The Role of Programmed Cell Death 1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) Axis in Sepsis-Induced Apoptosis.

Background and Objectives: Sepsis involves a dysregulated host response, characterized by simultaneous immunosuppression and hyperinflammation. Initially, there is the release of pro-inflammatory factors and immune system dysfunction, followed by persistent immune paralysis leading to apoptosis. This study investigates sepsis-induced apoptosis and its pathways, by assessing changes in PD-1 and PD-L1 serum levels, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) severity scores. Materials and Methods: This prospective, observational, single-centre study enrolled 87 sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit at the County Emergency Clinical Hospital in Târgu Mureș, Romania. We monitored the parameters on day 1 (the day sepsis or septic shock was diagnosed as per the Sepsis-3 Consensus) and day 5. Results: Our study found a statistically significant variation in the SOFA score for the entirety of the patients between the studied days (p = 0.001), as well as for the studied patient groups: sepsis, septic shock, survivors, and non-survivors (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, p = 0.01, p = 0.03). On day 1, we found statistically significant correlations between CD8+ cells and PD-1 (p = 0.02) and PD-L1 (p = 0.04), CD4+ and CD8+ cells (p < 0.0001), SOFA and APACHE II scores (p < 0.0001), and SOFA and APACHE II scores and PD-L1 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01). On day 5, we found statistically significant correlations between CD4+ and CD8+ cells and PD-L1 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.0099), CD4+ and CD8+ cells (p < 0.0001), and SOFA and APACHE II scores (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The reduction in Th CD4+ and Tc CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulations were evident from day 1, indicating that apoptosis is a crucial factor in the progression of sepsis and septic shock. The increased expression of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis impairs costimulatory signalling, leading to diminished T cell responses and lymphopenia, thereby increasing the susceptibility to nosocomial infections.

Previously undiagnosed serotonin toxicity: From pre-anaesthetic assessment to postoperative management - a case report.

Serotonin syndrome (SS), also known as serotonin toxicity, is a life-threatening condition induced by certain drugs that affect serotonin metabolism. We report a case of SS, induced by a combination of three drugs encountered in a patient with a previously suspected allergy to metoclopramide and pitofenone discovered as an "anaesthetic incident". In the immediate postoperative period, following the administration of antiemetic and analgesic treatment, the patient presented generalized myoclonus and intense abdominal pain. The diagnosis of SS was established using the Hunter Criteria. After the discontinuation of potentially triggering medication and anticonvulsant therapy, the patient was discharged from the ICU with complete resolution within six days. Given the increased use in clinical practice of drugs that may interfere with serotonin metabolism, the rising prevalence of mental health disorders and the increasing use of illicit drugs, it is essential for anaesthetists to be aware of the potential for SS occurrence.

Smoking in Teenagers from the Social Protection System-What Do We Know about It?

Background and Objectives: The impact of smoking on the young population is an extremely important issue for the public health system. As the prevalence of smoking is considerably increasing amongst the pubescent and adolescent population, the prevention of smoking at this age should be considered of high priority. The primary aim of this observational study was to assess tobacco use in teenagers included in the social protection system. Materials and Methods: 275 foster care teenagers (155 from the Professional Maternal Assistance System (AMP) and 120 from the residential system) from two different counties were enrolled. After a brief interactive session focused on the main consequences of smoking, a self-administered questionnaire was anonymously completed. Results: The mean age of the study group was 14 years, with a significant difference between the residential system and AMP (p = 0.001). Smoking status was significantly higher in participants from family-type houses (36.7%) than in those from the AMP (11.7%) (p < 0.001). The presence of smokers in the family (78.3%) and passive smoking (64.7%) were significantly higher in children from the residential system than in those from the AMP (32.9% and 31.8%, respectively) (p < 0.001). The number of cigarettes consumed daily was associated with the age of the participants (p = 0.01, rho 0.42). In total, 82.3% were cigarette users and 19.4% were e-cigarette users. Smokers bought the majority of their cigarettes from the store (63.2%) or asked a friend (19.3%) or an adult to buy them on their behalf (12.3%). Conclusions: The null hypothesis, according to which children who are abandoned but raised and cared for by professional nursing assistants are predisposed to earlier tobacco activity compared to children raised in a normal familiar environment, is supported. Future education and prevention campaigns conveying the benefits of a healthy long-term lifestyle to this population category are needed.

Perioperative Risk Stratification: A Need for an Improved Assessment in Surgery and Anesthesia-A Pilot Study.

Background and Objectives: Numerous scoring systems have been introduced into modern medicine. None of the scoring systems assessed both anesthetic and surgical risk of the patient, predict the morbidity, mortality, or the need for postoperative intensive care unit admission. The aim of this study was to compare the anesthetic and surgical scores currently used, for a better evaluation of perioperative risks, morbidity, and mortality. Material and Methods: This is a pilot, prospective, observational study. We enrolled 50 patients scheduled for elective surgery. Anesthetic and surgery risk was assessed using American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scale, Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enumeration of Mortality and morbidity (P-POSSUM), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), and Surgical APGAR Score (SAS) scores. The real and the estimated length of stay (LOS) were registered. Results: We obtained several statistically significant positive correlations: ASA score-P-POSSUM (p < 0.01, r = 0.465); ASA score-SAS, (p < 0.01, r = -0.446); ASA score-APACHE II, (p < 0.01 r = 0.519); predicted LOS and ASA score (p < 0.01, r = 0.676); predicted LOS and p-POSSUM (p < 0.01, r = 0.433); and predicted LOS and APACHE II (p < 0.01, r = 0.454). A significant negative correlation between predicted LOS, real LOS, ASA class, and SAS (p < 0.05) was observed. We found a statistically significant difference between the predicted and actual LOS (p < 001). Conclusions: Anesthetic, surgical, and severity scores, used together, provide clearer information about mortality, morbidity, and LOS. ASA scale, associated with surgical scores and severity scores, presents a better image of the patient's progress in the perioperative period. In our study, APACHE II is the best predictor of mortality, followed by P-POSSUM and SAS. P-POSSUM score and ASA scale may be complementary in terms of preoperative physiological factors, providing valuable information for postoperative outcomes.

Monobloc Total Thyroidectomy Using Sealing Devices: Preliminary Results and Comparative Analysis.

Background: The desire for perfect haemostasis has led the medical equipment industry to produce ideal instruments for safe thyroidectomy. Thus, haemostasis and sealing instruments such as the LigaSureTM Small Jaw, ThunderbeatTM Open Fine Jaw and HarmonicTM Focus have been indicated for thyroid surgery. Aim: The purpose of this study is to present the initial results of using these three surgical instruments for performing monobloc thyroidectomy. Material and Methods: We performed a prospective study between January 2014 and July 2019 in which we included all the patients operated by same surgeon using those 3 sealing devices. Thyroidectomies were performed using LigaSureTM Small Jaw (group 1), the ThunderbeatTM Open Fine Jaw (group 2) and HarmonicTM Focus (group 3). The groups were statistically compared in term of duration of surgery and hospitalisation, early postoperative complications as well as voice alteration or acute respiratory failure. Results: No significant differences were observed among groups in terms of patient demographics, pathological diagnoses, postoperative complications, length of hospitalization, and clinical outcomes. Operating time was shorter in group 1. Conclusions: New surgical instruments have beneficial properties, including shortening the operative time, maintaining a clean operating field, and minimising smoke released during the operation.

Mortality Impact of Severe COVID-19 in the ICU: A Study from the Târgu Mureș Support Unit.

(1) Background: Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been recognized that a considerable proportion of critically ill patients may die of this disease. The current study aims to assess the overall 1-year outcomes within the UMFST COVID-19 Unit, providing valuable insights into the efficacy of specialized care facilities in managing severe cases of COVID-19. (2) Methods: This is a retrospective monocentric observational study including 294 patients confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection. Demographic data and clinical and paraclinical parameters were assessed. Survival probabilities were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. (3) Results: Overall, the 1-year mortality was 89.4%. All deaths occurred in-hospital, with two patients dying after 28 days. Diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney failure, cerebrovascular disease, and atrial fibrillation were more prevalent in deceased patients. Thirty percent of patients needed endotracheal intubation during the first 24 h. The incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia was higher among deceased patients. The SOFA score was significantly different between deceased vs. survivors. The survival analysis showed that the use of noradrenaline increased the likelihood of surviving COVID-19. (4) Conclusions: The severe comorbidities of the patients were the primary factors contributing to the increased mortality rate in the COVID-19 unit.

Immune profile of patients­a new approach in management of sepsis and septic shock?

The present study was a prospective observational single center study, enrolling 102 patients with sepsis, admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of the County Emergency Clinical Hospital in Târgu Mureș (Mureș, Romania). The main goal of the present study was to compare the changes of the following parameters on day 1 compared with day 5, in sepsis compared with septic shock, as well as in survivors compared with non-survivors: Cell blood count parameters, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio and systemic inflammation index, C reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, procalcitonin (PCT), CD 3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD16+CD56+/CD3-NK cells and CD19+ B cells. The relationship between the subcategories of lymphocytes with the inflammatory markers was evaluated. The serum concentration of CRP and PCT was significantly lower on day 5 compared with day 1 and serum ferritin was significantly higher in patients with septic shock. The percentage of cytotoxic T lymphocytes was significantly decreased and the percentage of NK lymphocytes was significantly increased in patients who developed septic shock. The results indicated a negative significant correlation between the proportion of T lymphocytes and PCT concentration and a positive significant correlation between the proportion of B lymphocytes and PCT concentration.

Is Carboxyhaemoglobin an Effective Bedside Prognostic Tool for Sepsis and Septic Shock Patients?

Introduction: Proper management of sepsis poses a challenge even today, with early diagnosis and targeted treatment being the most important steps. Easy, cost-effective bedside tools are needed in order to pinpoint towards the outcome of sepsis or septic shock. Aim of study: This study aims to find a correlation between Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) severity scores, the Neutrophil-Lymphocytes Ratio (NLR) and carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels in septic or septic shock patients with the scope of establishing a bed side cost-effective prognostic tool. Materials and methods: A pilot, prospective, observational, and ongoing study was conducted on 61 patients admitted with sepsis or septic shock according to the SEPSIS 3 Consensus definition. We followed clinical and paraclinical parameters on day 1 (D1) and day 5 (D5) after meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: On D1 we found a statistically significant positive correlation between each severity score (p <0.0001), r = 0.7287 for SOFA vs. APACHE II with CI: 0.5841-0.8285, r = 0.6862 for SOFA vs. SAPS II with CI: 0.5251-0.7998 and r = 0.8534 for APACHE II vs. SAPS II with CI: 0.7663 to 0.9097. On D5 we observed similar results: a significant positive correlation between each severity score (p <0.0001), with r = 0.7877 for SOFA vs. APACHE II with CI: 0.6283 to 0.8836, r = 0.8210 for SOFA vs. SAPS II with CI: 0.6822 to 0.9027 and r = 0.8880 for APACHE II vs. SAPS II., CI: 0.7952 to 0.9401. Nil correlation was found between the severity scores, NLR and COHb on D1 and D5. Conclusion: Cost-effective bedside tools to pinpoint towards the outcome of sepsis are yet to be found, however the positive correlation between the severity scores point out to a combination of such tools for prognosis prediction of septic or septic shock patients.

Survey on Anxiety and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Intensive Care Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Medically Under-Resourced Country.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for intensive care personnel. Romania has a low number of physicians per inhabitant. The stress of pandemics upon an already weak medical health system triggered some psychological effects upon burnt-out personnel. The main objective is to provide an insight into the psychological status of Romanian ICU personnel by evaluating their level of anxiety. The secondary objectives aim to identify the level of post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety in different groups and to identify the personnel most affected psychologically. This study enrolled adult responders from the ICU of Târgu Mureș Emergency Clinical County Hospital, Romania, participating voluntarily. The evaluation tests were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Post-Traumatic Stress Test. Out of the 126 eligible participants, 87 adult employees were enrolled-with a 69% response rate. The study comprised three groups: doctors, nurses, and auxiliary personnel. All three groups scored for moderate anxiety symptoms. COVID-19-related anxiety was strongly correlated with age and number of working years in all groups. Increased PTSD scores were observed in doctors and nurses. All ICU personnel who dealt with COVID-19 patients presented with moderate anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. The years of ICU experience had a positive impact on anxiety symptoms.

Endogenous Carboxyhemoglobin Level Variation in COVID-19 and Bacterial Sepsis: A Novel Approach?

BACKGROUND: The increased production of carbon monoxide (CO) in sepsis has been proven, but the blood level variations of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) as a potential evolutionary parameter of COVID-19 and sepsis/septic shock have yet to be determined. This study aims to evaluate the serum level variation of COHb as a potential evolutionary parameter in COVID-19 critically ill patients and in bacterial sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A prospective and observational study was conducted on two groups of patients: the bacterial sepsis group (n = 52) and the COVID-19 group (n = 52). We followed paraclinical parameters on Day 1 (D1) and Day 5 (D5) of sepsis/ICU admission for COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: D1 of sepsis: statistically significant positive correlations between: COHb values and serum lactate (p = 0.024, r = 0.316), and total bilirubin (p = 0.01, r = 0.359). In D5 of sepsis: a statistically significant positive correlations between: COHb values and procalcitonin (PCT) (p = 0.038, r = 0.402), and total bilirubin (p = 0.023, r = 0.319). D1 of COVID-19 group: COHb levels were statistically significantly positively correlated with C-reactive protein CRP values (p = 0.003, r = 0.407) and with PCT values (p = 0.022, r = 0.324) and statistically significantly negatively correlated with serum lactate values (p = 0.038, r = -0.285). CONCLUSION: COHb variation could provide rapid information about the outcome of bacterial sepsis/septic shock, having the advantages of a favorable cost-effectiveness ratio, and availability as a point-of-care test.

Applicability of lung ultrasound in the assessment of COVID-19 pneumonia: Diagnostic accuracy and clinical correlations.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound (LUS) in determining the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia compared with thoracic computed tomography (CT) and establish the correlations between LUS score, inflammatory markers, and percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2). METHODS: This prospective observational study, conducted at Târgu-Mureș Pulmonology Clinic included 78 patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection via nasopharyngeal real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (30 were excluded). Enrolled patients underwent CT, LUS, and blood tests on admission. Lung involvement was evaluated in 16 thoracic areas, using AB1 B2 C (letters represent LUS pattern) scores ranging 0-48. RESULTS: LUS revealed bilateral B-lines (97.8%), pleural irregularities with thickening/discontinuity (75%), and subpleural consolidations (70.8%). Uncommon sonographic patterns were alveolar consolidations with bronchogram (33%) and pleural effusion (2%). LUS score cutoff values of ≤14 and > 22 predicted mild COVID-19 (sensitivity [Se] = 84.6%; area under the curve [AUC] = 0.72; P = 0.002) and severe COVID-19 (Se = 50%, specificity (Sp) = 91.2%, AUC = 0.69; P = 0.02), respectively, and values > 29 predicted the patients' transfer to the intensive care unit (Se = 80%, Sp = 97.7%). LUS score positively correlated with CT score (r = 0.41; P = 0.003) and increased with the decrease of SpO2 (r = -0.49; P = 0.003), with lymphocytes decline (r = -0.52; P = 0.0001). Patients with consolidation patterns had higher ferritin and C-reactive protein than those with B-line patterns (P = 0.01; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: LUS is a useful, non-invasive and effective tool for diagnosis, monitoring evolution, and prognostic stratification of COVID-19 patients.

Discrepancy in results between dipstick urinalysis and urine sediment microscopy.

With the advancement of urine test automation and the large-scale application of quality management policies, the source of the most crucial errors has become the pre-analytical phase. This study is an attempt to compare the results obtained from the examination of urine strips with those obtained by microscopic examination of urinary sediment, highlighting discordant results. This observational study was conducted between February and August 2019 in a private medical laboratory in Mures County, and 2,600 urine samples were analyzed. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value for leukocytes, nitrites and red blood cells, taking as reference the microscopic examination of urine summary screening. Urine samples were collected from patients who presented to the laboratory. The 2,600 urine samples were analyzed using strips with 10 parameters: glucose, protein, bilirubin, urobilinogen, pH, specific density, red blood cells, nitrite, and leukocytes, and then using the microscope to examine the urinary sediment. We identified a small percentage (1.92%) of inconsistencies from the 2,600 samples of urine, between urinalysis and the microscopic examination and we identified the causes. The most common discordant results were: false-negatives for nitrite (72%), followed by false-positives results for red blood cells (22%), false-negative results for leukocytes (16%), false-negative results for red blood cells (4%) and false-positives for leukocytes (4%). The study confirmed that discrepancies appear despite the proper instruction of patients.

Critical Care Management of Decompensated Right Heart Failure in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patients - An Ongoing Approach.

Despite substantial advancements in diagnosis and specific medical therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients' management, this condition continues to represent a major cause of mortality worldwide. In pulmonary arterial hypertension, the continuous increase of pulmonary vascular resistance and rapid development of right heart failure determine a poor prognosis. Against targeted therapy, patients inexorable deteriorate over time. Pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with acute right heart failure who need intensive care unit admission present a complexity of the disease pathophysiology. Intensive care management challenges are multifaceted. Awareness of algorithms of right-sided heart failure monitoring in intensive care units, targeted pulmonary hypertension therapies, and recognition of precipitating factors, hemodynamic instability and progressive multisystem organ failure requires a multidisciplinary pulmonary hypertension team. This paper summarizes the management strategies of acute right-sided heart failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension adult cases based on recently available data.

Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Covid-19: A close relationship or just a coincidence? (Review).

Several neurological complications affecting the central and peripheral nervous system were described secondary to COVID-19 infection such as hyposmia, headache, nausea, impaired consciousness, psychosis, neurocognitive syndromes and even cerebrovascular accidents. The mechanism of these complications is not fully understood, but heterogenous mechanisms such as cytokine storm, secondary hypercoagulability and direct neurotropism of the virus are thought to be involved. Guillain-Barré syndrome is a heterogeneous disease that frequently follows a bacterial or viral infection. During the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, several isolated case reports and case series have suggested an association between this viral infection and the occurrence of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The main mechanism of Guillain-Barré syndrome is probably post-viral dysregulation of the immune system generated by SARS-CoV-2. The clinical characteristics and disease evolution seem to be similar to those observed in Guillain-Barré syndrome secondary to other etiologies. The aim of the present review is to summarize the relevant literature regarding SARS-CoV-2-related Guillain-Barré syndrome.

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins as a therapeutic option in critical illness polyneuropathy accompanying SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case-based review of the literature (Review).

The still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the medical community to a number of major challenges. A significant number of patients require admission to intensive care unit (ICU) services due to severe respiratory, thrombotic and septic complications and require long-term hospitalization. Neuromuscular weakness is a common complication in critically ill patients who are treated in ICUs and are mechanically ventilated. This complication is frequently caused by critical illness myopathy (CIM) or critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and leads to difficulty in weaning from the ventilator. It is thought to represent an important neurologic manifestation of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). COVID-19 infection is known to trigger strong immune dysregulation, with an intense cytokine storm, as a result, the frequency of CIP is expected to be higher in this setting. The mainstay in the diagnosis of this entity beside the high level of clinical awareness is the electrophysiological examination that provides evidence of axonal motor and sensory polyneuropathy. The present article presents the case of a 54-year-old woman with severe COVID 19 infection who developed neuromuscular weakness, which turned out to be secondary to CIP and was treated successfully with a high dose of human intravenous immunoglobulins. Related to this case, we reviewed the relevant literature data regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical features of this important complication and discussed also the treatment options and prognosis.

The Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C in Sepsis and Septic Shock.

INTRODUCTION: Variations in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could be used as a biomarker in critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock. Inflammation potently upregulates VEGF-C expression via macrophages with an unpredictable response. This study aimed to assess one of the newer biomarkers (VEGF-C) in patients with sepsis or septic shock and its clinical value as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 142 persons divided into three groups. Group A consisted of fifty-eight patients with sepsis; Group B consisted of forty-nine patients diagnosed as having septic shock according to the Sepsis -3 criteria. A control group of thirty-five healthy volunteers comprised Group C. Severity scores, prognostic score and organ dysfunction score, were recorded at the time of enrolment in the study. The analysis included specificity and sensitivity of plasma VEGF-C for diagnosis of septic shock. Circulating plasma VEGF-C levels were correlated with the APACHE II, MODS and severity scores and mortality. RESULTS: The mean (SD) plasma VEGF-C levels in septic shock patients (1374(789) pg./m), on vasopressors at the time of admission to the ICU, were significantly higher 1374(789)pg./mL, compared the mean (SD) plasma VEGF-C levels in sepsis patients (934(468) pg./mL); (p = 0.0005, Student's t-test.) Plasma VEGF-C levels in groups A and B were shown to be significantly correlated with the APACHE II (r = 0.21, p = 0.02; r = 0.45, p = 0.0009) and MODS score (r = 0.29, p = 0.03; r = 0.4, p = 0.003). There was no association between plasma VEGF-C levels and mortality [p = 0.1]. The cut-off value for septic shock was 1010 pg./ml. CONCLUSIONS: VEGF-C may be used as a prognostic marker in sepsis and septic shock due to its correlation with APACHE II values and as an early marker to determine the likelihood of developing MODS. It could be used as an early biomarker for diagnosing patients with septic shock.

Comparative oncological outcomes and survival following surgery for low rectal cancer - a single center experience.

In patients with low rectal cancer, intersphincteric resection (ISR) technique is a better alternative of abdominoperineal resection (APR), but is recommended to be done in non-locally advanced stages (=T2) only. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term oncological outcome and survival rate in patients with early and locally advanced stages that underwent ISR, as compared to APR. In order to assess the quality of life and prognosis of patients with low rectal cancer, the 5-year follow-up was done in 72 consecutive cases diagnosed in pT1-T4 stage that underwent ISR or APR. Histopathological and clinical parameters were compared between the two included groups. Although the quality of life was better in patients which underwent ISR, the 5-year overall survival rate was not found to be influenced by the used surgical technique (71% for ISR and 58% for APR) either by the histological grade of differentiation (p=0.62), independently from the T stage (p=0.61). Regardless of the type of surgery, the independent prognostic factors proved to be lymph node status (p=0.001), lymph node ratio (p=0.001), and clinical stage (p=0.0001). Lymph node status remains the most important prognostic factor of patients with low rectal cancer. Independently from the histological subtype and depth of tumor infiltration, good oncological results can be obtained when performing ISR in selected cases.

[Gallbladder agenesis - A rare congenital anomaly mimicking cholelithiasis in an adult woman]. / Epehólyag-agenesia. Epekövességet utánzó ritka rendellenesség egy felnott noben.

Gallbladder agenesis is a rare congenital malformation due to an embryological defect of the biliary system. In most cases it is asymptomatic, but it can also mimic biliary colic. We report the case of a 72-year-old Caucasian woman with a medical history of cardiovascular disease and hypercholesterolemia, under cholesterol-lowering and hypotensive treatment, who presented symptoms suggesting biliary colic. She underwent laparoscopic surgery that confirmed the final diagnosis. We present our approach in this rare case as well as a brief review of medical literature. The surgeon should decide intraoperatively whether to continue and search for a possible ectopic gallbladder or investigate further with imaging studies. Gallbladder agenesis is a rare condition that the surgeon must be aware of. In the cases of inconclusive or indirect signs of cholelithiasis, the best approach is complementary imaging investigations such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in order to avoid surgery. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(38): 1510-1513.

The role of interleukin-6 as an early predictor of sepsis in a murine sepsis model.

AIM: Evaluating the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an early predictor of sepsis in a murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study divided 26 Wistar rats into two experimental groups in which sepsis was induced through the intraperitoneal injection of different Escherichia coli cultures [Group 1: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing culture and Group 2: Standardized ATCC35218 culture] and a control group. IL-6 levels were determined at 5 and 24 hours post-inoculation and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tissue samples from the sacrificed animals. RESULTS: Mean plasma IL-6 levels in Group 1 peaked at 5 hours [37.4 pg∕mL; standard deviation (SD) = 2.4 pg∕mL] and decreased at 24 hours (34 pg∕mL; SD=3.2 pg∕mL) after inoculation. IL-6 levels in Group 1 were elevated compared to Group 2, at 5 hours (33.7 pg∕mL; SD=3.3 pg∕mL; p=0.019) and non-significantly so at 24 hours (32.5 pg∕mL; SD=2.4 pg∕mL; p=0.233). The results did not show an increase over control levels at either 5 hours (37.6 pg∕mL; SD=3.4 pg∕mL) or 24 hours (40.8 pg∕mL; SD=2.9 pg∕mL) after inoculation. The IHC shows a varying degree of IL-6 expression across all organ types studied. No statistically significant correlations were found between the tissue level quantification of IL-6 and serum values at 24 hours in either group. CONCLUSIONS: For an early stage of infection/inflammation, serum levels of IL-6 are not correlated with tissue-level inflammation disproving a potential role of IL-6 as a very precocious diagnostic and predictor test. Accumulation of IL-6 in lung, kidney and spleen tissue can be observed from the beginning of inflammation.