Primary endovascular embolisation of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM)-UK single centre experience.

PURPOSE: Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) treated at our institution with modern techniques of endovascular intervention were analysed for the rate of complete occlusion, associated morbidity, and mortality. To our knowledge, this is the first series from the UK evaluating the effectiveness of endovascular embolisation as a primary treatment for selected cases. METHODS: All newly referred AVMs between January 2017 and June 2022 were reviewed and those treated with primary endovascular intervention were identified. Details of the endovascular procedures were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: In 5½ years, 41.1% of AVMs referred to our institution have been triaged for primary endovascular intervention. Sixty-eight AVMs were embolised and followed-up: 44 ruptured and 24 unruptured. Spetzler-Martin grading varied from I to III, and a single AVM was grade IV. The approach was arterial in 73.5%, solely venous in 7.4%, and combined in 19.1%. The mean follow-up was 18 months for imaging and 26 months for clinical assessment. Complete obliteration was achieved in 95.6%. Ruptured AVM cohort: The rate of functional deterioration was 13.6%. Unruptured AVM cohort: The rate of functional deterioration secondary to complications from embolisation was 4.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular embolisation may be a favourable option for primary AVM treatment in carefully selected patients. However, selection criteria need to be better delineated for more specialists to consider this as a primary therapy.

Simultaneous bilateral application of the Scepter mini balloon microcatheter for occlusion of ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas.

Ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas are a rare entity accounting for 10 % of all dAVFs.3-6 Haemorrhage occurs in up to 91 % of cases, which is a particularly high risk and warrants therapeutic intervention.8-9 Endovascular treatment for these fistulas using the conventional detachable microcatheter technique is associated with certain limitations and risks; 8.3 % rate of incomplete obliteration and an 8.3 % rate of complications. Complications include reflux of liquid embolic agent, posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, acute visual loss, and small subdural haematoma secondary to a micro-perforation.8,10-12 We present our recent experience with the Scepter Mini Balloon Microcatheter for the endovascular treatment of ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas in 3 patients, involving bilateral simultaneous inflation of the balloon. It demonstrates a novel application of this technology with good outcomes. It supports the use of this microcatheter in treating ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas endovascularly, either as a first-line option or as an adjunct to surgery.

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Tourette's syndrome is a developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor, stereotypical but non-rhythmic movements and vocalizations/phonics called tics. It is one of several disorders that have tics as their cardinal feature. These tics manifest themselves in various ways, ranging from simple eye blinking to coprolalia (involuntary swearing). METHOD: We conducted a review in Medline and ScienceDirect without restrictions, after which we did a normative and qualitative analysis to identify relevant information to improve the profession's understanding of the syndrome, including its pathophysiology. RESULTS: This disorder is much more common than once believed, and may interfere with patients' social relationships and occupational functions. The development of new treatments is important to achieve more effective management with fewer side effects. Animal models of Tourette's syndrome would help foster understanding the pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment of tic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although significant advances have been made, research in the field is crucial to clarify further the physiological aspects of the syndrome.

The effect of distal aspiration catheter position on collateral flow in mechanical thrombectomy - an in vitro study.

INTRODUCTION: Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy for ischaemic stroke is one of the most effective treatments. Despite the devices and techniques that have been developed, thrombi are not always successfully retrieved. The incidence of futile reperfusion after successful clot retrieval also remains a major concern. We hypothesise that simply placing an aspiration catheter in the system compromises collateral flow which may have an impact on functional outcomes. METHODS: An in vitro study was conducted using a physical pulsatile flow model designed in glass to mimic the anterior cerebral circulation with middle cerebral artery M1 segment occlusion. A 5Fr aspiration catheter was positioned at the supra-clinoid internal carotid (SC-ICA), carotid terminus (T-ICA) and M1. For each catheter position, the flow rate through the model's anterior cerebral (ACA) and posterior communicating (PCOM) arteries was measured (no aspiration applied). RESULTS: Our results showed significant mean percentage flow reductions in the ACA and PCOM with the catheter positioned at the SC-ICA (PCOM 59.14% ± 0.93, ACA 59.52% ± 0.82, p < 0.001), T-ICA (PCOM 81.54% ± 0.55, ACA 85.65% ± 1.54) and M1 (PCOM 75.79% ± 0.98, ACA 84.20% ± 0.43) (Mann-Whitney U Test, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results indicate a significant reduction in collateral flow following the insertion of a wide bore catheter in an in vitro model. In a clinical setting, this could have an impact on patient outcome, particularly in prolonged procedures and those requiring several passes to achieve recanalisation.

The Angiographic and Clinical Follow-up Outcomes of the Wide-Necked and Complex Intracranial Aneurysms Treated With LVIS EVO-Assisted Coiling.

BACKGROUND: The Low Profile Visible Intraluminal Support EVO (LVIS EVO) is a self-expandable braided stent, which was recently introduced for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Full visibility of the stent and a relatively high metal coverage ratio are the unique features of the LVIS EVO. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety, efficacy, and midterm durability of LVIS EVO stent-assisted coiling for the treatment of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: The endovascular databases were reviewed to identify patients treated with LVIS EVO-assisted coiling. The technical success and immediate clinical/angiographic outcomes were assessed. Periprocedural and delayed complications were evaluated. The follow-up angiographic/clinical outcomes were investigated. The preprocedural/follow-up neurological statuses were assessed with the modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS: One hundred three aneurysms in 103 patients (63 females) with a mean age of 54.9 ± 11.3 years were included. The mean maximum sac diameter was 6.2 ± 2.9 mm. The procedural technical success rate was 100%. Immediate postprocedural angiography showed complete occlusion in 77.7%. The mean duration of the angiographic follow-up was 8.8 ± 3.6 months. Follow-up angiography showed complete aneurysm occlusion in 89% of the 82 patients with angiographic follow-up. Recanalization was observed in 7.3% of 82 patients. Two patients (2.4%) required retreatment. In addition, 8.7% of the patients had at least 1 complication, and 2.9% of the patients developed a permanent morbidity. All patients had mRS scores ≤2. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that SAC with LVIS EVO is a relatively safe, efficient, and durable treatment for wide-necked and complex intracranial aneurysms.

The pioneering past and cutting-edge future of interventional neuroradiology.

This review provides a thorough understanding of the developments in the field of interventional neuroradiology (INR). A concise overview of the pioneering past and current state of this field is presented first, followed by a greater emphasis on its future. Five main aspects predicted to undergo significant developments are identified and discussed. These include changes in 'education and training', 'clinical practice and logistics', 'devices and equipment', 'techniques and procedures', and 'relevant diagnostic imaging'. INR is at the crossroads of neuroradiology, neurosurgery, neurology, and the neurosciences. To progress we must value the uniqueness and vitality of this multidisciplinary aspect. While minimal access techniques offer very good anatomical accessibility to treat multiple pathologies of the central nervous system, it is also important to recognise its limitations. Medical, surgical, and radiosurgery modalities retain an important role in the management of some complex neuropathology. This review is certainly not exhaustive of all ongoing and predicted developments, but it is an important update for INR specialists and other interested professionals.

Management of WEB device migration and mal-position in endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms.

With increasing advances in technology, the breadth of aneurysms that are treatable via an endovascular approach has increased. Wide necked aneurysms remain difficult to treat but the emergence of dedicated intrasaccular flow disruption devices such as the Woven EndoBridge (WEB, Micorvention) has increasingly seen previously ruptured and unruptured wide necked aneurysms successfully embolised and secured from the circulation using a single device.We are reporting two cases of WEB device treatment from the earliest experience with this device at our institution. These were complicated by partial extrusion in one case and remote migration of the WEB device in another case. Our initial cases highlight the importance of case selection and the need for accurate WEB sizing which are paramount to ensure complete occlusion of the aneurysm without complications of dislocation or extrusion into the parent vessel. Since then, we have performed over 170 cases with the WEB device. We also present a comprehensive review of the limited literature available on the management of mal-positioned and dislocated WEB devices. This allows us to reflect on how to avoid these complications and the different management options at the disposal of the neuro-interventionalist once such a complication has already occured. Rescue devices and manoeuvres that we reflect on include microcatheter manipulation, alligator retrieval device, stent retrievers, microsnares, aspiration, and stenting. Ultimately, each case needs to be individually evaluated and the best strategy selected depends on the context and specific circumstances.

Abortion and methods of reproductive planning: the views of Malta's medical doctor cohort.

Malta is the only EU country where abortion remains illegal in all circumstances. This study aims to assess the previously unexplored views of Malta's medical doctors on the legality of contraception, abortion, assisted reproductive technology and surrogacy. Following ethics approval, 1578 out of a total of 2468 registered medical doctors in Malta were invited for an anonymous survey. The response rate was 28.8% (n = 454), guaranteeing a maximum margin of error of 4.16% assuming a 95% confidence level. Responses consisted of "Yes", "No", and "Not sure". In the abortion section, "Yes" responses were specific to different gestational age limits. A majority supported all contraceptive methods being legal: morning-after pill (59.7%); intra-uterine device (85.9%); surgical sterilisation (>70%). A majority also agreed with in-vitro fertilisation being legal (93.8%). Embryo freezing and surrogacy garnered less support (39.9% and 40.5% respectively). Legalising abortion for "Woman's life in danger" and "Non-viable fetal anomaly" was supported at least up to 12 weeks gestation by 66.8% and 63.0% respectively, and in all stages of pregnancy by 54.2% and 50.2% respectively. Support, at least up to 12 weeks gestation, was less for other circumstances: "Rape or incest" (35.3%); "Preserve a woman's physical health" (30.0%); "Preserve a woman's mental health" (26.8%); "Viable fetal anomaly" (24.6%); "<16 years of age" (23.8%); "Economic/social reasons" (18.9%); "Any circumstance" (14.5%). According to the surveyed respondents, there is at present a clear majority of doctors in Malta who do not agree with the total legal ban on abortion and support its legalisation in limited circumstances.