RESUMEN
The genus Orthobunyavirus is a diverse group of viruses in the family Peribunyaviridae, recently classified into 20 serogroups, and 103 virus species. Although most viruses within these serogroups are phylogenetically distinct, the absence of complete genome sequences has left several viruses incompletely characterized. Here we report the complete genome sequences for 11 orthobunyaviruses isolated from Trinidad, French Guiana, Guatemala, and Panama that were serologically classified into six serogroups and 10 species. Phylogenetic analyses of these 11 newly derived sequences indicate that viruses belonging to the Patois, Capim, Guama, and Group C serocomplexes all have a close genetic origin. We show that three of the 11 orthobunyaviruses characterized (belonging to the Group C and Bunyamwera serogroups) have evidence of histories of natural reassortment through the M genome segment. Our data also suggests that two distinct lineages of Group C viruses concurrently circulate in Trinidad and are transmitted by the same mosquito vectors. This study also highlights the importance of complementing serological identification with nucleotide sequencing when characterizing orthobunyaviruses.
Asunto(s)
Orthobunyavirus , Animales , Filogenia , Serogrupo , Trinidad y Tobago , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Genoma ViralRESUMEN
Negeviruses are a group of insect-specific viruses (ISVs) that have been found in many arthropods. Their presence in important vector species led us to examine their interactions with arboviruses during coinfections. Wild-type negeviruses reduced the replication of several alphaviruses during coinfections in mosquito cells. Negev virus (NEGV) isolates were also used to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and anti-chikungunya virus (CHIKV) antibody fragments during coinfections with CHIKV. NEGV expressing anti-CHIKV antibody fragments was able to further reduce replication of CHIKV during coinfections, while reductions of CHIKV with NEGV expressing GFP were similar to titers with wild-type NEGV alone. These results are the first to show that negeviruses induce superinfection exclusion of arboviruses and to demonstrate a novel approach to deliver antiviral antibody fragments with paratransgenic ISVs. The ability to inhibit arbovirus replication and express exogenous proteins in mosquito cells makes negeviruses a promising platform for control of arthropod-borne pathogens. IMPORTANCE Negeviruses are a group of insect-specific viruses (ISVs), viruses known to infect only insects. They have been discovered over a wide geographical and species range. Their ability to infect mosquito species that transmit dangerous arboviruses makes negeviruses a candidate for a pathogen control platform. Coinfections of mosquito cells with a negevirus and an alphavirus demonstrated that negeviruses can inhibit the replication of alphaviruses. Additionally, modifying Negev virus (NEGV) to express a fragment of an anti-CHIKV antibody further reduced the replication of CHIKV in coinfected cells. This is the first evidence to demonstrate that negeviruses can inhibit the replication of important arboviruses in mosquito cells. The ability of a modified NEGV to drive the expression of antiviral proteins also highlights a method for negeviruses to target specific pathogens and limit the incidence of vector-borne diseases.
Asunto(s)
Alphavirus/fisiología , Virus de Insectos/fisiología , Replicación Viral , Aedes/virología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Virus Chikungunya/fisiología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Culex/virología , Virus O'nyong-nyong/fisiología , Virus de los Bosques Semliki/fisiología , Células VeroRESUMEN
The complete coding sequences of five divergent strains of Changuinola virus (CGLV), collected over a 16-year period in Panama, were determined, using viral metagenomics. Each strain had 10 RNA segments that encoded structural and non-structural proteins with amino acid identities ranging from 33 to 99% with sequences of other 15 members of the Changuinola virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) species group. Genetic analyses of the five Panamanian virus strains revealed probable reassortment among multiple segments of the viruses.
Asunto(s)
Genoma Viral/genética , Genómica , Orbivirus/genética , Proteínas Virales/genética , Animales , Orbivirus/aislamiento & purificación , Panamá , Filogenia , ARN Viral/genética , ARN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Triniti virus (TNTV) has been isolated in Trinidad and Tobago and in Brazil. To date little is known about this virus, which is classified as an ungrouped virus within the family Togaviridae. Here, three isolates of TNTV were characterized both genetically and antigenically. The genome was shown to contain three RNA segments: small (S), medium (M) and large (L). Genome organization, protein sizes and protein motifs were similar to those of viruses in the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae. Antigenic reactivity revealed the three TNTV isolates to be closely related, but no serologic cross-reaction with other orthobunyaviruses. Morphological observation by transmission electron microscopy indicated that virus size and symmetry were compatible with those of viruses in the family Peribunyaviridae. Our serological, morphological and molecular results support the taxonomic reclassification of TNTV as a member of the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Orthobunyavirus/clasificación , Orthobunyavirus/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Viral/genética , Orden Génico , Genoma Viral , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Orthobunyavirus/genética , Orthobunyavirus/inmunología , Serotipificación , Proteínas Virales/análisis , Virión/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Host migration and emerging pathogens are strongly associated, especially with regard to zoonotic diseases. West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquitoborne pathogen capable of causing severe, sometimes fatal, neuroinvasive disease in humans, is maintained in highly mobile avian hosts. Using phylogeographic approaches, we investigated the relationship between WNV circulation in the United States and the flight paths of terrestrial birds. We demonstrated southward migration of WNV in the eastern flyway and northward migration in the central flyway, which is consistent with the looped flight paths of many terrestrial birds. We also identified 3 optimal locations for targeted WNV surveillance campaigns in the United States-Illinois, New York, and Texas. These results illustrate the value of multidisciplinary approaches to surveillance of infectious diseases, especially zoonotic diseases.
Asunto(s)
Migración Animal , Aves/virología , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/epidemiología , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/virología , Virus del Nilo Occidental/genética , Animales , Teorema de Bayes , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Filogenia , Filogeografía , ARN Viral , Estados Unidos , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/transmisión , Virus del Nilo Occidental/clasificaciónRESUMEN
The Bunyaviridae family is made up of a diverse range of viruses, some of which cause disease and are a cause for concern in human and veterinary health. Here, we report the genomic and antigenic characterization of five previously uncharacterized bunyaviruses. Based on their ultrastructure, antigenic relationships and phylogenomic relationships, the five viruses are classified as members of the Orthobunyavirus genus. Three are viruses in the California encephalitis virus serogroup and are related to Trivittatus virus; the two others are most similar to the Mermet virus in the Simbu serogroup, and to the Tataguine virus, which is not currently assigned to a serogroup. Each of these five viruses was pathogenic to newborn mice, indicating their potential to cause illness in humans and other animals.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves/virología , Infecciones por Bunyaviridae/veterinaria , Bunyaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , África , Américas , Animales , Bunyaviridae/clasificación , Bunyaviridae/genética , Bunyaviridae/ultraestructura , Infecciones por Bunyaviridae/virología , Ratones , Passeriformes/virología , FilogeniaRESUMEN
RNA viruses exhibit substantial structural, ecological and genomic diversity. However, genome size in RNA viruses is likely limited by a high mutation rate, resulting in the evolution of various mechanisms to increase complexity while minimising genome expansion. Here we conduct a large-scale analysis of the genome sequences of 99 animal rhabdoviruses, including 45 genomes which we determined de novo, to identify patterns of genome expansion and the evolution of genome complexity. All but seven of the rhabdoviruses clustered into 17 well-supported monophyletic groups, of which eight corresponded to established genera, seven were assigned as new genera, and two were taxonomically ambiguous. We show that the acquisition and loss of new genes appears to have been a central theme of rhabdovirus evolution, and has been associated with the appearance of alternative, overlapping and consecutive ORFs within the major structural protein genes, and the insertion and loss of additional ORFs in each gene junction in a clade-specific manner. Changes in the lengths of gene junctions accounted for as much as 48.5% of the variation in genome size from the smallest to the largest genome, and the frequency with which new ORFs were observed increased in the 3' to 5' direction along the genome. We also identify several new families of accessory genes encoded in these regions, and show that non-canonical expression strategies involving TURBS-like termination-reinitiation, ribosomal frame-shifts and leaky ribosomal scanning appear to be common. We conclude that rhabdoviruses have an unusual capacity for genomic plasticity that may be linked to their discontinuous transcription strategy from the negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome, and propose a model that accounts for the regular occurrence of genome expansion and contraction throughout the evolution of the Rhabdoviridae.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Molecular , Genoma Viral/fisiología , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta/fisiología , ARN Viral/genética , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Datos de Secuencia MolecularRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: A total of 2,691 mosquitoes representing 17 species was collected from eight locations in southwest Cameroon and screened for pathogenic viruses. Ten isolates of a novel reovirus (genus Dinovernavirus) were detected by culturing mosquito pools on Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cell cultures. A virus that caused overt cytopathic effects was isolated, but it did not infect vertebrate cells or produce detectable disease in infant mice after intracerebral inoculation. The virus, tentatively designated Fako virus (FAKV), represents the first 9-segment, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus to be isolated in nature. FAKV appears to have a broad mosquito host range, and its detection in male specimens suggests mosquito-to-mosquito transmission in nature. The structure of the T=1 FAKV virion, determined to subnanometer resolution by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), showed only four proteins per icosahedral asymmetric unit: a dimer of the major capsid protein, one turret protein, and one clamp protein. While all other turreted reoviruses of known structures have at least two copies of the clamp protein per asymmetric unit, FAKV's clamp protein bound at only one conformer of the major capsid protein. The FAKV capsid architecture and genome organization represent the most simplified reovirus described to date, and phylogenetic analysis suggests that it arose from a more complex ancestor by serial loss-of-function events. IMPORTANCE: We describe the detection, genetic, phenotypic, and structural characteristics of a novel Dinovernavirus species isolated from mosquitoes collected in Cameroon. The virus, tentatively designated Fako virus (FAKV), is related to both single-shelled and partially double-shelled viruses. The only other described virus in this genus was isolated from cultured mosquito cells. It was previously unclear whether the phenotypic characteristics of that virus were reflective of this genus in nature or were altered during serial passaging in the chronically infected cell line. FAKV is a naturally occurring single-shelled reovirus with a unique virion architecture that lacks several key structural elements thought to stabilize a single-shelled reovirus virion, suggesting what may be the minimal number of proteins needed to form a viable reovirus particle. FAKV evolved from more complex ancestors by losing a genome segment and several virion proteins.
Asunto(s)
Culicidae/virología , Genoma Viral , Reoviridae/genética , Reoviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Camerún , Línea Celular , Análisis por Conglomerados , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Efecto Citopatogénico Viral , Evolución Molecular , Especificidad del Huésped , Sustancias Macromoleculares/ultraestructura , Masculino , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , ARN Viral/genética , Reoviridae/fisiología , Reoviridae/ultraestructura , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/ultraestructura , Virión/ultraestructura , Cultivo de VirusRESUMEN
Punta Toro virus (PTV), a member of the PTV complex, is a relatively common causative agent of febrile illness in Panama that is often misdiagnosed as 'dengue' or 'influenza'. Currently, only two named members make up this species complex, PTV and Buenaventura virus (BUEV). Genomic and antigenic characterization of 17 members of the PTV complex, nine of which were isolated from human acute febrile illness cases, reveals that this species complex is composed of six distant viruses. We propose to add four additional new viruses, designated Leticia virus, Cocle virus, Campana virus and Capira virus.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Bunyaviridae/virología , Fiebre/virología , Phlebovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Infecciones por Bunyaviridae/inmunología , Reacciones Cruzadas , Fiebre/inmunología , Humanos , Insectos Vectores/virología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Panamá , Phlebovirus/clasificación , Phlebovirus/genética , Phlebovirus/inmunología , Filogenia , Psychodidae/virologíaRESUMEN
Most alphaviruses and many other arboviruses are mosquito-borne and exhibit a broad host range, infecting many different vertebrates including birds, rodents, equids, humans, and nonhuman primates. Consequently, they can be propagated in most vertebrate and insect cell cultures. This ability of arboviruses to infect arthropods and vertebrates is usually essential for their maintenance in nature. However, several flaviviruses have recently been described that infect mosquitoes but not vertebrates, although the mechanism of their host restriction has not been determined. Here we describe a unique alphavirus, Eilat virus (EILV), isolated from a pool of Anopheles coustani mosquitoes from the Negev desert of Israel. Phylogenetic analyses placed EILV as a sister to the Western equine encephalitis antigenic complex within the main clade of mosquito-borne alphaviruses. Electron microscopy revealed that, like other alphaviruses, EILV virions were spherical, 70 nm in diameter, and budded from the plasma membrane of mosquito cells in culture. EILV readily infected a variety of insect cells with little overt cytopathic effect. However, in contrast to typical mosquito-borne alphaviruses, EILV could not infect mammalian or avian cell lines, and viral as well as RNA replication could not be detected at 37 °C or 28 °C. Evolutionarily, these findings suggest that EILV lost its ability to infect vertebrate cells. Thus, EILV seems to be mosquito-specific and represents a previously undescribed complex within the genus Alphavirus. Reverse genetic studies of EILV may facilitate the discovery of determinants of alphavirus host range that mediate disease emergence.
Asunto(s)
Alphavirus/genética , Alphavirus/fisiología , Anopheles/virología , Evolución Biológica , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/fisiología , Filogenia , Replicación Viral/fisiología , Alphavirus/ultraestructura , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Teorema de Bayes , Clonación Molecular , Análisis por Conglomerados , Electroforesis en Gel de Agar , Israel , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Modelos Genéticos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , ARN Viral/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Genomic and antigenic characterization of members of the Sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV) complex reveals the presence of five clades that differ in their geographical distribution. Saint Floris and Gordil viruses, both found in Africa, form one clade; Punique, Granada and Massilia viruses, all isolated in the western Mediterranean, constitute a second; Toscana virus, a third; SFNV isolates from Italy, Cyprus, Egypt and India form a fourth; while Tehran virus and a Serbian isolate Yu 8/76, represent a fifth. Interestingly, this last clade appears not to express the second non-structural protein ORF. Karimabad virus, previously classified as a member of the SFNV complex, and Gabek Forest virus are distinct and form a new species complex (named Karimabad) in the Phlebovirus genus. In contrast with the high reassortment frequency observed in some South American phleboviruses, the only virus of the SFNV complex with evidence of reassortment was Granada virus.
Asunto(s)
Fiebre por Flebótomos/virología , Phlebovirus/clasificación , Phlebovirus/genética , Filogeografía , ARN Viral/genética , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Phlebovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Virus Reordenados/clasificación , Virus Reordenados/genética , Recombinación Genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Pools of mosquitoes were tested for insect-specific viruses using cytopathic effect (CPE) assays on Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. Illumina sequencing of RNA from pool TR7094, which produced extensive CPE 2 days post-infection, yielded the complete genome sequences of a previously unknown Bunyavirus, designated Cumuto virus (CUMV), and a second virus designated Wallerfield virus (WALV). WALV shared highest amino acid identity (60.1 %) with Dezidougou virus from Côte d'Ivoire, a positive-sense, single-strand RNA, insect-specific virus belonging to the newly proposed genus Negevirus associated with mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies. The S, M and L segments of CUMV were most closely related to those of Gouleako virus, also from Côte d'Ivoire (amino acid identities of 36 %, 38% and 54 % respectively). Neither virus produced CPE on vertebrate cells, or illness in newborn mice. Isolation and characterization of these viruses increase our knowledge of the geographical distribution, diversity and host range of mosquito-specific bunyaviruses and negeviruses.
Asunto(s)
Bunyaviridae/clasificación , Bunyaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Culex/virología , Animales , Bunyaviridae/genética , Línea Celular , Efecto Citopatogénico Viral , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , ARN Viral/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
A thorough characterization of the genetic diversity of viruses present in vector and vertebrate host populations is essential for the early detection of and response to emerging pathogenic viruses, yet genetic characterization of many important viral groups remains incomplete. The Simbu serogroup of the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae, is an example. The Simbu serogroup currently consists of a highly diverse group of related arboviruses that infect both humans and economically important livestock species. Here, we report complete genome sequences for 11 viruses within this group, with a focus on the large and poorly characterized Manzanilla and Oropouche species complexes. Phylogenetic and pairwise divergence analyses indicated the presence of high levels of genetic diversity within these two species complexes, on a par with that seen among the five other species complexes in the Simbu serogroup. Based on previously reported divergence thresholds between species, the data suggested that these two complexes should actually be divided into at least five species. Together these five species formed a distinct phylogenetic clade apart from the rest of the Simbu serogroup. Pairwise sequence divergences among viruses of this clade and viruses in other Simbu serogroup species complexes were similar to levels of divergence among the other orthobunyavirus serogroups. The genetic data also suggested relatively high levels of natural reassortment, with three potential reassortment events present, including two well-supported events involving viruses known to infect humans.
Asunto(s)
Genoma Viral , Orthobunyavirus/clasificación , Orthobunyavirus/genética , Filogenia , ARN Viral/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Análisis por Conglomerados , Variación Genética , Datos de Secuencia MolecularRESUMEN
Arboretum virus (ABTV) and Puerto Almendras virus (PTAMV) are two mosquito-associated rhabdoviruses isolated from pools of Psorophora albigenu and Ochlerotattus fulvus mosquitoes, respectively, collected in the Department of Loreto, Peru, in 2009. Initial tests suggested that both viruses were novel rhabdoviruses and this was confirmed by complete genome sequencing. Analysis of their 11â482 nt (ABTV) and 11â876 (PTAMV) genomes indicates that they encode the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with an additional gene (U1) encoding a small hydrophobic protein. Evolutionary analysis of the L protein indicates that ABTV and PTAMV are novel and phylogenetically distinct rhabdoviruses that cannot be classified as members of any of the eight currently recognized genera within the family Rhabdoviridae, highlighting the vast diversity of this virus family.
Asunto(s)
Culicidae/virología , Genoma Viral , ARN Viral/genética , Rhabdoviridae/clasificación , Rhabdoviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , Femenino , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Perú , Filogenia , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Homología de Secuencia , Proteínas Virales/genética , Virión/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Evolutionary insights into the phleboviruses are limited because of an imprecise classification scheme based on partial nucleotide sequences and scattered antigenic relationships. In this report, the serologic and phylogenetic relationships of the Uukuniemi group viruses and their relationships with other recently characterized tick-borne phleboviruses are described using full-length genome sequences. We propose that the viruses currently included in the Uukuniemi virus group be assigned to five different species as follows: Uukuniemi virus, EgAn 1825-61 virus, Fin V707 virus, Chizé virus, and Zaliv Terpenia virus would be classified into the Uukuniemi species; Murre virus, RML-105-105355 virus, and Sunday Canyon virus would be classified into a Murre virus species; and Grand Arbaud virus, Precarious Point virus, and Manawa virus would each be given individual species status. Although limited sequence similarity was detected between current members of the Uukuniemi group and Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Heartland virus, a clear serological reaction was observed between some of them, indicating that SFTSV and Heartland virus should be considered part of the Uukuniemi virus group. Moreover, based on the genomic diversity of the phleboviruses and given the low correlation observed between complement fixation titers and genetic distance, we propose a system for classification of the Bunyaviridae based on genetic as well as serological data. Finally, the recent descriptions of SFTSV and Heartland virus also indicate that the public health importance of the Uukuniemi group viruses must be reevaluated.
Asunto(s)
Virus Uukuniemi/clasificación , Genoma Viral , Genotipo , ARN Viral/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Serotipificación , Virus Uukuniemi/genética , Virus Uukuniemi/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Six novel insect-specific viruses, isolated from mosquitoes and phlebotomine sand flies collected in Brazil, Peru, the United States, Ivory Coast, Israel, and Indonesia, are described. Their genomes consist of single-stranded, positive-sense RNAs with poly(A) tails. By electron microscopy, the virions appear as spherical particles with diameters of â¼45 to 55 nm. Based on their genome organization and phylogenetic relationship, the six viruses, designated Negev, Ngewotan, Piura, Loreto, Dezidougou, and Santana, appear to form a new taxon, tentatively designated Negevirus. Their closest but still distant relatives are citrus leposis virus C (CiLV-C) and viruses in the genus Cilevirus, which are mite-transmitted plant viruses. The negeviruses replicate rapidly and to high titer (up to 10(10) PFU/ml) in mosquito cells, producing extensive cytopathic effect and plaques, but they do not appear to replicate in mammalian cells or mice. A discussion follows on their possible biological significance and effect on mosquito vector competence for arboviruses.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/virología , Culex/virología , Virus de Insectos/clasificación , Phlebotomus/virología , Virus ARN/clasificación , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Línea Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops/virología , Cricetinae , Drosophila melanogaster/virología , Virus de Insectos/genética , Virus de Insectos/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Virus ARN/genética , Virus ARN/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Viral , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Células Vero , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The family Mesoniviridae (order Nidovirales) comprises of a group of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA ([+]ssRNA) viruses isolated from mosquitoes. FINDINGS: Thirteen novel insect-specific virus isolates were obtained from mosquitoes collected in Indonesia, Thailand and the USA. By electron microscopy, the virions appeared as spherical particles with a diameter of ~50 nm. Their 20,129 nt to 20,777 nt genomes consist of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA with a poly-A tail. Four isolates from Houston, Texas, and one isolate from Java, Indonesia, were identified as variants of the species Alphamesonivirus-1 which also includes Nam Dinh virus (NDiV) from Vietnam and Cavally virus (CavV) from Côte d'Ivoire. The eight other isolates were identified as variants of three new mesoniviruses, based on genome organization and pairwise evolutionary distances: Karang Sari virus (KSaV) from Java, Bontag Baru virus (BBaV) from Java and Kalimantan, and Kamphaeng Phet virus (KPhV) from Thailand. In comparison with NDiV, the three new mesoniviruses each contained a long insertion (180 - 588 nt) of unknown function in the 5' region of ORF1a, which accounted for much of the difference in genome size. The insertions contained various short imperfect repeats and may have arisen by recombination or sequence duplication. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, based on their genome organizations and phylogenetic relationships, thirteen new viruses were identified as members of the family Mesoniviridae, order Nidovirales. Species demarcation criteria employed previously for mesoniviruses would place five of these isolates in the same species as NDiV and CavV (Alphamesonivirus-1) and the other eight isolates would represent three new mesonivirus species (Alphamesonivirus-5, Alphamesonivirus-6 and Alphamesonivirus-7). The observed spatiotemporal distribution over widespread geographic regions and broad species host range in mosquitoes suggests that mesoniviruses may be common in mosquito populations worldwide.
Asunto(s)
Culicidae/virología , Especificidad del Huésped , Nidovirales/aislamiento & purificación , Nidovirales/fisiología , Filogeografía , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Orden Génico , Indonesia , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Nidovirales/genética , Nidovirales/ultraestructura , Conformación de Ácido Nucleico , ARN Viral/genética , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Análisis Espacio-Temporal , Tailandia , Estados Unidos , Virión/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Madariaga virus (MADV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) are emerging arboviruses affecting rural and remote areas of Latin America. However, there are limited clinical and epidemiological reports available, and outbreaks are occurring at an increasing frequency. We addressed this gap by analyzing all the available clinical and epidemiological data of MADV and VEEV infections recorded since 1961 in Panama. A total of 168 of human alphavirus encephalitis cases were detected in Panama from 1961 to 2023. Here we describe the clinical signs and symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of these cases, and also explored signs and symptoms as potential predictors of encephalitic alphavirus infection when compared to those of other arbovirus infections occurring in the region. Our results highlight the challenges clinical diagnosis of alphavirus disease in endemic regions with overlapping circulation of multiple arboviruses.
RESUMEN
We investigated the genetics and evolution of West Nile virus (WNV) since initial detection in the United States in 1999 on the basis of continual surveillance studies in the Houston, Texas, USA, metropolitan area (Harris County) as a surrogate model for WNV evolution on a national scale. Full-length genomic sequencing of 14 novel 2010-2012 WNV isolates collected from resident birds in Harris County demonstrates emergence of 4 independent genetic groups distinct from historical strains circulating in the greater Houston region since 2002. Phylogenetic and geospatial analyses of the 2012 WNV isolates indicate closer genetic relationship with 2003-2006 Harris County isolates than more recent 2007-2011 isolates. Inferred monophyletic relationships of these groups with several 2006-2009 northeastern US isolates supports potential introduction of a novel WNV strain in Texas since 2010. These results emphasize the need to maintain WNV surveillance activities to better understand WNV transmission dynamics in the United States.
Asunto(s)
Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/epidemiología , Virus del Nilo Occidental/genética , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Brotes de Enfermedades , Evolución Molecular , Variación Genética , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Incidencia , Filogenia , Filogeografía , ARN Viral , Texas/epidemiología , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/transmisión , Virus del Nilo Occidental/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Genomic and antigenic characterization of the Salehabad virus, a species of the genus Phlebovirus, and four other unclassified phleboviruses (Arbia, Adria, Arumowot and Odrenisrou) demonstrate a serological and genetic relation to one another and are distinct from the eight other recognized species within the genus Phlebovirus. We propose to incorporate these four unclassified viruses as part of the Salehabad species complex within the genus. The known geographical distribution for the members of this species group includes southern Europe, Central Asia and Africa.