The Everyday Compensation (EComp) Questionnaire: Construct Validity and Associations with Diagnosis and Longitudinal Change in Cognition and Everyday Function in Older Adults.

OBJECTIVE: The Everyday Compensation scale (EComp) is an informant-rated questionnaire designed to measure cognitively based compensatory strategies that support both everyday memory and executive function in the context of completing instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Although previous findings provided early support for the usefulness of the initial version of EComp, the current paper further describes the development, refinement, and validation of EComp as a new assessment tool of compensation for IADLs. METHOD: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine its factor structure. Convergent and predictive validity was evaluated by examining the relationship between EComp and markers of disease, including diagnosis, cognitive change, and trajectories of functional abilities. RESULTS: CFA supported a general compensation factor after accounting for variance attributable to IADL domain-specific engagement. The clinical groups differed in compensatory strategy use, with those with dementia using significantly fewer compensatory strategies as compared to individuals with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. Greater levels of compensation were related to better cognitive functions (memory and executive function) and functional abilities, as well as slower rates of cognitive and functional decline over time. Importantly, higher levels of compensation were associated with less functional difficulties and subsequently slower rate of functional decline independent of the level of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Engagement in compensatory strategies among older adults has important implications for prolonging functional independence, even in those with declining cognitive functioning. Results suggest that the revised EComp is likely to be useful in measuring cognitively based compensation in older adults.

Visuospatial attention after traumatic brain injury: The role of hemispheric specialization.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the behavioural and neural effects of TBI on the hemispheric integrity of three components of visuospatial attention: alerting, orienting and executive control. METHOD: Behavioural performance and high density event-related potentials (ERPs) were acquired while a sample of 12 patients with chronic moderate-to-severe TBI and 12 controls performed the Lateralized Attention Network Test (LANT). Neural indices of attention (posterior N1 amplitude to alerting and orienting cues, midline P3 amplitude during conflict resolution) were examined. RESULTS: Patients with TBI exhibited smaller N1 amplitude to alerting cues, but comparable behavioural performance to controls. Participants with TBI also demonstrated poorer orienting performance to the left hemispace relative to the right. A corresponding reduction in right hemisphere N1 was found during left orienting to spatial cues in the TBI group. No group differences were observed on behavioural measures of executive control; however, patients with TBI exhibited reduced P3 amplitude overall. CONCLUSIONS: TBI may have an enduring effect on the orienting system at both neural and behavioural levels. Assessment of attention in chronic TBI can be improved by the integration of hemispheric findings that suggest disproportionate vulnerability in leftward orienting. Results may enhance clinical sensitivity to detection of subtle signs of neglect.

A randomized control trial of a behavioral intervention for older adults with subjective cognitive complaints that combines cognitive rehabilitation strategies and lifestyle modifications.

This study examined the effectiveness of a 10-week cognitive rehabilitation and lifestyle modifying intervention that integrated compensation strategies, engagement in brain activities, and improving everyday function. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03549078). Older adults with subjective cognitive concerns and normal performance on a cognitive screener were randomized into the intervention (n = 28) or waitlist control (n = 29) groups. The total sample comprised 57 individuals (age, mean = 74.8, SD = 6.5), mostly female (80.4% of the total sample), and well educated (education years: mean = 15.9, SD = 2.1). Outcome measures were completed at baseline, and immediately and 3- and 6-months post-intervention. Intervention participants reported significant improvements in aspects of everyday functioning and select compensation strategies and brain health activities. Increased compensation strategy use was maintained at 6-month follow up. This intervention has benefits for improving everyday functioning and increasing engagement with compensation strategies and brain health activities.

Compensation Strategies in Older Adults: Association With Cognition and Everyday Function.

BACKGROUND/RATIONALE: Compensation strategies may contribute to greater resilience among older adults, even in the face of cognitive decline. This study sought to better understand how compensation strategy use among older adults with varying degrees of cognitive impairment impacts everyday functioning. METHODS: In all, 125 older adults (normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, dementia) underwent neuropsychological testing, and their informants completed questionnaires regarding everyday compensation and cognitive and functional abilities. RESULTS: Cognitively normal and mild cognitive impairment older adults had greater levels of compensation use than those with dementia. Higher levels of neuropsychological functioning were associated with more frequent compensation use. Most importantly, greater frequency of compensation strategy use was associated with higher levels of independence in everyday function, even after accounting for cognition. CONCLUSION: Use of compensation strategies is associated with higher levels of functioning in daily life among older adults. Findings provide strong rational for development of interventions that directly target such strategies.