Risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

PURPOSE: Chronic plaque psoriasis is associated with the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the magnitude of this association remains currently uncertain. We aimed to investigate the magnitude of the association between psoriasis and the risk of prevalent and incident NAFLD, and to assess whether psoriasis severity and/or psoriatic arthritis are associated with a greater risk of NAFLD. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies evaluating the association between psoriasis and NAFLD, as diagnosed by imaging or International Classification of Diseases codes was performed. Literature search on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science on May 3, 2021 was undertaken. Studies using liver biopsy were not available. For the meta-analysis, the random-effects modelling was adopted. RESULTS: We identified 15 observational (case-control and cross-sectional) studies for a total of 249,933 patients with psoriasis (49% with NAFLD) and 1,491,402 controls (36% with NAFLD). Psoriasis was associated with prevalent NAFLD (n = 11 studies; pooled random-effects odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% CI 1.70-2.26; I2 = 97%, p < 0.01). Psoriatic patients with NAFLD had a higher mean psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) than their counterparts without NAFLD (n = 8 studies, pooled weighted mean difference: 3.93, 95% CI 2.01-5.84; I2 = 88%, p < 0.01). The risk of NAFLD was marginally higher in patients with psoriatic arthritis than in those with psoriasis alone (n = 5 studies, pooled random-effects OR 1.83, 95% CI 0.98-3.43; I2 = 64%, p = 0.03). Sensitivity analyses did not alter these findings. Funnel plot did not show any significant publication bias. A major limitation of the study was the high degree of heterogeneity across studies. CONCLUSION: Psoriasis is associated with prevalent NAFLD and this risk parallels the severity of psoriasis.

Acquired perforating dermatoses show increased levels of cutaneous advanced glycation end-products.

BACKGROUND: Acquired perforating dermatoses (APDs) are characterized by transepidermal elimination of skin materials. Altered glycation of dermal components may be involved in pathogenesis. AIM: To assess whether patients affected by APDs have increased levels of cutaneous advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). METHODS: A cross-sectional controlled study involving a total of 109 patients was conducted, enrolling 29 patients consecutively diagnosed with primary APDs [reactive perforating collagenosis (RPC), elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS), perforating folliculitis (PF) and Kyrle disease (KD)], 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) and 40 patients with mild atopic dermatitis (AD). The levels of cutaneous AGEs were measured using a validated fluorescence technique. RESULTS: The median skin autofluorescence value in patients with APDs was significantly higher [2.7 arbitrary units (AU), interquartile range (IQR) 1.9-3.9 AU] compared with HCs (1.8 AU, IQR 1.6-2.3 AU; P < 0.001) and patients with AD (2.1 AU, IQR 1.9-2.3 AU; P = 0.01). Median values were 3.5 AU (IQR 2.7-4.6 AU) for RPC, 1.83.5 AU (1.4-2.4 AU) for EPS, 3.1 AU (2.4-4.4 AU) for PF and 2.6 AU (2.3-3.1 AU) for KD. CONCLUSIONS: Our results may suggest a possible physiopathological role of AGEs in the transepidermal elimination mechanisms involved in certain APDs.

Prevalence of most common skin diseases in Europe: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of the prevalence of diseases is of primary importance in planning health policies. No complete data on the prevalence of skin diseases across European countries are available. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of the most frequent skin conditions or diseases in 27 European countries (24 EU countries, plus Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). METHODS: We conducted a population-based study on representative and extrapolable samples of the general population aged 18 years or more in each of the 27 countries surveyed. Participants were selected using stratified, proportional sampling with a replacement design. Data were collected using a web-based online survey. All participants were asked to fill in a questionnaire with sociodemographic data and to declare if they have had one or more skin conditions or diseases during the previous 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 44 689 participants from 27 countries responded to the questionnaire, 21 887 (48.98%) men and 22 802 (51.02%) women. The proportion of participants who reported having suffered from at least one dermatological condition or disease during the previous 12 months was 43.35% (95% CI: 42.89%, 43.81%). The projection in the total population of the 27 countries included in the study resulted in 185 103 774 individuals affected by at least one dermatological condition or disease. Accordingly, we can estimate that more than 94 million Europeans complain of uncomfortable skin sensations like itch, burning, or dryness. The most frequent conditions were fungal skin infections (8.9%), acne (5.4%), and atopic dermatitis or eczema (5.5%). Alopecia, acne, eczema, and rosacea were more common in women, whereas men were more likely to suffer from psoriasis and sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: Skin diseases are an important public health concern. Their high prevalence has to be taken into account in planning access to dermatological care to address patient needs.

Mortality and prognostic factors in patients with bullous pemphigoid: a retrospective multicenter Italian study.

INTRODUCTION: Bullous pemphigoid is the most common autoimmune bullous dermatosis. In recent years several studies have tried to identify the main factors of the disease related with an increased risk of death. The aim of this multicenter Italian study was to assess the risk score of death considering epidemiologic, clinical, immunological, and therapeutic factors in a cohort of patients affected by bullous pemphigoid and try to identify the cumulative survival up to 120 months. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with bullous pemphigoid who were diagnosed between 2005 and 2020 in the 12 Italian centers. Data collected included sex, age at the time of diagnosis, laboratory findings, severity of disease, time at death/censoring, treatment, and multimorbidity. RESULTS: A total of 572 patients were included in the study. The crude mortality rate was 20.6%, with an incidence mortality rate of 5.9 × 100 person/year. The mortality rate at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years was 3.2%, 18.2%, 27.4% and 51.9%, respectively. Multivariate model results showed that the risk of death was significantly higher in patients older than 78 years, in presence of multimorbidity, anti-BP180 autoantibodies >72 U/mL, or anti-BP230 > 3 U/mL at diagnosis. The variables jointly included provided an accuracy (Harrel's Index) of 77% for predicting mortality. CONCLUSION: This study represents the first nationwide Italian study to have retrospectively investigated the mortality rates and prognostic factors in patients with bullous pemphigoid. A novel finding emerged in our study is that a risk prediction rule based on simple risk factors (age, multimorbidity, steroid-sparing drugs, prednisone use, and disease severity) jointly considered with two biomarkers routinely measured in clinical practice (anti-BP230 and anti-BP180 autoantibodies) provided about 80% accuracy for predicting mortality in large series of patients with this disease.

Evidence for a 'window of opportunity' in hidradenitis suppurativa treated with adalimumab: a retrospective, real-life multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α adalimumab is the only licenced biologic for moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). No predictors of response have been identified so far. OBJECTIVES: To identify clinical parameters predicting response to adalimumab and confirm its efficacy/safety. METHODS: The data of 389 patients with HS treated with adalimumab in 21 Italian centres were reviewed. Sex, age at onset/diagnosis/baseline, body mass index, smoking, phenotype, previous treatments, concomitant antibiotics and 'therapeutic delay', defined as the time from HS onset to adalimumab initiation, were assessed. Response to adalimumab and its impact on quality of life (QoL) were evaluated using the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR) and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) or the Visual Analogue Scale for pain (VAS pain), respectively. Logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: The therapeutic delay correlated to lack of response to adalimumab at week 16 [odds ratio (OR) 1·92 for therapeutic delay > 10 years; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·28-2·89; P = 0·0016). HiSCR was achieved in 43·7% and 53·9% patients at week 16 and 52, respectively. Significant reductions in both DLQI and VAS pain were found between week 16 vs. baseline (P < 0·0001 for both) and week 52 vs. baseline (P < 0·0001 for both). Previous immunosuppressants inversely correlated to HiSCR at week 52 (OR = 1·74, 95% CI 1·04-2·91, P = 0·0342). CONCLUSIONS: Inverse correlation between therapeutic delay and clinical response was found, supporting early adalimumab use and providing evidence for a 'window of opportunity' in HS treatment. Adalimumab efficacy and safety were confirmed, along with patients' QoL improvement. Immunosuppressants could negatively influence the response to adalimumab inducing a switch to non-TNF-α-driven pathways.

Risk-mitigating behaviours in people with inflammatory skin and joint disease during the COVID-19 pandemic differ by treatment type: a cross-sectional patient survey.

BACKGROUND: Registry data suggest that people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) receiving targeted systemic therapies have fewer adverse coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes compared with patients receiving no systemic treatments. OBJECTIVES: We used international patient survey data to explore the hypothesis that greater risk-mitigating behaviour in those receiving targeted therapies may account, at least in part, for this observation. METHODS: Online surveys were completed by individuals with psoriasis (globally) or rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) (UK only) between 4 May and 7 September 2020. We used multiple logistic regression to assess the association between treatment type and risk-mitigating behaviour, adjusting for clinical and demographic characteristics. We characterized international variation in a mixed-effects model. RESULTS: Of 3720 participants (2869 psoriasis, 851 RMDs) from 74 countries, 2262 (60·8%) reported the most stringent risk-mitigating behaviour (classified here under the umbrella term 'shielding'). A greater proportion of those receiving targeted therapies (biologics and Janus Kinase inhibitors) reported shielding compared with those receiving no systemic therapy [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1·63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·35-1·97]. The association between targeted therapy and shielding was preserved when standard systemic therapy was used as the reference group (OR 1·39, 95% CI 1·23-1·56). Shielding was associated with established risk factors for severe COVID-19 [male sex (OR 1·14, 95% CI 1·05-1·24), obesity (OR 1·37, 95% CI 1·23-1·54), comorbidity burden (OR 1·43, 95% CI 1·15-1·78)], a primary indication of RMDs (OR 1·37, 95% CI 1·27-1·48) and a positive anxiety or depression screen (OR 1·57, 95% CI 1·36-1·80). Modest differences in the proportion shielding were observed across nations. CONCLUSIONS: Greater risk-mitigating behaviour among people with IMIDs receiving targeted therapies may contribute to the reported lower risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes. The behaviour variation across treatment groups, IMIDs and nations reinforces the need for clear evidence-based patient communication on risk-mitigation strategies and may help inform updated public health guidelines as the pandemic continues.

Position statement for a pragmatic approach to immunotherapeutics in patients with inflammatory skin diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and beyond.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel RNA virus that was declared a global pandemic on 11 March 2020. The efficiency of infection with SARS-CoV-2 is reflected by its rapid global spread. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has implications for patients with inflammatory skin diseases on systemic immunotherapy who may be at increased risk of infection or more severe infection. This position paper is a focused examination of current evidence considering the mechanisms of action of immunotherapeutic drugs in relation to immune response to SARS-CoV-2. We aim to provide practical guidance for dermatologists managing patients with inflammatory skin conditions on systemic therapies during the current pandemic and beyond. Considering the limited and rapidly evolving evidence, mechanisms of action of therapies, and current knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we propose that systemic immunotherapy can be continued, with special considerations for at risk patients or those presenting with symptoms.

Brodalumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis: a real-life, retrospective 24-week experience.

BACKGROUND: Brodalumab was efficacious and safe in moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis in the AMAGINE trials; published reports under real-life conditions are limited. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of brodalumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis in a real-world setting. METHODS: This observational, retrospective study enrolled adult patients (≥18 years) with moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis who underwent 24 weeks of treatment with brodalumab at 17 Italian dermatological centres. Baseline data included demographics, comorbidities, age of onset and duration of psoriasis and previous treatments. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), Physician Global Assessment (PGA), static PGA of Genitalia, Dermatology Life Quality Index and patient satisfaction were assessed at weeks 0, 4, 12 and 24; adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients (mean age 47.9 years, 71.8% male, average disease duration 16.8 years) were enrolled. A rapid and significant reduction in mean PASI score was observed after 4 weeks of treatment, decreasing further at weeks 12 and 24 (all P < 0.0001 vs. baseline). A higher number of cardiometabolic comorbidities and previous therapies were negatively associated with the achievement of PASI 90 at all assessments. Brodalumab was effective in bio-experienced patients, including those who had failed on anti-interleukin (IL)-17 therapies. Quality of life and patient satisfaction increased significantly during treatment (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01 vs. baseline, respectively). Treatment was interrupted in 9 (11.5%) patients due to adverse events (n = 4), lack of efficacy (n = 3), lost to follow-up (n = 1) and surgical procedure (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: Brodalumab is effective and safe in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis in a real-world setting, including in patients with failure to anti-IL17 therapies.

EuroGuiDerm Guideline on the systemic treatment of Psoriasis vulgaris - Part 2: specific clinical and comorbid situations.

This evidence- and consensus-based guideline on the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris was developed following the EuroGuiDerm Guideline and Consensus Statement Development Manual. The second part of the guideline provides guidance for specific clinical and comorbid situations such as treating psoriasis vulgaris patient with concomitant psoriatic arthritis, concomitant inflammatory bowel disease, a history of malignancies or a history of depression or suicidal ideation. It further holds recommendations for concomitant diabetes, viral hepatitis, disease affecting the heart or the kidneys as well as concomitant neurological disease. Advice on how to screen for tuberculosis and recommendations on how to manage patients with a positive tuberculosis test result are given. It further covers treatment for pregnant women or patients with a wish for a child in the near future. Information on vaccination, immunogenicity and systemic treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic is also provided.

Serum IFI16 and anti-IFI16 antibodies in psoriatic arthritis.

Nuclear interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and anti-IFI16 antibodies have been detected in subjects with several rheumatic diseases, often correlating with disease severity, and in this study we investigated their prevalence and clinical associations in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) compared to psoriasis (Pso). We tested sera and synovial fluids of patients with PsA for IFI16 protein levels by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for anti-IFI16 immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA by ELISA, protein radio-immunoprecipitation and immunoprecipitation-Western blot of IgG. Sera from patients with Pso and healthy subjects were used as controls, and in a subgroup of patients with PsA we also studied sera after treatment with etanercept. IFI16 was detectable in the sera of 66% of patients with Pso, 46% with PsA and 19% of controls. Among PsA cases, 51% of IFI16-positive cases had elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) compared to 31% of patients with undetectable IFI16. Anti-IFI16 of both IgG and IgA isoforms were detected with significantly higher frequency in PsA and Pso compared to healthy controls, with higher IgG titres in patients with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0·015). Immunoprecipitation confirmed the presence of anti-IFI16 IgG antibodies and these preferentially recognized epitopes outside the N-terminus of the protein. Lastly, IFI16 was detected in one of seven and anti-IFI16 in three of seven synovial fluids from patients with PsA. Therefore, IFI16 and anti-IFI16 are detectable in serum and synovial fluid of PsA patients, especially in cases of elevated CRP.

Efficacy of secukinumab without the initial weekly loading dose in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: Secukinumab is administered at the labelled dose of 300 mg at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (loading dose) and every 4 weeks thereafter. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy of secukinumab administered without the initial loading dose in patients with psoriasis. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study including adult patients with psoriasis (n = 156) treated with secukinumab 300 mg administered either according to the labelled dose (n = 75) or without the initial loading dose (n = 81). Efficacy was evaluated by comparing the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75 and PASI 90 response rates at week 8, 12, 16, 32 and 48. RESULTS: For patients who received the labelled dose vs. those who did not, PASI 75 response rates were achieved at week 8, 12, 16, 32 and 48 by 60% vs. 40% (P < 0·01), 72% vs. 61% (P < 0·01), 77% vs. 75%, 85% vs. 77% and 79% vs. 78%, respectively. PASI 90 responses were achieved at the same time points by 45% vs. 31% (P < 0·01), 49% vs. 40% (P < 0·01), 54% vs. 47%, 55% vs. 47% and 57% vs. 54% for those who received the labelled dose vs. those who did not, respectively. A greater proportion of patients receiving secukinumab without the loading dose discontinued treatment because of inefficacy (25% vs. 13%, P < 0·05), particularly those with body weight greater than 80 kg. CONCLUSIONS: Secukinumab administered without the loading dose is associated with a higher proportion of primary inefficacy, and achieved inferior results compared with the labelled dose at week 8 and week 12, but showed similar efficacy thereafter. What's already known about this topic? Secukinumab is an interleukin (IL)-17A inhibitor for chronic plaque psoriasis administered by subcutaneous injections at the labelled dose of 300 mg at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (loading dose) and every 4 weeks thereafter (maintenance dose). Dose adjustment is common in clinical practice, and can consist of dose reduction when a prolonged remission is obtained or a dose increase in order to improve efficacy. What does this study add? The efficacy of secukinumab administered without the initial weekly loading dose was significantly inferior compared with the labelled dose in the short term, but was similar after week 16 and up to week 48. A greater proportion of patients receiving secukinumab without the loading dose showed primary inefficacy, particularly those with body weight greater than 80 kg.

Dermatologists and SARS-CoV-2: the impact of the pandemic on daily practice.

Since the first case of 'pneumonia of unknown aetiology' was diagnosed at the Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital in China on 30 December 2019, what was recognized thereafter as 'severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2' (SARS-CoV-2) has spread over the four continents, causing the respiratory manifestations of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and satisfying the epidemiological criteria for a label of 'pandemic'. The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is having a huge impact on dermatological practice including the marked reduction of face-to-face consultations in favour of teledermatology, the uncertainties concerning the outcome of COVID-19 infection in patients with common inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis receiving immunosuppressive/immunomodulating systemic therapies; the direct involvement of dermatologists in COVID-19 care for patient assistance and new research needs to be addressed. It is not known yet if skin lesions and derangement of the skin barrier could make it easier for SARS-CoV-2 to transmit via indirect contact; it remains to be defined if specific mucosal or skin lesions are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, although some unpublished observations indicate the occurrence of a transient varicelliform exanthema during the early phase of the infection. SARS-CoV-2 is a new pathogen for humans that is highly contagious, can spread quickly, and is capable of causing enormous health, economic and societal impacts in any setting. The consequences may continue long after the pandemic resolves, and new management modalities for dermatology may originate from the COVID-19 disaster. Learning from experience may help to cope with future major societal changes.

Cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a clinical update.

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a global pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 virus). A consistent number of case reports and clinical series have been already published describing a complex spectrum of skin manifestations associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We carried out a review of the English-language literature up to 20 May 2020, reporting original cases or case series of the cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. The following databases were consulted: PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and ResearchGate. The search of papers was conducted by using the key term 'COVID-19' or 'SARS-CoV-2' or 'coronavirus' combined with each of the following: 'skin', 'cutaneous', 'dermatologic' or 'dermatology', 'manifestation', 'lesions', or 'rash'. The patterns of dermatological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection could be classified into four categories: exanthema (varicella-like, papulo-vesicular and morbilliform rash), vascular (chilblain-like, purpuric/petechial and livedoid lesions), urticarial and acro-papular eruption. Lastly, other skin manifestations to be considered are the cutaneous adverse reactions to the drugs prescribed for the treatment of COVID-19. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection can directly cause a worsening of chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis remains to be determined. Dermatology's outlook in the COVID-19 pandemic is multidimensional.

The role of the interleukin-23/Th17 pathway in cardiometabolic comorbidity associated with psoriasis.

Alterations in the innate and adaptive immunity underpin psoriasis pathophysiology, with the Th17 cells subset now recognized as the fundamental cells in the key controlling pathway involved in its pathogenesis. Since psoriasis is a systemic disease with important comorbidity, further knowledge on the interleukin (IL)-23/Th17 axis led to the hypothesis that there may be shared pathogenic pathways between primary skin disease and comorbidity. Psoriasis has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and increasing evidence gives support to this epidemiological observation from the clinical-pathologically field. As an example, increased levels of IL-23 and IL-23R have been found in human atherosclerotic plaque, and levels correlated with symptom duration and mortality. Also, upregulation of IL-23/IL-17 seems to play an important role in both myocardial damage and stroke, with interesting reports on deleterious effect neutralization after administration of related anti-bodies in both associated conditions. In diabetic patients, increased levels of IL-23/IL-17 have also been observed and available data support a synergistic role of IL-23/IL-17 in ß-cells damage. In obesity, signs of an expansion of Th17 subset in adipose tissue have been reported, as well as elevated concentrations of IL-23 in obese patients. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, closely related to metabolic syndrome, but also in other mentioned cardiometabolic disorders, a predominance of IL-23 and other related pro-inflammatory factors has been identified as participating in their pathogenesis. Thus, the involvement of the IL-23/Th17 axis in these shared psoriasis-cardiometabolic pathogenic mechanisms is reviewed and discussed in the light of the existing preclinical and clinical evidence, including that from comorbid psoriasis patients.

Certolizumab for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a real-world multicentre Italian study.

BACKGROUND: Certolizumab, a pegylated tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitor, reduced disease activity in randomized trials of patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Real-life data are missing. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the effectiveness and safety of certolizumab in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in routine clinical practice. METHODS: In this retrospective study involving 11 Italian sites, patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis received subcutaneous certolizumab (400 mg loading dose at 0, 2 and 4 weeks, followed by 200 mg every 2 weeks) for up to 52 weeks. Primary outcomes included mean change from baseline in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (mNAPSI) scores, and the proportion of patients achieving a 75%, 90% or 100% reduction in PASI score. Other endpoints included Disease Activity Score computed on 44 joints correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate during the first hour (DAS44-ESR), Tender Joint Count (TJC), Swollen Joint Count (SJC), pain [visual analogue scale (VAS) score], inflammatory markers and quality of life (QOL). RESULTS: In the study were enrolled 153 patients (mean age: 55 years). Certolizumab reduced the mean PASI score from baseline by 4.45, 6.30 and 7.58 at weeks 12, 24 and 52, respectively (P < 0.001 for all). At weeks 24 and 52, 69.6% and 83.3% of patients had a PASI score ≤3. DAS44-ESR, TJC, SJC and mNAPSI scores, and pain VAS were also all significantly improved from baseline at each time point. C-reactive protein levels decreased during treatment, being significant at week 24. On multivariate analysis, psoriasis duration, baseline PASI, mNAPSI and pain VAS scores were found to be predictive of the improvement in PASI score at week 12. CONCLUSION: Certolizumab displayed also in the real-life encouraging results in both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis patients.

EuroGuiDerm Guideline on the systemic treatment of Psoriasis vulgaris - Part 1: treatment and monitoring recommendations.

This evidence- and consensus-based guideline on the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris was developed following the EuroGuiDerm Guideline and Consensus Statement Development Manual. The first part of the guideline includes general information on the scope and purpose, health questions covered, target users and strength/limitations of the guideline. Suggestions for disease severity grading and treatment goals are provided. It presents the general treatment recommendations as well as detailed management and monitoring recommendations for the individual drugs. The treatment options discussed in this guideline are as follows: acitretin, ciclosporin, fumarates, methotrexate, adalimumab, apremilast, brodalumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, guselkumab, infliximab, ixekizumab, risankizumab, secukinumab, tildrakizumab and ustekinumab.

A systematic review of treatments for pityriasis lichenoides.

Pityriasis lichenoides (PL) represents a spectrum of inflammatory skin diseases comprising pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) and pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC). This study aimed to provide a summary of effective treatments for PL. A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines for studies investigating PL treatment including ≥3 subjects and published in English between 1 January 1970 and 15 April 2019. A total of 441 papers were screened, and 37 original manuscripts meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were found, including 12 case series, 18 reviews, four prospective studies, two comparative studies and a single randomized controlled study. In most studies, ultraviolet (UV) phototherapy (narrow-band UVB, broadband UVB, UVA1 or PUVA) was used. Clearance rates with the different modalities are hardly comparable between different studies, ranging approximately between 70% and 100%. Narrow-band UVB showed an efficacy similar to PUVA as such as the combination of UVA and UVB vs. PUVA. Oral erythromycin showed clearance rates ranging between 66% and 83%, whereas methotrexate up to 100% but in small and dated studies. Evidence for other treatments is scarce. There is a lack of high level of evidence studies on PL treatment. The interpretation of the results is biased by the possible auto-resolution of the disease, the sample heterogeneity between children and adults and the short follow-up period of the studies. Only some studies investigated how results were durable after cessation of therapy. Quality of life and the impact of treatment were never assessed. According to the results of this review, we suggest narrow-band UVB phototherapy as first-line treatment. Oral erythromycin with or without topical corticosteroids and low-dose methotrexate as second-line therapies. High-powered studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the optimal treatment for PL.