Increased ß-site APP cleaving enzyme 1-mediated insulin receptor cleavage in type 2 diabetes mellitus with cognitive impairment.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at a high risk of cognitive impairment, with insulin resistance playing a pivotal role. ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is considered a predictor of Alzheimer's disease. However, the potential roles of BACE1 in insulin resistance and the risk of cognitive impairment in T2DM remain unclear. METHODS: We measured plasma BACE1 levels, BACE1 cleavage activities for Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein (APPsw) and insulin receptor ß subunit (INSR-ß), and soluble INSR (sINSR) levels in a clinical cohort study. RESULTS: T2DM patients with or without cognitive impairment exhibited elevated plasma BACE1 levels and BACE1 enzymatic activities for APPsw and INSR-ß, and sINSR levels. Moreover, the glycemic status correlated with elevated BACE1 levels and BACE1-mediated INSR cleavage, which was associated with insulin resistance. DISCUSSION: The elevated BACE1 levels in T2DM may contribute to increasing the cognitive impairment risk through both amyloidogenesis and insulin resistance.

RETRACTED: Efficacy of bisphosphonates against hip fracture in elderly patients with stroke and Parkinson diseases: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. This paper includes a meta-analysis based on papers by another author group that have since been retracted. Researchers can be misled by reading this paper, thus we have retracted it.

Attribution of lake eutrophication risk to anthropogenic forcing adjacent to the agriculture areas: a case study of Chagan Lake.

Lake eutrophication, exacerbated by high-intensity anthropogenic forcing, threatens water ecological security and the sustainable development of fisheries. Accurately evaluating lake eutrophication is the basis for effective management of the water environment. This study aimed to study eutrophication and its anthropogenic forcing in Chagan Lake, which is surrounded by agricultural areas with irrigation discharge as the primary water source. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of lake eutrophication and the anthropogenic forcing factors were analyzed based on the long-series multi-source data and modified eutrophication index. The results showed that (1) the average trophic state of Chagan Lake was eutrophic according to the modified eutrophication index (TLI = 58.31) and the nutrient level was higher in summer, reaching hypertrophy (TLI 61.49); (2) the maximum pollution footprint affecting the lake reached 34.7 km2, with a maximum buffer zone radius of 1 km; (3) the gross domestic product of primary industry, total sown area, and rice field area were the main anthropogenic factors leading to the lake eutrophication, with contribution rates of 64.43%, 13.09%, and 10.23%, respectively. Multidimensional management strategies for maximum pollution footprint, buffer zone radius, and contribution of anthropogenic factors were used to improve the water quality of the lake. The findings provided scientific support for the management of water environment of Chagan Lake and guided the formulation of "one lake, one policy."