Establishment and application of a TaqMan probe-based qPCR for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a common parasite that invades the epithelial cytoplasm in the hepatopancreas of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and results in slow growth of the host shrimps to cause significant economic loss in shrimp aquaculture. In this study, a TaqMan probe-based qPCR for quantitative detection of EHP was established. A pair of specific primers and a TaqMan probe were designed based on the sequence of cysteine desulfurase gene (NFS1) of EHP. The standard curve between cycle threshold (Ct) and the logarithmic starting quantity (SQ) of the template was determined as Ct = - 3.231 lg (SQ) + 40.638, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998 and an amplification efficiency of 103.9%. The lower limit of quantification was 1.67 × 101 copies/µL for this TaqMan probe-based qPCR and 1.67 × 103 copies/µL for the conventional PCR. The TaqMan probe-based qPCR established in the research was 100 times more sensitive than the conventional PCR method. In addition, the results of clinical sample detection indicated that the present technique was efficient in detecting EHP in the hepatopancreas, feces, water, and pond bottom mud samples. Therefore, the established TaqMan probe-based qPCR is a suitable technique for detecting EHP in both shrimp and aquatic environment samples.

Breaking of integrability and conservation leading to Hamiltonian chaotic system and its energy-based coexistence analysis.

In this paper, a four-dimensional conservative system of Euler equations producing the periodic orbit is constructed and studied. The reason that a conservative system often produces periodic orbit has rarely been studied. By analyzing the Hamiltonian and Casimir functions, three invariants of the conservative system are found. The complete integrability is proved to be the mechanism that the system generates the periodic orbits. The mechanism route from periodic orbit to conservative chaos is found by breaking the conservation of Casimir energy and the integrability through which a chaotic Hamiltonian system is built. The observed chaos is not excited by saddle or center equilibria, so the system has hidden dynamics. It is found that the upgrade in the Hamiltonian energy level violates the order of dynamical behavior and transitions from a low or regular state to a high or an irregular state. From the energy bifurcation associated with different energy levels, rich coexisting orbits are discovered, i.e., the coexistence of chaotic orbits, quasi-periodic orbits, and chaotic quasi-periodic orbits. The coincidence between the two-dimensional diagram of maximum Lyapunov exponents and the bifurcation diagram of Hamiltonian energy is observed. Finally, field programmable gate array implementation, a challenging task for the chaotic Hamiltonian conservative system, is designed to be a Hamiltonian pseudo-random number generator.

Criticism in a foreign language hurts less.

Understanding emotional resonances to social evaluations delivered in different languages may contribute to favourable social communication in today's increasingly internationalised world. The present study thus investigated the language-induced emotionality differences by presenting Chinese-English bilinguals with self-referential praising and criticising statements in both their native Chinese and foreign English languages and asking them to make their affective and cognitive judgments on the comments, namely, to rate how pleased they were by the comments and how truly the comments described their attributes. Results revealed that while criticism was rated more unpleasant than praise in both languages, the unpleasantness was reduced by the use of English as compared to Chinese. Intriguingly, no cross-language differences were found in the cognitive assessment. Our findings may shed light on facilitating affective social communication using different languages.

Catalytic activations of unstrained C-C bond involving organometallic intermediates.

The cleavage of C-C bonds has been a great challenge owing to their thermodynamic and kinetic stability. To date, the progress made in this area has mainly relied on the reaction of small rings, which is driven by releasing ring strain. Encouragingly, more and more examples of the cleavage of non-strained C-C bonds have been reported. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the transition-metal-catalyzed C-C bond activation of relatively stable and unstrained molecules that involves the formation of organometallic intermediates. In the first section we focus on the C-C bond activation achieved through ß-carbon elimination, and in the second section the oxidative addition of the C-C bond to low-valent metal is summarized in detail.

Recycling experimental investigation on end of life photovoltaic panels by application of high voltage fragmentation.

With the rapid development of photovoltaic industry, the recycling of waste solar photovoltaic (PV) panels is becoming a critical and global challenge. Considering PV panels recycling is significantly effective and worthwhile to save natural resources and reduce the cost of production, how to selectively recycle valuable components of PV panels is the hot and dominant topic. Different from current mechanical crushing, heat treatment and chemical operation processes, novel and environment-friendly recycling approaches by using high voltage pulse discharge in water, called high voltage fragmentation (HVF), was discussed under different discharge conditions. The results showed that discharging across surface and interior of PV panels produced ablation round holes, sputter metal particles and dendritic channels. The average particle size decreased with the ascent of pulse number and voltage amplitude. Considering the energy consumption, the optimal condition of HVF in this paper was 160 kV for 300 pulses with the energy consumption of 192.99 J/g, crushing the PV panels into particles of 4.1 mm in average (13.7% of the initial size). More particle was distributed among the 0.1-2 mm size fractions as the energy increased. Selective fragmented products, such as Cu, Al, Pb, Ag and Sn, are concentrated on the fractions under 1 mm. Finally, hybrid crushing energy consumption model combined with fractal theory was discussed, which presented close relationship between energy and average particle size. Walker's model (n = 2.047 determined by fractal theory) had the best fitting effect.

Adipocytokine expression, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and TGF-ß1/Smad signaling activity in diabetic patients complicated with pulmonary infection.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate adipocytokine expression levels, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1/Smad signaling activity in diabetic patients with pulmonary infection. METHODS: Eighty-two type 2 diabetic patients with pulmonary infection were included in the observation group and 75 patients with simple type 2 diabetes were recruited into the control group. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and PLR in the two groups were compared. Complement-C1q/tumor necrosis factor related protein 3 (CTRP-3), complement-C1q/tumor necrosis factor related protein 9 (CTRP-9), leptin, adiponectin, and TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was detected. RESULTS: Compared with patients in the control group, patients in the observation group presented with increased levels of FGB, HbA1c, and leptin, an increase in the PLR, and decreased serum CTRP-3, CTRP-9, and adiponectin levels. TGF-ß1, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 protein expression levels were up-regulated in PBMCs from patients in the observation group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that in type 2 diabetic patients with pulmonary infection, adipocytokine expression is altered, PLR is disturbed, and the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathways in PBMCs are significantly activated.

Personality Counts More Than Appearance for Men Making Affective Judgments of Verbal Comments.

Previous research has shown that that evaluative verbal information (praise and criticism) conveys different affective values: criticism is perceived as unpleasant while praise is generally considered pleasant. Here, using praise and criticism in Chinese, we investigated how affective value is modulated in men and women, depending on the particular attribute (personality vs. appearance) targeted by social comments. Results showed that whereas praise was rated as pleasant and criticism as unpleasant overall, criticizing personality reduced pleasantness more than criticizing appearance. In men, moreover, criticism of personality was deemed more unpleasant than criticism of appearance while personality-targeted praise was rated more pleasant than appearance-targeted praise. This effect was absent in women and consistent with men's higher arousal ratings for personality- relative to appearance-targeted comments. Our findings suggest that men are more concerned about external perception of their personality than that of their appearance whereas women's affective judgment is more balanced. These gender-specific results may have implications for topic selection in evaluative social communication.

[Eutrophication and Characteristics of Cyanobacteria Bloom in the Summer in Guishi Reservoir].

Large-scale cyanobacteria bloom occurred in the summer of 2014 in the Guishi Reservoir that is an important drinking water source for Hezhou City. The dynamic change regularity, external pollution sources, and the phytoplankton community characteristics during the bloom were investigated to evaluate the eutrophication in the reservoir and to present effective prevention and control measures. The results showed that nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations increased year by year; water quality on some sites has been out of class Ⅱ of national water quality standards; and the main pollution source was the agricultural non-point sources. Phytoplankton cell density was in the range of 8.60×106-5.36×108 cells·L-1 and chlorophyll a concentrations reached 74.48 µg·L-1 during the bloom. The dominant species was Microcystis wesenbergii whose density reached 5.36×108 cells·L-1. The cell density decreased over time and concentrated on the surface and at the depth of 2 m underwater. The total phytoplankton cell density was strongly correlated to total phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and the permanganate index, and was inversely correlated to transparency. The water in the Guishi Reservoir was not polluted by microcystic toxins. Moreover, Guishi Reservoir is in a meso-eutrophic state; therefore, the prevention and control of the cyanobacteria bloom should focus on weather conditions and on reducing the input of nitrogen and phosphorus to keep the nutrient levels low.

[Phytoplankton community structure and eutrophication risk assessment of Beijiang River].

To study the distribution of phytoplankton and water quality of Beijiang River, the community structure of phytoplankton was investigated and analyzed in wet and dry seasons. The results showed that a total of 74 species belonging to six phyla, 29 family and 48 genera of phytoplankton were identified, including 58 species of five phyla, 23 family and 41 genera in wet season and 59 species of six phyla, 26 family and 40 genera in dry season. Phytoplankton community structure in Beijiang River was represented by Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta. Bacillariophyta dominanted the phytoplankton, and the dominant species were Aulacoseira granulate, Fragilaria virescens, Surirella biseriata, Nitzschia amphibia, Navicula simplex, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Synedra ulna, Gomphonema angustatum and Cymbella tumida. There was little difference in phytoplankton density between both seasons with the mean values being 3.54 x 10(5) and 4.87 x 10(5) cells L(-1) in dry and wet seasons, respectively. Based on the RDA results, DO, permanganate index, nitrogen and phosphorus were the important environmental factors affecting the distribution of phytoplankton in Beijiang River. The water quality of Beijiang River was classified as oligo-mesotrophic level even if this river was subjected to nitrogen and phosphorus pollution mainly from agricultural non-point source.