Wealth and urbanization shape medium and large terrestrial mammal communities.

Urban biodiversity provides critical ecosystem services and is a key component to environmentally and socially sustainable cities. However, biodiversity varies greatly within and among cities, leading to human communities with changing and unequal experiences with nature. The "luxury effect," a hypothesis that predicts a positive correlation between wealth, typically measured by per capita income, and species richness may be one indication of these inequities. While the luxury effect is well studied for some taxa, it has rarely been investigated for mammals, which provide unique ecosystem services (e.g., biological pest control) and exhibit significant potential for negative human-wildlife interactions (e.g., nuisances or conflicts). We analyzed a large dataset of mammal detections across 20 North American cities to test whether the luxury effect is consistent for medium- to large-sized terrestrial mammals across diverse urban contexts. Overall, support for the luxury effect, as indicated by per capita income, was inconsistent; we found evidence of a luxury effect in approximately half of our study cities. Species richness was, however, highly and negatively correlated with urban intensity in most cities. We thus suggest that economic factors play an important role in shaping urban mammal communities for some cities and species, but that the strongest driver of urban mammal diversity is urban intensity. To better understand the complexity of urban ecosystems, ecologists and social scientists must consider the social and political factors that drive inequitable human experiences with nature in cities.

Understanding conflicting cultural models of outdoor cats to overcome conservation impasse.

Many conservation conflicts are scientifically complex yet are rooted in value conflicts, which result in an impasse. Additional biological information alone is insufficient to resolve this type of conflict. Conceptual models that articulate the material aspects of a system are increasingly used to identify areas where parties disagree. Yet, modeling processes typically follow the conveners' rules for discussing and assessing the topic, which can exacerbate conflict. Researchers have identified a need for processes that require participants to reflect on the limits of their own philosophical assumptions and acknowledge other perspectives. Cultural models are a promising tool for this purpose because they include nonmaterial beliefs, morals, and values that guide people's understanding of how to interact with an issue, sometimes subconsciously. We explored how cultural models used with conceptual models can improve understanding of value conflicts and used outdoor cat management as a case study. We conducted interviews and focus group discussions with wildlife conservation and cat welfare professionals involved in outdoor cat policy discussions in Hawaii and Washington, D.C. From these conversations, we developed a conceptual model of the outdoor cat management system and cultural models that led stakeholders to weigh elements of the conceptual model differently. Although wildlife conservation professionals generally spoke about outdoor cats as invasive species, cat welfare professionals spoke about them as homeless pets. These conflicting conceptualizations of what an outdoor cat is may help explain the root of many long-standing disagreements. Examining how and when stakeholders invoke different cultural models allowed us to identify management actions that work with, rather than challenge, those models. Dialogue that embraces conflicting cultural models can be difficult and uncomfortable, but has great potential to overcome conservation impasse and achieve lasting conservation results.

Comprensión de Modelos Culturales Opuestos de Gatos en Exteriores para Sobrepasar el Callejón sin Salida en la Conservación Resumen Muchos conflictos de conservación son científicamente complejos pero cimentados en los conflictos de valores, lo que puede resultar en un callejón sin salida. La pura información biológica adicional no es suficiente para resolver este tipo de conflictos. Cada vez se usan más los modelos conceptuales que articulan los aspectos materiales de un sistema para identificar las áreas en que las partes se encuentran en desacuerdo. Sin embargo, los procesos del modelado típicamente siguen las reglas de los convocantes para discutir y evaluar el tema, lo que puede agravar un conflicto. Los investigadores han identificado una necesidad por contar con procesos que requieran que los participantes reflexionen sobre los límites de sus propias suposiciones filosóficas y que reconozcan otras perspectivas. Los modelos culturales son una herramienta prometedora para este propósito ya que incluyen las creencias no materiales, la moral y los valores que guían el entendimiento de las personas sobre cómo interactuar con un asunto, a veces de forma subconsciente. Exploramos cómo los modelos culturales usados junto con los modelos conceptuales pueden mejorar el entendimiento de los conflictos de valores y usamos el manejo de gatos en exteriores como estudio de caso. Realizamos entrevistas y discusiones en grupos de sondeo con profesionales de la conservación de fauna y del bienestar de los gatos involucrados en las discusiones de las políticas sobre gatos en exteriores en Hawái y Washington, D.C. A partir de estas conversaciones, desarrollamos un modelo conceptual del sistema de manejo de gatos en exteriores. También desarrollamos modelos culturales que llevaron a los actores a sopesar de forma distinta los elementos del modelo conceptual. Mientras que los profesionales de la conservación de fauna se refirieron a los gatos en general como una especie invasora, los profesionales del bienestar de los gatos los mencionaron como mascotas abandonadas o sin hogar. Estos conceptos opuestos de lo que es un gato en exteriores puede ayudar a explicar la raíz de muchos conflictos duraderos. La examinación de cómo y cuándo los actores invocan modelos culturales diferentes nos permitió identificar las acciones de manejo que funcionan con esos modelos en lugar de retarlos. El diálogo que acepta los modelos culturales opuestos puede ser complicado e incómodo, pero tiene un gran potencial para sobrepasar las conversaciones sin salida y lograr resultados de conservación de larga duración.