Reconstruction of shear wave speed in tissue-mimicking phantoms from aliased pulse-echo imaging of high-frequency wavefields.

Quantitative elasticity estimation in medical and industrial applications may benefit from advancements in reconstruction of shear wave speed with enhanced resolution. Here, shear wave speed is reconstructed from pulse-echo ultrasound imaging of elastic waves induced by high-frequency (>400 Hz), time-harmonic mechanical excitation. Particle displacement in shear wavefields is mapped from measured interframe phase differences with compensation for timing of multiple scan lines, then processed by spatial Fourier analysis to estimate the predominant wave speed and analyzed by algebraic wavefield inversion to reconstruct wave speed maps. Reconstructions of shear wave speed from simulated wavefields illustrate the accuracy and spatial resolution available with both methods, as functions of signal-to-noise ratio and sizes of windows used for Fourier analysis or wavefield smoothing. The methods are applied to shear wavefields with frequencies up to six times the Nyquist rate, thus extending the frequency range measurable by a given imaging system. Wave speed measurements in tissue-mimicking phantoms are compared with supersonic shear imaging and mechanical tensile testing, demonstrating feasibility of the wavefield measurement and wave speed reconstruction methods employed.

Ocular symptoms improvement from intranasal triamcinolone compared with placebo and intranasal fluticasone propionate: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis is a prevalent disease, which can be classed as seasonal (SAR) or perennial. In addition to nasal symptoms, up to 75% of sufferers experience itching, redness, and tearing of the eyes. Intranasal corticosteroids are effective in controlling the allergic nasal symptoms, and increasing evidence suggests that they also can relieve some of the allergic ocular symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the magnitude of efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) compared with placebo or fluticasone propionate (FP) on ocular symptom improvement in patients with SAR. METHODS: A meta-analysis of summary data from 8 randomized, double- or single-blind trials, assessing mean change in total or individual (tearing, redness, and itching) eye symptoms was conducted. Trials that administered a daily dose of 220 µg TAA vs placebo or 200 µg FP over at least 2 weeks' duration, in patients aged 12 years or older with SAR, were analyzed. RESULTS: Total eye symptom reduction after 2 weeks was greater with TAA than placebo, with a mean treatment difference of -0.32 (95% CI, -0.444 to -0.203). In addition, significant reductions in tearing, but not itching or redness, were observed after TAA treatment compared with placebo. No significant treatment difference was seen between TAA and FP in total ocular symptoms at any of the time points measured (weeks 1, 2, 3, and overall). All treatments exhibited similar safety profiles and were deemed well tolerated. CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis demonstrated the positive clinical improvements TAA has on total ocular allergy symptoms, especially tearing, in addition to its recognized nasal symptom efficacy in SAR.

Coding Telemedicine Visits for Proper Reimbursement.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coding for patient visits and monitoring via telehealth have expanded over the past years with a wide acceptance of telemedicine as a consequence of the coronavirus pandemic. Coding topics of interest to the allergist/immunologist in regard to services provided via telemedicine will be of increasing importance in the coming years. RECENT FINDINGS: CPT coding for telephone as well as synchronous face-to-face telehealth visits has changed over the past few years. With the need for distancing and patient protection during the coronavirus pandemic, telehealth services have increased dramatically. The introduction of newer devices to remotely monitor patients will increase and be incorporated into patient care. This review will summarize current codes available for designating what services have been provided. The area of telemedicine is changing and will continue to evolve as other platforms for visits are designed and other methods of monitoring patients become available. Coding for these services will be an ongoing need for the provider.

Efficacy and safety of olopatadine-mometasone combination nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: GSP301 nasal spray is a fixed-dose combination of olopatadine hydrochloride (antihistamine) and mometasone furoate (corticosteroid). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of GSP301 in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). METHODS: In this double-blind study, eligible patients (≥12 years of age) with SAR were randomized 1:1:1:1 to twice-daily GSP301 (665 µg of olopatadine and 25 µg of mometasone), olopatadine (665 µg), mometasone (25 µg), or placebo for 14 days. The primary end point-mean change from baseline in average morning and evening 12-hour reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS)-was analyzed via a mixed-effect model repeated measures (P < .05 was considered to be statistically significant). Additional assessments included average morning and evening 12-hour instantaneous TNSS (iTNSS), ocular symptoms, individual symptoms, onset of action, quality of life, and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: A total of 1176 patients were randomized. GSP301 provided statistically significant and clinically meaningful rTNSS improvements vs placebo (least squares mean difference, -1.09; 95% CI, -1.49 to -0.69; P < .001) and vs olopatadine (P = .03) and mometasone (P = .02). Similar significant improvements in iTNSS were also observed with GSP301 (P < .05 for all). Furthermore, GSP301 significantly improved overall ocular symptoms, individual nasal and ocular symptoms, and quality of life vs placebo (P ≤ .001 for all). Onset of action for GSP301 was observed within 15 minutes and was maintained at all subsequent timepoints. Treatment-emergent AEs occurred in 15.6%, 12.6%, 9.6%, and 9.5% of patients in the GSP301, olopatadine, mometasone, and placebo groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: GSP301 is efficacious and well tolerated vs placebo for treating SAR-associated nasal and ocular symptoms, with a rapid onset of action of 15 minutes in adult and adolescent patients 12 years and older. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02870205.

Evaluating the Effect of Sinex® (0.05% Oxymetazoline) Nasal Spray on Reduction of Nasal Congestion Using Computational Fluid Dynamics.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate air flow changes in reconstructed nasal passages based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from a previous clinical study of 0.05% Oxymetazoline (Vicks Sinex Micromist®). Total-pressure boundary conditions were uniquely applied to accommodate low patency subjects. Net nasal resistance, the primary simulation outcome, was determined using a parallel-circuit analogy and compared across treatments. Relative risk (RR) calculations show that for a 50% reduction in nasal resistance, subjects treated with Sinex® are 9.1 times more likely to achieve this after 8 hr, and 3.2 times more likely after 12 hr compared to Sham.

Patient satisfaction with beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol device with integrated dose counter during daily use.

Some patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) may prefer a "dry" intranasal corticosteroid aerosol to avoid certain sensory perceptions such as the "wet feeling in the nose" and the "dripping down the throat" associated with aqueous nasal sprays. A nonaqueous hydrofluoroalkane-propelled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) nasal aerosol with an established efficacy and safety profile was approved to treat the nasal symptoms associated with AR in adult and adolescent patients. This study was designed to evaluate ease of use and patient satisfaction with the BDP nasal aerosol device in patients with perennial AR (PAR). In this phase 3, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study, eligible patients (≥12 years of age) with PAR were randomly assigned to receive BDP nasal aerosol at 320 micrograms/day or placebo for 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, patients assessed device ease of use and satisfaction with the device using a questionnaire with a 5-point representative scale (not at all, not very, neither nor, somewhat, very [certain/easy/satisfactory]). Nearly all patients (89.7%) reported that the BDP nasal aerosol device with integrated dose counter was "very easy" or "somewhat easy" to use. The majority of patients (87.5%) also indicated that it was "very easy" or "somewhat easy" to tell when the device was empty, compared with only 42.3% who were "very certain" or "somewhat certain" of being able to tell when previously used aqueous nasal spray devices were empty. Overall, patient satisfaction with the BDP nasal aerosol device was high: 65.7% responded that they were "very satisfied" or "somewhat satisfied" and only 3.6% were "not satisfied at all" or "not very satisfied." These results indicate that the majority of patients considered the BDP nasal aerosol device easy to use and reported a high degree of satisfaction with the device compared with other nasal sprays they had used in the past.

Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19: Case Report and Discussion.

Introduction: Various cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 have been described and awareness of these findings is beneficial for clinicians for an accurate diagnosis. Clinical Findings: We present a case of skin findings consistent with acral microthrombi induced changes in an elderly gentleman who was positive for COVID-19. Outcomes: The patient had a mild course of COVID-19. Cutaneous findings resolved after one week from presentation with supportive care. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of awareness of manifestations of COVID-19, which may assist in timely diagnosis and prevention of transmission.

Allergy immunotherapy among Medicaid-enrolled children with allergic rhinitis: patterns of care, resource use, and costs.

BACKGROUND: Although research demonstrates that allergy immunotherapy (IT) improves allergic rhinitis (AR) outcomes, little is known about IT patterns of care and associated resource use and costs among US children with diagnoses of AR. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine characteristics associated with receiving IT, patterns of IT care, and health care use and costs incurred in the 6 months before versus after IT. METHODS: We performed retrospective Florida Medicaid claims data (1997-2004) analysis of children (<18 years of age) given new diagnoses of AR. RESULTS: Of 102,390 patients with new diagnoses of AR, 3048 (3.0%) received IT. Male patients, Hispanic patients, and those with concomitant asthma were significantly more likely to receive IT. Approximately 53% completed less than 1 year and 84% completed less than 3 years of IT. Patients who received IT used significantly less pharmacy (12.1 vs 8.9 claims, P < .0001), outpatient (30.7 vs 22.9 visits, P < .0001), and inpatient (1.2 vs 0.4 admissions, P = .02) resources in the 6 months after versus before IT. Pharmacy ($330 vs $60, P < .0001), outpatient ($735 vs $270, P < .0001), and inpatient ($2441 vs $1, P < .0001) costs (including costs for IT care) were significantly reduced after IT. CONCLUSION: Despite suboptimal treatment persistence (only 16% of patients completed 3 years of IT), resource use and costs after treatment were significantly reduced from pre-IT levels.

Functional grouping of osteoclast genes revealed through microarray analysis.

We describe for the first time functional clusters of genes that are modulated during the differentiation of osteoclasts. Pathway analysis was applied to gene array data generated from affymetrix chips hybridized to RNA isolated from RAW264.7 cells exposed to RANK-ligand (RANK-L) for 5 days. This analysis revealed major functional gene clusters that were either up- or down-regulated during osteoclastogenesis. Some of the genes within the clusters have known functions, while others do not. We discuss herein the relevance of these functional gene clusters and their modulation to biological processes underlying the formation, function, and fate of osteoclasts.

A randomized, controlled trial to investigate the effect of ciclesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate on eye lens opacity.

BACKGROUND: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are recommended first-line therapy for the treatment of persistent asthma. However, reports from observational studies have suggested that the use of ICS may be associated with systemic adverse events, such as glaucoma and cataract (opacity of the lens) formation. OBJECTIVE: To compare two ICS over 1 year regarding the formation/progression of lenticular opacities in patients with asthma. METHODS: Adults (>or=18 years of age) with moderate-to-severe asthma were randomized to ciclesonide 640 micro g/day (n = 785) or beclomethasone dipropionate 640 micro g/day (n = 783) in a multinational, double-blind, active-controlled, parallel-group study. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of a positive Class I grading shift (increase [worsening] in Lens Opacities Classification System [LOCS] III score of >or= 0.5 for nuclear opalescence, >or= 0.8 for cortical opacification, or >or= 0.5 for posterior subcapsular opacification, or cataract surgery) in either eye at any visit over the 12-month, double-blind treatment period. RESULTS: Mean changes (+/- standard error) in nuclear opalescence and cortical and posterior subcapsular opacification were small and similar between groups (ciclesonide 640 micro g/day: 0.10 +/- 0.02, 0.07 +/- 0.02 and 0.04 +/- 0.01, respectively; beclomethasone dipropionate 640 micro g/day: 0.11 +/- 0.02, 0.09 +/- 0.02 and 0.03 +/- 0.01, respectively). Class I shifts were observed in 34.3% versus 36.8% of ciclesonide-treated and beclomethasone dipropionate-treated patients, respectively. Ciclesonide 640 micro g/day was non-inferior to beclomethasone dipropionate 640 micro g/day regarding Class I shifts (risk ratio of ciclesonide to beclomethasone dipropionate, 0.940 [95% confidence interval, 0.820-1.077]); the 95% confidence interval upper bound was lower than the pre-specified non-inferiority bound of 1.333 (p < 0.0001), thereby excluding the possibility of higher risk ratio values. CONCLUSIONS: Mean changes in LOCS III scores were very small in both groups. Treatment with ciclesonide 640 micro g/day or beclomethasone dipropionate 640 micro g/day for 1 year has a minimal impact on lenticular opacities development and/or progression.

Impact of newly revised sterile medication compounding guidelines USP {797} on allergy vial preparation.

OBJECTIVES: To highlight newly revised guidelines on sterile medication compounding released by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP 797) in December 2007, and the implications on immunotherapy vial preparation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A policy review. RESULTS: The newly revised USP chapter on sterile medication guidelines was released December 2007 and becomes effective June 2008. The revised USP 797 now has specific guidelines addressing immunotherapy vial preparation that are a significant change from the previous version. The revised guidelines should be a useful tool for clinicians who are developing and setting office mixing standards. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Offices preparing immunotherapy vials should consider formalizing and implementing vial preparation guidelines. These guidelines should be based on expert opinion, experience, and scientific literature.

Diagnostic usefulness of aberrant CD22 expression in differentiating neoplastic cells of B-Cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders from admixed benign B cells in four-color multiparameter flow cytometry.

The diagnosis of B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders is a great challenge when made in a background of polyclonal B cells. We studied the diagnostic usefulness of aberrant CD22 expression for differentiating neoplastic from benign B cells by 4-color flow cytometry. Of 56 cases of B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, we found that neoplastic cells showed aberrant CD22 expression in 39 (70%) of 56 cases, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and follicular lymphoma. In 4 cases, monoclonality was detected definitively only by evaluating the immunoglobulin light chain restriction in B cells with aberrant CD22 expression because numerous polyclonal B cells were present. Aberrant CD22 expression is a useful marker for detection of monoclonal B cells admixed with numerous benign polyclonal B cells.

Risedronate preserves trabecular architecture and increases bone strength in vertebra of ovariectomized minipigs as measured by three-dimensional microcomputed tomography.

Risedronate reduces the risk of new vertebral fractures up to 70% within 1 year of treatment in patients with osteoporosis. Both increases in bone mass and preservation of bone architecture are thought to contribute to antifracture effects. Our objectives were to determine the effects of risedronate on trabecular bone mass and architecture and to determine the relative contributions of mass and architecture to strength in the vertebra of ovariectomized (OVX) minipigs. The minipigs were OVX at 18 months of age and were treated daily for 18 months with either vehicle or risedronate at doses of 0.5 mg/kg per day or 2.5 mg/kg per day. The three-dimensional (3D) bone architecture of the L4 vertebral cores of Sinclair S1 minipigs was evaluated by 3D microcomputed tomography (muCT). Compared with the OVX control, the vertebral bone volume (bone volume/tissue volume [BV/TV]) was higher in both treated groups (p < 0.05). The architectural changes were more significant at the 2.5-mg/kg dose and were more prevalent at the cranial-caudal ends compared with the midsection. At the higher dose, the trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and connectivity were higher, and marrow star volume (Ma.St.V) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) were lower (p < 0.05). The trabecular separation variation index (TSVI), a new measure to approximate structural variations, was smaller in the 2.5-mg/kg-treated group (p < 0.05). In this group, a significant preservation of trabeculae orthogonal to the cranial-caudal axis was confirmed by a decrease in the degree of anisotropy (DA) and an increase in the percent Cross-strut (% Cross-strut; p < 0.05). Both normalized maximum load (strength) and normalized stiffness of the same vertebral cores were higher in the 2.5-mg/kg risedronate group compared with the OVX group (p < 0.05). BV/TV alone could explain 76% of the variability of the bone strength. The combination of bone volume and architectural variables explained >90% of the strength. The study showed that risedronate preserved trabecular architecture in the vertebra of OVX minipigs, and that bone strength is tightly coupled to bone mass and architecture.

Extending Oncology Clinical Services to Rural Areas of Texas Via Teleoncology.

Abstracts Purpose: For patients in rural Texas, accessing cancer specialists is quite challenging. Texas has many remote areas without community-based cancer care, requiring patients to travel long distances for specialized cancer professional consultations and services. An anticipated shortage of medical oncology expertise will exacerbate this situation. The advent of telemedicine tools has created an opportunity to easily extend specialized cancer services to underserved populations of patients with cancer in Texas. However, more research is needed to explore how well telemedicine tools will be accepted and used by both patients and oncologists alike. Data suggesting that teleoncology services are well accepted and liked by patients and health care professionals would provide a basis for expanding this method of delivering care. If effective, telemedicine tools could help patients with cancer in rural Texas, and throughout the United States, access the same quality of cancer care as their counterparts living in urban areas. METHODS: This pilot study will compare the effectiveness and reliability of remote oncologic clinical evaluations conducted via a telemedicine application with the traditional method of onsite evaluations in a private practice setting in rural East Texas. Patient and physician satisfaction with the clinical consultations and their perceptions of the telemedicine application will be assessed using a questionnaire administered at the conclusion of the clinical meetings. RESULTS: Initial results indicate high patient and physician satisfaction scores as well as high reliability and adequacy of the equipment and technology being used. CONCLUSION: Both patients and physicians are highly satisfied with the quality of teleoncology examinations and express openness to this method of delivering care.

Allergic rhinitis substantially impacts patient quality of life: findings from the Nasal Allergy Survey Assessing Limitations.

People with allergic rhinitis rate their overall health significantly lower than individuals without nasal allergies. Compared with the general population, more people with AR complain of difficulty getting to sleep, waking up during the night, lack of a good night's sleep, or a combination of these, as a result of their nasal symptoms. More than half of individuals with AR describe their symptoms as impacting daily life a lot or to a moderate degree. More adults with AR report that their health limits them from doing well at work compared with adults without nasal allergies, and their estimated productivity drops by an average of 20% on days when their nasal symptoms are at their worst.

The interindividual variation in femoral neck width is associated with the acquisition of predictable sets of morphological and tissue-quality traits and differential bone loss patterns.

A better understanding of femoral neck structure and age-related bone loss will benefit research aimed at reducing fracture risk. We used the natural variation in robustness (bone width relative to length) to analyze how adaptive processes covary traits in association with robustness, and whether the variation in robustness affects age-related bone loss patterns. Femoral necks from 49 female cadavers (29-93 years of age) were evaluated for morphological and tissue-level traits using radiography, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, micro-computed tomography, and ash-content analysis. Femoral neck robustness was normally distributed and varied widely with a coefficient of variation of 14.9%. Age-adjusted partial regression analysis revealed significant negative correlations (p < 0.05) between robustness and relative cortical area, cortical tissue-mineral density (Ct.TMD), and trabecular bone mineral density (Ma.BMD). Path analysis confirmed these results showing that a one standard deviation (SD) increase in robustness was associated with a 0.70 SD decrease in RCA, 0.47 SD decrease in Ct.TMD, and 0.43 SD decrease in Ma.BMD. Significantly different bone loss patterns were observed when comparing the most slender and most robust tertiles. Robust femora showed significant negative correlations with age for cortical area (R(2) = 0.29, p < 0.03), Ma.BMD (R(2) = 0.34, p < 0.01), and Ct.TMD (R(2) = 0.4, p < 0.003). However, slender femora did not show these age-related changes (R(2) < 0.09, p > 0.2). The results indicated that slender femora were constructed with a different set of traits compared to robust femora, and that the natural variation in robustness was a determinant of age-related bone loss patterns. Clinical diagnoses and treatments may benefit from a better understanding of these robustness-specific structural and aging patterns.

What are the primary clinical symptoms of rhinitis and what causes them?

The nose has a limited repertoire of responses regardless of the triggers. These responses primarily serve as a protective mechanism for the lower respiratory tract. Although the nasal reactions to pollens, particles, and pollution may have a beneficial effect for the lower airway, they create symptoms in some individuals that lead to significant morbidity. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis extend far beyond the nose, and the morbidity associated with rhinitis is significant. The nasal symptoms of rhinitis and their causes are the focus of this review.

Biomechanical effects of teriparatide in women with osteoporosis treated previously with alendronate and risedronate: results from quantitative computed tomography-based finite element analysis of the vertebral body.

Previous antiresorptive treatment may influence the anabolic response to teriparatide. The OPTAMISE (Open-label Study to Determine How Prior Therapy with Alendronate or Risedronate in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis Influences the Clinical Effectiveness of Teriparatide) study reported greater increases in biochemical markers of bone turnover and volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) when 12 months of teriparatide treatment was preceded by 2 years or more of risedronate versus alendronate treatment. The objective of this study was to use quantitative computed tomography (CT)-based nonlinear finite element modeling to evaluate how prior therapy with alendronate or risedronate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis influences the biomechanical effectiveness of teriparatide. Finite element models of the L1 vertebra were created from quantitative CT scans, acquired before and after 12 months of therapy with teriparatide, from 171 patients from the OPTAMISE study. These models were subjected to uniaxial compression. Total BMD-derived bone volume fraction (BV/TV(d), i.e., bone volume [BV]/total volume [TV]), estimated from quantitative CT-based volumetric BMD, vertebral stiffness, and failure load (strength) were calculated for each time measurement point. The results of this study demonstrated that 12 months of treatment with teriparatide following prior treatment with either risedronate or alendronate increased BMD-derived BV/TV(d), the predicted vertebral stiffness, and failure load. However, the effects of teriparatide were more pronounced in patients treated previously with risedronate, which is consistent with the findings of the OPTAMISE study. The mean (+/-standard error) increase in stiffness was greater in the prior risedronate group than the prior alendronate group (24.6+/-3.2% versus 14.4+/-2.8%, respectively; p=0.0073). Similarly, vertebral failure load increased by 27.2+/-3.5% in the prior risedronate group versus 15.3+/-3.1% in the prior alendronate group (p=0.0042). The mechanical variables increased in greater proportion than BV/TV(d), which increased by 6.9+/-0.9% versus 4.6+/-0.8% in the prior-risedronate and prior-alendronate groups, respectively (p=0.0290). Our finding indicated that while teriparatide can be used with success on patients who have previously undergone treatment with risedronate and alendronate, it demonstrated greater anabolic effect on biomechanical properties in prior-risedronate patients in the first year of teriparatide treatment.