The C-terminal domain of the type III secretion chaperone HpaB contributes to dissociation of chaperone-effector complex in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.

Many animal and plant pathogenic bacteria employ a type three secretion system (T3SS) to deliver type three effector proteins (T3Es) into host cells. Efficient secretion of many T3Es in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) relies on the global chaperone HpaB. However, how the domain of HpaB itself affects effector translocation/secretion is poorly understood. Here, we used genetic and biochemical approaches to identify a novel domain at the C-terminal end of HpaB (amino acid residues 137-160) that contributes to virulence and hypersensitive response (HR). Both in vitro secretion assay and in planta translocation assay showed that the secretion and translocation of T3E proteins depend on the C-terminal region of HpaB. Deletion of the C-terminal region of HpaB did not affect binding to T3Es, self-association or interaction with T3SS components. However, the deletion of C-terminal region sharply reduced the mounts of free T3Es liberated from the complex of HpaB with the T3Es, a reaction catalyzed in an ATP-dependent manner by the T3SS-associated ATPase HrcN. Our findings demonstrate the C-terminal domain of HpaB contributes to disassembly of chaperone-effector complex and reveal a potential molecular mechanism underpinning the involvement of HpaB in secretion of T3Es in Xcc.

Two lytic transglycosylases of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris associated with cell separation and type III secretion system, respectively.

The lytic transglycosylases (LTs) are important enzymes that degrade peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall and affect many biological functions. We present here that XC_0706 and XC_3001 are annotated as the LTs in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. XC_0706 is associated with virulence and plays a pivotal role in cell division. Mutation on XC_3001 reduced hypersensitive response induction and the translocation of type III effector, but did not affect the function of the type II secretion system. Further studies showed that multiple LTs genes contribute to efficiency of the type III secretory system in X. campestris pv. campestris.

Peptidoglycan hydrolysis mediated by the amidase AmiC and its LytM activator NlpD is critical for cell separation and virulence in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris.

The essential stages of bacterial cell separation are described as the synthesis and hydrolysis of septal peptidoglycan (PG). The amidase, AmiC, which cleaves the peptide side-chains linked to the glycan strands, contributes critically to this process and has been studied extensively in model strains of Escherichia coli. However, insights into the contribution of this protein to other processes in the bacterial cell have been limited. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a phytopathogen that causes black rot disease in many economically important plants. We investigated how AmiC and LytM family regulators, NlpD and EnvC, contribute to virulence and cell separation in this organism. Biochemical analyses of purified AmiC demonstrated that it could hydrolyse PG and its activity could be potentiated by the presence of the regulator NlpD. We also established that deletion of the genes encoding amiC1 or nlpD led to a reduction in virulence as well as effects on colony-forming units and cell morphology. Moreover, further genetic and biochemical evidence showed that AmiC1 and NlpD affect the secretion of type III effector XC3176 and hypersensitive response (HR) induction in planta. These findings indicate that, in addition to their well-studied role(s) in cell separation, AmiC and NlpD make an important contribution to the type III secretion (T3S) and virulence regulation in this important plant pathogen.

Systematic Functional Analysis of Sigma (σ) Factors in the Phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris Reveals Novel Roles in the Regulation of Virulence and Viability.

The black rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a model organism for the study of plant bacterial pathogenesis mechanisms. In bacteria, σ factors serve as important regulatory elements that respond to various environmental signals and cues. Though Xcc encodes 15 putative σ factors little is known about their roles. As an approach to identify the potential role of each σ factor, we constructed mutations in each of the σ-factor genes as well as generating mutants deficient in multiple σ factors to assess these regulators potential additive functions. The work identified two σ70 factors essential for growth. Furthermore, the work discovered a third σ70 factor, RpoE1, important for virulence. Further studies revealed that RpoE1 positively regulates the expression of the hrp gene cluster that encodes the type III secretion system (T3SS) which determines the pathogenicity and hypersensitive response of Xcc on plants. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that RpoE1 could bind to the promoter region and promote transcription of hrpX, a gene encoding a key regulator of the hrp genes. Overall, this systematic analysis reveals important roles in Xcc survival and virulence for previously uncharacterized σ70 factors that may become important targets for disease control.