Trauma-informed patient and public-engaged research: Development and evaluation of an online training programme.

INTRODUCTION: As patients, members of the public, and professional stakeholders engage in co-producing health-related research, an important issue to consider is trauma. Trauma is very common and associated with a wide range of physical and behavioural health conditions. Thus, it may benefit research partnerships to consider its impact on their stakeholders as well as its relevance to the health condition under study. The aims of this article are to describe the development and evaluation of a training programme that applied principles of trauma-informed care (TIC) to patient- and public-engaged research. METHODS: A research partnership focused on addressing trauma in primary care patients ('myPATH') explicitly incorporated TIC into its formation, governance document and collaborative processes, and developed and evaluated a free 3-credit continuing education online training. The training was presented by 11 partners (5 professionals, 6 patients) and included academic content and lived experiences. RESULTS: Training participants (N = 46) positively rated achievement of learning objectives and speakers' performance (ranging from 4.39 to 4.74 on a 5-point scale). The most salient themes from open-ended comments were that training was informative (n = 12) and that lived experiences shared by patient partners were impactful (n = 10). Suggestions were primarily technical or logistical. CONCLUSION: This preliminary evaluation indicates that it is possible to incorporate TIC principles into a research partnership's collaborative processes and training about these topics is well-received. Learning about trauma and TIC may benefit research partnerships that involve patients and public stakeholders studying a wide range of health conditions, potentially improving how stakeholders engage in co-producing research as well as producing research that addresses how trauma relates to their health condition under study. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The myPATH Partnership includes 22 individuals with professional and lived experiences related to trauma (https://www.usf.edu/cbcs/mhlp/centers/mypath/); nine partners were engaged due to personal experiences with trauma; other partners are community-based providers and researchers. All partners contributed ideas that led to trauma-informed research strategies and training. Eleven partners (5 professionals, 6 patients) presented the training, and 12 partners (8 professionals, 4 patients) contributed to this article and chose to be named as authors.

Women's Health Maintenance Efforts at a Student-Run Free Clinic in South Florida Exceeded National Trends During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a setback to health maintenance screenings worldwide. These delays have impacted minorities and those of low socioeconomic status in the same way that disparities in cancer screenings have historically trended. Here, we evaluated the performance of a student-run free clinic in maintaining women up-to-date with cancer screenings before, during, and after the pandemic in relation to national trends. We identified all women eligible for screening mammography and cervical cancer screenings between 2018 and 2022 at the clinic (N = 185). Adequate adherence to screening was defined according to the American Cancer Society (ACS) recommendations for breast mammography, and the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines for cervical cancer screenings. For cervical cancer screening, 166 female patients seen between 2018 and 2022 were eligible, and up-to-date proportions were as follows: 81.3% in 2018; 90.9% in 2019; 83.3% in 2020; 93.3% in 2021; 93.8% in 2022. For breast surveillance, 143 women were eligible for screening mammography, and up-to-date proportions were as follows: 66.7% in 2018; 62.5% in 2019; 91.7% in 2020; 73.1% in 2021; 84.1% in 2022. These proportions were higher than or near national averages.In conclusion, adherence remained steady during the pandemic and was not subject to the declines seen nationally. Our clinic represents an effective model for promoting women's health maintenance and tempering the disparities seen among women of low socioeconomic status.

Assessing Spanish Health Literacy and Cervical Cancer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in a Student-Run Free Clinic.

While the incidence of cervical cancer continues to decrease, there is a significant discrepancy in incidence rates and screening behaviors among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients in the USA. This project examines the relationship between Spanish health literacy and cervical cancer screening knowledge, attitudes, and practices among native Spanish-speaking patients at risk for cervical cancer at the USF BRIDGE Healthcare Clinic, a student-run free clinic in Tampa, FL. Spanish-speaking patients ≥21 years (n = 34) participated in a quality improvement project that included an assessment of Spanish health literacy and a written survey on cervical cancer knowledge. Chi-squared tests were performed to assess potential relationships between health literacy and cervical cancer knowledge, attitudes, health behaviors, and demographics. Seven participants (20.6%) scored between 0 and 14 on the SAHL-S, indicating inadequate health literacy. A significant difference in cervical cancer health knowledge was found between patients with adequate health literacy compared to patients with inadequate health literacy (p = 0.002). There is a potential association between low Spanish health literacy and subsequent poorer understanding of cervical cancer in BRIDGE patients. This implies that patients of low health literacy may have poorer comprehension of other aspects of their care beyond cervical cancer screening. Strategies are discussed to improve communication with BRIDGE patients of low Spanish health literacy that may be applicable to other patient populations.

A Pilot Study of Brief, Stepped Behavioral Activation for Primary Care Patients with Depressive Symptoms.

In a prior pilot study with primary care patients experiencing depressive symptoms, we observed positive outcomes for a behavioral activation protocol involving one visit and three calls. We aimed to pilot test a stepped version with flexible numbers of contacts. Fifteen primary care patients scoring 5-14 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 engaged in the three-tiered telephone-based intervention: (1) two calls (15-20 min each); (2) one 30-60 min encounter followed by two calls; and (3) one to six calls. Participants completed assessments at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and three months later. Participants improved from baseline to post-treatment and three months later for depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and disability. Most participants (9 of 15) engaged in the first tier only, averaging less than one hour of contact, and reported benefits and high satisfaction. This intervention showed preliminary evidence of feasibility, acceptability, satisfaction, and benefits, warranting further pilot testing with primary care personnel.

Preventative Cancer Screening Rates Among Uninsured Patients in Free Clinics: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Cancer Survivors and Non-cancer Survivors.

BACKGROUND: There is limited research on screening rates among uninsured cancer survivors. Uninsured cancer survivors are at higher risk of poorer health outcomes than the insured due to limited access to preventative screening for secondary cancers. This study examines the rates of surveillance and screening of uninsured cancer survivors and compares to uninsured patients without a cancer history seen in free clinics. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records and paper charts of patients from 10 free clinics between January 2016 and December 2018 in the Tampa Bay area. The prevalence of socioeconomic characteristics, cancer diagnoses, and screening practices were compared for cancer survivors and free clinic patients without a history of cancer. Study participants were determined to be eligible for cancer screenings based on the United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines. RESULTS: Out of 13 982 uninsured patients frequenting free clinics between 2016 and 2018, 402 (2.9%) had a documented history of cancer. Out of the 285 eligible cancer survivors, 44 (15.4%) had completed age-appropriate colon cancer screening. Among the 170 female cancer survivors, 75 (44.1%) had completed breast cancer screenings, and only 5.9% (59/246) had completed cervical cancer screenings. After adjusting for age, gender, race, salary, employment status, and household size, cancer survivors were more likely to undergo colorectal cancer screening (OR: 3.59, 95% CI: 2.10-6.15) and breast cancer screening (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.30-3.84) than patients without a cancer history. This difference was not seen for cervical cancer screening (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: .62-1.58). CONCLUSIONS: Uninsured cancer survivors frequenting free clinics represent a unique population that is underrepresented in the medical literature. Our results suggest that uninsured survivors use screening services at higher rates when compared to uninsured patients without a reported cancer diagnosis. However, these rates are suboptimal when compared to national screening rates of insured cancer survivors.

Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors and Screening Among the Uninsured of Tampa Bay: A Free Clinic Study.

INTRODUCTION: Uninsured patients with low socioeconomic status are at high risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC), and data on risk factors and prevalence of CRC in this population are limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk factors for CRC in uninsured patients from free clinics in the Tampa Bay area of Florida. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study among patients 50 years or older who were provided service at 9 free clinics in the Tampa Bay area between 2016 and 2018. Demographics, chronic disease characteristics, and screening data were collected via a query of paper and electronic medical records. RESULTS: Of the 13,982 patients seen, 5,139 (36.8%) were aged 50 years or older. Most were female (56.8%), non-Hispanic White (41.1%), and unemployed (54.9%). Patients with CRC screening were more likely to be employed compared with patients without CRC screening (54.4% vs 44.4%, P = .01). Within the cohort, 725 (22.7%) patients were active smokers, 771 (29.2%) patients currently consumed alcohol, and 23 patients (0.4%) had a history of inflammatory bowel disease. Patients had a median body mass index of 29.4 (interquartile range, 25.4-34.2) kg/m2, and 1,455 (28.3%) had diabetes. Documented CRC screening was found among 341 (6.6%) patients. CONCLUSION: Uninsured patients had a high prevalence of CRC risk factors but a low reported screening rate for CRC. Free clinics are uniquely positioned to provide patients at high risk for CRC with strategies to decrease their risk and to be screened for CRC.

Beliefs regarding geriatrics primary care topics among medical students and internal medicine residents.

This study evaluated beliefs regarding 25 content areas essential to the primary care of older adults and attitudes toward aging held by first-yearmedical students and Internal Medicine residents. A survey of 136 medical students and 61 Internal Medicine residents was conducted at an academic health-center. Beliefs were assessed by the 25-item Geriatrics Clinician-Educator Survey. Gap scores reflecting the difference in ratings between self-rated importance and knowledge were calculated. Attitudes toward aging was assessed by the Images of Aging Scale. Students and residents expressed similar beliefs about the importance of content areas, but students provided lower ratings in knowledge. Students reported larger gap scores in areas that reflected general primary care (e.g., chronic conditions, medications), whereas residents reported larger gap scores in areas that reflected specialists' expertise (e.g., driving risk, cognition, psychiatric symptoms). Attitudes toward aging did not differ appreciably between students and residents. Our findings suggest that primary care topics applicable for any age demographic were rated as most important by first-year medical students and Internal Medicine residents. Topics relevant to older populations--particularly those requiring specialists' knowledge of or requiring sensitive discussion with older adults-were rated as less important and were less well-mastered.

Prevent and Protect: A Vaccination Initiative for Uninsured Patients at a Student-Run Free Clinic.

Lower vaccination rates in uninsured adults may be related to prohibitive costs of and limited access to vaccines. To compare Tdap and pneumococcal vaccination rates of a student-run free clinic to national averages. A retrospective chart review of 236 adult patients from 05/2017 to 06/2019 was conducted. Vaccine eligibility was determined according to CDC guidelines at the time of the patient visit and according vaccination history by review of medical records. Percent up-to-date was determined by dividing the number of up-to-date individuals by the total number of patients eligible for the vaccine. BRIDGE Healthcare Clinic vaccination rates were near or surpassed national averages. The percent of up-to-date individuals was 63.1% for Tdap, 90% for pneumococcal vaccines in adults 65 or older, and 86.5% for pneumococcal vaccines in high-risk adults 18-64 years. This compares with 2017 national averages of 63.4%, 69%, and 24.5%, respectively (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Vaccination coverage among adults in the United States, National Health Interview Survey. Retrieved February 8, 2018 from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/coverage/adultvaxview/pubs-resources/NHIS-2017.html#pneumo , 2017). Of the 197 vaccines provided during the course of this study, 184 were provided by the BRIDGE Healthcare Clinic. In conclusion, with the appropriate funding and stewardship, student-run free clinics play a resourceful role in increasing access to preventative health care for uninsured patients.

Enhancing Adherence to Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines at a Student-Run Free Clinic.

Women who lack health insurance have much lower rates of cervical cancer screening and higher rates of cervical cancer than insured women. The current screening rate for insured patients is 86.9%, while the rate for uninsured women is 68.2%. Student-run free clinics may help increase the rates of cervical cancer screening in uninsured women. As screening rates in this setting are uncertain, this study was performed to determine rates of cervical cancer screening at a student-run free clinic, and therefore determine its effectiveness in increasing screening rates in uninsured women. A retrospective chart review was conducted among female patients ages 21-64 at a student-run free clinic to determine how many patients were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening per American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines. A total of 239 women were included in the retrospective chart review. At their most recent visit, 87.9% of clinic patients were up-to-date on cervical cancer screening. This screening rate is higher than both the reported uninsured (68.2%) and insured (86.9%) national screening rates in the United States. Although there are multiple barriers that prevent uninsured patients from undergoing cervical cancer screenings, screening rates at our student-run free clinic are higher than national screening rates. This higher screening rate can be attributed to a standardized screening system, access to resources including Pap tests provided by community partners, and the clinic's ability to longitudinally follow patients. However, there remain areas for improvement, such as reducing no-show rates and ensuring that staff screen for cervical cancer at each visit.

Addressing Breast Cancer Screening Disparities Among Uninsured and Insured Patients: A Student-Run Free Clinic Initiative.

Mammography rates among the uninsured are less than half of those among insured patients as reported by American Cancer Society (Breast cancer facts & figures 2017-2018, American Cancer Society, Inc., Atlanta, 2017). This may stem from high costs of and limited access to a usual place for health care, which may portend delayed breast cancer diagnoses and poorer outcomes among uninsured women. Student-run free clinics provide opportunities for uninsured patients to establish a medical home, thereby increasing access to preventative health care. The purpose of this study is to determine the rates of breast cancer screening at a student-run free clinic and compare them to national averages. A retrospective chart review was conducted using patients of BRIDGE Healthcare Clinic who were women ages 40-75 years between January 2012 and March 2018. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, date of mammogram, and screening results. A total of 194 women 40 years or older were included in the review. Overall, of the 157 women who were 45 years or older at their most recent visit, 75.5% were up-to-date according to guidelines set forth by the American Cancer Society. These values are well above the reported national rates in insured and uninsured women (21%, 53%, respectively) as reported by American Cancer Society (Breast cancer facts & figures 2017-2018, American Cancer Society, Inc., Atlanta, 2017). Of the patients who obtained screening mammograms, 84.5% utilized BRIDGE Healthcare Clinic's program. Volunteer providers are often the sole source of health care for a substantial portion of uninsured patients, who may have unmet preventative health needs. As such, the findings of this study suggest that student-run free clinics play an important role in increasing uninsured patients' access to mammograms. The breast cancer screening program described herein may serve as an example for implementation by other student-run free clinics.

Diabetes Group Visits at the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine.

IN BRIEF "Quality Improvement Success Stories" are published by the American Diabetes Association in collaboration with the American College of Physicians, Inc., and the National Diabetes Education Program. This series is intended to highlight best practices and strategies from programs and clinics that have successfully improved the quality of care for people with diabetes or related conditions. Each article in the series is reviewed and follows a standard format developed by the editors of Clinical Diabetes. The following article describes a successful project from the Division of General Internal Medicine at the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, to improve A1C, systolic blood pressure, and weight in patients with type 2 diabetes.

One-Visit Behavioral Intervention for Older Primary Care Patients with Mild to Moderate Depressive Symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: We pilot tested a one-visit behavioral intervention with telephone follow-up for older primary care patients with mild to moderate depressive symptoms. METHODS: A total of 16 English-speaking primary care patients aged 60 years and older who scored 5 to 14 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) engaged in the intervention visit. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks: activity goals, readiness to change (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment), PHQ-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, and satisfaction. RESULTS: The 14 participants who completed the study met or exceeded 73% of activity goals on average. They also improved on all outcomes (P < 0.05) with medium (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment, GAD-7) to large effect sizes (PHQ-9, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0), and they were satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study provided preliminary evidence that a one-visit behavioral activation intervention is acceptable and feasible and improves outcomes. If findings are confirmed, then this intervention could be integrated into existing collaborative care programs.

Altruism in terminal cancer patients and rapid tissue donation program: does the theory apply?

Rapid tissue donation (RTD) is an advancing oncology research procedure for collecting tumors, metastases, and unaffected tissue 2-6 h after death. Researchers can better determine rates of progression, response to treatment, and polymorphic differences among patients. Cancer patients may inquire about posthumous body donation for research to offer a personal contribution to research; however, there are barriers to recruiting for an RTD program. Physicians must reassure the patient that their treatment options and quality of care will not be compromised due to participating in RTD. In this commentary we discuss how theories of altruism may explain cancer patients' desire to participate in an RTD program, the ethical concerns of health care professionals and patients and the use of altruism as a recruitment strategy. We offer recommendations for examining the cultural and ethical climate of the institution prior to initiating such a program such as examining the relationship of healthcare professionals and patients, identifying ethical concerns, and examining ways to promote acceptance and buy-in across professionals, patients, and families.

A Case of Panic Attacks Developing After 10 Years of Chronic Cannabis Use in a Patient With No Prior Psychiatric History.

Cannabis use for medical and recreational purposes is increasing. Inhibitory activity of cannabinoids (CB) at the CB1 and CB2 receptors centrally and peripherally mediate the therapeutic effects that are wielded for palliation of pain, anxiety, inflammation, and nausea in indicated conditions. Cannabis dependence is also associated with anxiety; however, the direction of causality is unknown, such as whether anxiety disorders lead to cannabis use, or whether cannabis contributes to the development of anxiety disorder. The evidence hints that both may have validity. Here we present a case of cannabis-associated panic attacks following 10 years of chronic cannabis dependence in an individual with no prior psychiatric history. The patient is a 32-year-old male with no significant past medical history who presented complaining of five-minute episodes of palpitations, dyspnea, upper extremity paresthesia, subjective tachycardia, and cold diaphoresis occurring in a variety of circumstances for the past two years. His social history was significant for 10 years of smoking marijuana multiple times daily, which he had quit over two years ago. The patient denied past psychiatric history or known anxiety problems. Symptoms were unrelated to activity and only relieved with deep breathing. The episodes were not associated with chest pain, syncope, headache, or emotional triggers. The patient had no family history of cardiac disease or sudden death. The episodes were refractory to the elimination of caffeine, alcohol, or other sugary beverages. The patient had already stopped smoking marijuana when the episodes began. Due to the unpredictable nature of the episodes, the patient reported a growing fear of being in public. On laboratory workup, metabolic and blood panels were within normal limits, as well as thyroid studies. Electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm, and continuous cardiac monitoring revealed no arrhythmias or abnormalities despite the patient indicating multiple triggered events within the duration of monitoring. Echocardiography also showed no abnormalities. With organic cardiac causes of the subjective palpitation episodes ruled out, a psychogenic etiology of the episodes was presumed, and the patient was referred to behavioral health services. In conclusion, cannabis-induced anxiety or panic disorders should be considered in patients with no prior psychiatric history presenting with anxiety-like attacks following a period of cannabis dependence or current use. These patients should be advised to cease cannabis use and referred to behavioral medicine.

Assessing Adherence to Statin Prescription Guidelines at a Student-Run Free Clinic: A Retrospective Review.

OBJECTIVE:  The goals of this quality improvement project are to assess the BRIDGE Student-Run Free Clinic's adherence to the 2019 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and to compare our rate of statin prescription to the national average and to uninsured groups. METHODS: A quality improvement project of 205 patients qualified by initial inclusion criteria at a student-run free healthcare clinic. Socio-demographic information, clinical measures associated with cardiovascular risk, and documentation regarding statin prescription at the follow-up visit after a patient's first lipid panel were abstracted from medical records. Descriptive statistics were calculated on the sample (proportions, means), and the proportion of patients eligible for statin treatment was determined. RESULTS: Of 58 patients eligible by guidelines to receive statins, 29 received a statin (50%) at their follow-up visit. Patients with clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) were more likely to receive statin therapy (83.3%) compared to other groups. Patients who were prescribed a statin were older, had higher total cholesterol, higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL), higher systolic blood pressure, and had higher ASCVD risk. Patients receiving statins were also more likely to be male or have a history of either hypertension, diabetes, or clinical ASCVD. CONCLUSION: Patients with established ASCVD had high rates of statin prescription. Following the first lipid panel, clinicians prescribed statins to approximately 50% of eligible patients. Although this proportion is below the national average for insured patients, it is higher than the national average for uninsured patients and represents a relatively high proportion of eligible patients within the examined time frame.

Responding to COVID-19: Implementing a Telemedicine Program at a Student-Run Free Clinic.

Introduction: Telemedicine has enabled access to care during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes the creation and implementation of a telemedicine clinic in a student-run free clinic (SRFC) serving uninsured patients in Tampa, FL. Methods: A new workflow was developed for a telemedicine clinic, including a screening algorithm to determine appropriateness for telemedicine appointments. Volunteer students and providers conducted patient remote visits that allowed students to have service-learning experiences. Analysis of patient visits between March 31, 2020, and July 23, 2020, was conducted. Study protocol was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board and an exemption was obtained. Results: Eighty-four visits were conducted for 58 unique patients. Seventy-two percent were female and 88% were of Hispanic or Latino origin. Forty-four students and 33 physicians volunteered. The majority of visits were general follow-ups (83%) followed by psychiatry (11%) and cardiology (6%). Conclusion: Telemedicine is a viable method of providing care for an at-risk uninsured population at an SRFC. It can also enhance service learning for medical student volunteers.

Prevalence and management of diabetes among the uninsured: A multicenter study in Tampa Bay, FL.

AIMS: This study describes the prevalence and management of uninsured patients with diabetes in free clinics around the Tampa Bay area. METHODS: A retrospective chart review collected data from uninsured patients who visited nine free clinics from January 2016 to December 2017. The data included sociodemographics, chronic disease diagnoses and treatments, and social history. Statistical analysis including chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to describe patients with diabetes. RESULTS: With a prevalence of 19.41% among 6815 uninsured patients and a mean HbA1c of 7.9% (63 mmol/mol), patients with diabetes were more likely to be White, women, obese, unemployed, and have hypertension and depression compared to patients without diabetes. There were no significant differences in sociodemographic variables between those with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes. Among the variables studied by logistic regression, unemployment was found to be a significant predictor of poor glycemic control among men. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is a challenging chronic disease among the uninsured of Tampa Bay due to its prevalence and suboptimal glycemic control. Obesity and unemployment represent significant challenges that increase the burden of diabetes among the uninsured. Free clinics may benefit from additional resources and intervention programs, with future research assessing their effects on care outcomes.

Association Between the Use of Thiazide Diuretics and the Risk of Skin Cancers: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

BACKGROUND: Thiazide diuretics are among the most widely prescribed antihypertensive agents. Given their photosensitizing effects, however, there are concerns that they may increase the risk of skin cancers. In this meta-analysis, we investigated an association between the use of thiazide diuretics and the risk of skin cancers. METHODS: We identified studies by searching three electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library) from their inception to October 30, 2017. Nine relevant observational studies (seven case-control and two cohort studies) were included in this study. Since included studies were unlikely to be functionally equal, pooled estimates were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: The use of thiazide diuretics was associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23 - 2.80) and marginally increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (aOR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02 - 1.38) and malignant melanoma (aOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01 - 1.29). In the subgroup analysis, hydrochlorothiazide or hydrochlorothiazide combination medications were significantly associated with squamous cell carcinoma without significant heterogeneity among studies (aOR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.79 - 2.33; Higgin's I2 value = 0.0 %; Q-statistics = 2.7, P value = 0.445). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that the use of thiazide diuretics may be associated with an increased risk of skin cancers. This association was most prominent between the use of hydrochlorothiazide or hydrochlorothiazide combination medications and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Medical Faculty Beliefs: Self-Rated Importance and Confidence in Teaching Geriatrics Primary Care.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and contrast 25 content areas essential to the primary care of older adults by medical faculty, thus identifying faculty beliefs and areas of possible improvement. DESIGN: Using measures from the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set, the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, and Healthy People 2020, nine practicing clinical faculty identified 25 content areas essential to the primary care of older adults. SETTING: A large academic health center in southeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-two university medical faculty. MEASUREMENTS: Faculty rated importance, knowledge, and confidence in teaching the 25 content areas on a scale from 1 (low) to 10 (high). Gap scores reflecting the difference in ratings for importance and confidence in teaching were calculated and assessed. The survey had high internal consistency within each of the three domains-Cronbach's α > .94. RESULTS: The most important content areas were being able to explain details about patient's condition and taking medication clearly, followed by taking age-appropriate history. The three largest gaps were: "evaluating sensory impairment," "identifying and counseling at-risk drivers," and "evaluating cognition." The three smallest gaps were: "explaining prescribed medications," "explaining health conditions in easy-to-understand language," and "taking an age-appropriate patient history and performing a physical assessment." CONCLUSION: Medical faculty were comfortable with topics reflecting primary care expertise but expressed less confidence with more specialized topics, such as sensory or cognitive impairment and driving. This may represent key areas for geriatrics training applicable to all those involved in education and training of future healthcare professionals. Integration of specialists (eg, neurologists, psychiatrists) may improve the geriatrics curricula. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:576-580, 2019.