirms the hypotheses that physiology of PE is associated with an increase of normal gestational inflammatory process. However in fetus tissue, the inflammatory chemokine is decreased in PE women. FUNDING: CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília - DF 70040-020, Brazil.

PP050. Distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood groups in patients withpre-eclampsia.

INTRODUCTION: The ABO-system of antigens and the Rh-system (D-antigen) is genetically determined and remains the most important blood group systems clinically. Several studies have examined the association between ABO and Rhesus blood group systems and pre-eclampsia. At present there is no consensus to define this association, especially not in a Brazilian population. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between pre-eclampsia versus ABO and Rhesus blood group systems in pregnant women hospitalized in a University Hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil -Hospital São Lucas (HSL). METHODS: Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E) was diagnosed by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy guidelines. This study consisted of 14,894 pregnant women admitted to the Maternity Department between 2005 and 2010. The patients were reviewed retrospectively for inclusion. Complications in pregnancy not related to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E) and those with uncompleted data were excluded. Medical records of 410 women were used to diagnose PE/E. The control group consisted of 8781 women. Each group was subdivided according to their blood groups. RESULTS: In comparison to the PE/E women and controls, no specific relation in blood groups was observed. With respect to ABO and Rh groups, no differences between PE/E and controls were observed (P=0.479 and P=0.169 respectively). When analyzed with both Rh and ABO Pearson Chi-Square also showed no differences (P=0.569). CONCLUSION: This study aimed to demonstrate some association between blood groups and PE/E using a large sample from the south of Brazil, a population not investigated before. In our study, no specific differences were observed between PE/E and controls in the distribution of the blood groups. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest no association between ABO and Rhesus blood group systems and PE/E in our population. FUNDING: CAPES Foundation-Ministry of Education of Brazil.

Effects of exercise training on autonomic and myocardial dysfunction in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Several investigators have demonstrated that diabetes is associated with autonomic and myocardial dysfunction. Exercise training is an efficient non-pharmacological treatment for cardiac and metabolic diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on hemodynamic and autonomic diabetic dysfunction. After 1 week of diabetes induction (streptozotocin, 50 mg/kg, iv), male Wistar rats (222 +/- 5 g, N = 18) were submitted to exercise training for 10 weeks on a treadmill. Arterial pressure signals were obtained and processed with a data acquisition system. Autonomic function and intrinsic heart rate were studied by injecting methylatropine and propranolol. Left ventricular function was assessed in hearts perfused in vitro by the Langendorff technique. Diabetes (D) bradycardia and hypotension (D: 279 +/- 9 bpm and 91 +/- 4 mmHg vs 315 +/- 11 bpm and 111 +/- 4 mmHg in controls, C) were attenuated by training (TD: 305 +/- 7 bpm and 100 +/- 4 mmHg). Vagal tonus was decreased in the diabetic groups and sympathetic tonus was similar in all animals. Intrinsic heart rate was lower in D (284 +/- 11 bpm) compared to C and TD (390 +/- 8 and 342 +/- 14 bpm, respectively). Peak systolic pressure developed at different pressures was similar for all groups, but +dP/dt max was decreased and -dP/dt max was increased in D. In conclusion, exercise training reversed hypotension and bradycardia and improved myocardial function in diabetic rats. These changes represent an adaptive response to the demands of training, supporting a positive role of physical activity in the management of diabetes.