Non-ionizing radiation as possible carcinogen.

The advent of wireless technologies has revolutionized the way we communicate. The steady upsurge in the use of mobile phone all over the world in the last two decades, while triggered economic growth, has caused substantial damage to the environment, both directly and indirectly. The electromagnetic radiation generated from mobile phones, radio-based stations, and phone towers, high-voltage power lines have been reported which leads to the variety of health scares such as the risk of cancer in human beings and adverse effects in animals, birds, etc. Though the usage of such radiation emitting from mobile phones has risen steeply, there is a lack of proper knowledge about the associated risks. The review provides the latest research evidence based both on in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and possible gaps in our knowledge. Moreover, the present review also summarizes available literature in this subject, reports and studies which will help to form guidelines for its exposure limits to the public.Abbreviations: Continuous Wave: CW; Code Division Multiple Access: CDMA; Global System for Mobile Communications: GSM; Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell: PBMC; Radiofrequency: RF; Radiofrequency radiation: RFR; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System: UMTS; Wideband Code Division Multiple Access: WCDMA; Specific Absorption Rate: SAR; National Toxicology Program: NTP; amplitude-modulated or amplitude-modulation: AM; Electromagnetic frequencies: EMF; confidence interval: CI; Gigahertz: GHz; odds ratio: OR; incidence ratio: IR; reactive oxygen species: ROS; specific absorption rate: SAR; International Agency of Research on Cancer: IARC; single-strand breaks: SSB; double-strand breaks: DSB (7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene): DMBA; Hour: h; international commission on non-ionizing radiation protection: ICNIRP; extremely low frequency: ELFl; microtesla: mT; Gigahertz: GHz; hertz: Hz; decibel: dB; kilometer: Km; Watt per square meter: W/m2; Hour: h; positron emission tomography: PET.

Colon targeted chitosan-melatonin nanotherapy for preclinical Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory Bowel (IBD) is an umbrella term which includes Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). At present, therapies available for management of the UC includes, corticosteroid, immuno-suppressants and antibiotics are used for mild to moderate UC conditions which can cause nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Hence, a novel therapeutic candidate having potent anti-inflammatory effect is urgently warranted for the management of UC. Melatonin has emerged as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. However, poor solubility limits its therapeutic potential. Therefore, colon targeted Eudragit-S-100 coated chitosan nanoparticles have been demonstrated to improve melatonin therapeutic efficacy. It was found that melatonin loaded chitosan and colon targeted chitosan nanoparticles had promising anti-inflammatory efficacy in terms of NO scavenging activity in an in-vitro LPS challenged macrophages. Also, colon targeted oral chitosan nano-formulation exhibited remarkable protection in an in vivo UC mice model by improving gross pathological parameters, histo-architectural protection, goblet cell depletion, and immune cells infiltration which can be extrapolated to clinical studies.