Randomised trial showed that rapid rehydration of severely malnourished children with dehydrating diarrhoea was as safe and effective as slow rehydration.

AIM: This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of rapid and slow rehydration in children aged 6-60 months with dehydrating diarrhoea and severe malnutrition. METHODS: A randomised controlled trial was conducted from July 2011 to March 2014 at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh. We included children with weight for age and, or, weight for length Z-scores of less than -3 or with bipedal oedema and acute diarrhoea with severe dehydration. The children received intravenous fluid at different rates: 105 rapidly over six hours and 103 slowly over the 12 hours recommended by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: All the children were successfully rehydrated. The admittance weights were similar for the slow and rapid groups: 8.4 kg and 8.3 kg. After 24 hours, the mean percentage weight gain was 8.5% and 9.0%, respectively. This confirmed that most of the children had been suffering from severe dehydration on admission. The respective proportions of children who received unscheduled intravenous fluid were 18% and 17%. None developed fluid overload or heart failure and most recovered normal renal function after rehydration. CONCLUSION: Rapid rehydration saved time, was as safe as slow rehydration and was a better option for dehydrating diarrhoea and severe malnutrition.

Day clinic vs. hospital care of pneumonia and severe malnutrition in children under five: a randomised trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and costs of managing pneumonia and severe malnutrition in a day clinic (DC) management model (outpatient) vs. hospital care (inpatient). METHODS: Randomised clinical trial where children aged 2 months to 5 years with pneumonia and severe malnutrition were randomly allocated to DC or inpatient hospital care. We used block randomisation of variable length from 8 to 20 and produced computer-generated random numbers that were assigned to one of the two interventions. Successful management was defined as resolution of clinical signs of pneumonia and being discharged from the model of care (DC or hospital) without need for referral to a hospital (DC), or referral to another hospital. All the children in both DC and hospital received intramuscular ceftriaxone, daily nutrition support and micronutrients. RESULTS: Four hundred and seventy children were randomly assigned to either DC or hospital care. Successful management was achieved for 184 of 235 (78.3%) by DC alone, vs. 201 of 235 (85.5%) by hospital inpatient care [RR (95% CI) = 0.79 (0.65-0.97), P = 0.02]. During 6 months of follow-up, 30/235 (12.8%) in the DC group and 36/235 (15.3%) required readmission to hospital in the hospital care group [RR (95% CI) = 0.89 (0.67-1.18), P = 0.21]. The average overall healthcare and societal cost was 34% lower in DC (US$ 188 ± 11.7) than in hospital (US$ 285 ± 13.6) (P < 0.001), and costs for households were 33% lower. CONCLUSIONS: There was a 7% greater probability of successful management of pneumonia and severe malnutrition when inpatient hospital care rather than the outpatient day clinic care was the initial method of care. However, where timely referral mechanisms were in place, 94% of children with pneumonia and severe malnutrition were successfully managed initially in a day clinic, and costs were substantially lower than with hospital admission.

OBJECTIFS: Evaluer les résultats cliniques et les coûts de la prise en charge de la pneumonie et de la malnutrition sévère dans un modèle de prise en charge en clinique de jour (CJ) (patients ambulatoires) par rapport à des soins hospitaliers (patients hospitalisés). MÉTHODES: Essai clinique randomisé où les enfants âgés de 2 mois à 5 ans avec une pneumonie et une malnutrition sévère ont été répartis de façon aléatoire en CJ ou à des soins hospitaliers. Nous avons utilisé la randomisation par blocs de longueur variable de 8 à 20 et avons généré des nombres aléatoires par ordinateur qui ont été attribués à l'une des deux interventions. Une prise en charge réussie a été définie comme la résolution des signes cliniques de pneumonie et la sortie du modèle de soins (CJ ou hospitalisation) sans nécessiter un transfert à un hôpital (CJ), ni à un autre hôpital. Tous les enfants du bras CJ et du bras soins hospitaliers ont reçu de la ceftriaxone par voie intramusculaire, un soutien nutritionnel quotidien et des micronutriments. RÉSULTATS: 470 enfants ont été assignés aléatoirement soit à des soins en CJ ou hospitaliers. Une prise en charge réussie a été obtenue pour 184 patients sur 235 (78,3%) en CJ seule contre 201 sur 235 (85,5%) en soins hospitaliers [RR (IC95%) = 0,79 (0,65 - 0,97), p = 0,02]. Au cours des six mois de suivi, 30/235 (12,8%) du groupe CJ et 36/235 (15,3%) du groupe soins hospitaliers ont nécessité une réadmission à l'hôpital [RR (IC95%) = 0,89 (0,67 - 1,18), p = 0,21]. Le coût moyen global des soins de santé et pour la société était de 34% plus faible dans le groupe CJ (188 ± 11,7 USD) que dans le groupe soins hospitaliers (285 ± 13,6 USD) (p < 0,001) et les coûts pour les ménages étaient de 33% inférieurs. CONCLUSIONS: La probabilité d'une prise en charge réussie de la pneumonie et de la malnutrition sévère était 7% plus élevée lorsque les soins hospitaliers plutôt que les soins en CJ étaient les moyens initiaux. Cependant, là où des mécanismes de référence rapides étaient en place, 94% des enfants atteints de pneumonie et de malnutrition sévère ont été pris en charge avec succès dans une clinique de jour et les coûts étaient nettement inférieurs à ceux de soins hospitaliers.

Functional Somatic Syndromes: Skin Temperatures and Activity Measurements Under Ambulatory Conditions.

Functional somatic syndromes are mostly associated with pain and emotional distress. As one marker for the autonomic stress response, the distal skin temperature decreases during psychological stress. In patients with functional somatic syndromes, the distal skin temperature under baseline conditions (without stress induction) is usually lower than in healthy subjects, which could be due to the sustained presence of pain-related stress in such patients. The aim of our study was to investigate whether patients with functional somatic syndromes show altered skin temperatures also under everyday life conditions. 14 patients with functional somatic syndromes and 14 matched healthy control subjects were investigated under ambulatory conditions over six consecutive days. During this time, distal and proximal skin temperatures were continuously recorded and sleep-wake cycles were monitored by actimetry and sleep-wake diaries. Unexpectedly, the patients showed higher distal skin temperatures than control subjects in the afternoon. The objective temperature data did not match the patients' subjective experience: ratings of thermal comfort did not vary between the two groups. Moreover, similar levels of daytime activity were recorded in the two samples, even though patients reported more tiredness and more body tension than controls. We interpret the observed dissociation between objective skin temperature measurements and subjective ratings of the bodily thermal comfort as support for the notion of an alexisomia account (reduced bodily awareness) for functional somatic syndromes. Moreover, findings indicate that subjective complaints of tiredness and tension do not necessarily result in physical avoidance behaviour.

Observational follow-up study on a cohort of children with severe pneumonia after discharge from a day-care clinic in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Compliance, morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization during fortnightly follow-up were evaluated by an observational study on a cohort of children with severe and very severe pneumonia after day-care treatment at an urban clinic. The primary outcome measures were proportions of success (compliance) and failure (non-compliance) of follow-up visits at the day-care clinic. In total, 251 children were followed up, with median (IQR) age of 5.0 (3.0-9.0) months, and their compliance dropped from 92% at the first to 85% at the sixth visit. Cough (28%), fever (20%), and rapid breathing (13%) were common morbidities. Successful follow-up visits were possible in 180 (95.2%) and 56 (90.3%) of the children with severe and very severe pneumonia respectively. Eleven (4.4%) needed hospitalization, and four (1.6%) died. Majority (approximately 90%) of the children could be successfully followed up; some failed to attend their scheduled follow-up visits due to hospitalization and death. The common morbidities indicate the importance of follow-up for detecting medical problems and early treatment, thus reducing risk of death.

Cost of childhood severe pneumonia management in selected public inpatient care facilities in Bangladesh: a provider perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate inpatient care costs of childhood severe pneumonia and its urban-rural cost variation, and to predict cost drivers. DESIGN: The study was nested within a cluster randomised trial of childhood severe pneumonia management. Cost per episode of severe pneumonia was estimated from a healthcare provider perspective for children who received care from public inpatient facilities. A bottom-up micro-costing approach was applied and data collected using structured questionnaire and review of the patient record. Multivariate regression analysis determined cost predictors and sensitivity analysis explored robustness of cost parameters. SETTING: Eight public inpatient care facilities from two districts of Bangladesh covering urban and rural areas. PATIENTS: Children aged 2-59 months with WHO-classified severe pneumonia. RESULTS: Data on 1252 enrolled children were analysed; 795 (64%) were male, 787 (63%) were infants and 59% from urban areas. Average length of stay (LoS) was 4.8 days (SD ±2.5) and mean cost per patient was US$48 (95% CI: US$46, US$49). Mean cost per patient was significantly greater for urban tertiary-level facilities compared with rural primary-secondary facilities (mean difference US$43; 95% CI: US$40, US$45). No cost variation was found relative to age, sex, malnutrition or hypoxaemia. Type of facility was the most important cost predictor. LoS and personnel costs were the most sensitive cost parameters. CONCLUSION: Healthcare provider cost of childhood severe pneumonia was substantial for urban located public health facilities that provided tertiary-level care. Thus, treatment availability at a lower-level facility at a rural location may help to reduce overall treatment costs.

Effectiveness, safety and economic viability of daycare versus usual hospital care management of severe pneumonia with or without malnutrition in children using the existing health system of Bangladesh: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Background: We aimed to define clinical and cost-effectiveness of a Day Care Approach (DCA) alternative to Usual Care (UC, comparison group) within the Bangladesh health system to manage severe childhood pneumonia. Methods: This was a cluster randomised controlled trial in urban Dhaka and rural Bangladesh between November 1, 2015 and March 23, 2019. Children aged 2-59 months with severe pneumonia with or without malnutrition received DCA or UC. The DCA treatment settings comprised of urban primary health care clinics run by NGO under Dhaka South City Corporation and in rural Union health and family welfare centres under the Ministry of Health and Family welfare Services. The UC treatment settings were hospitals in these respective areas. Primary outcome was treatment failure (persistence of pneumonia symptoms, referral or death). We performed both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis for treatment failure. Registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02669654. Findings: In total 3211 children were enrolled, 1739 in DCA and 1472 in UC; primary outcome data were available in 1682 and 1357 in DCA and UC, respectively. Treatment failure rate was 9.6% among children in DCA (167 of 1739) and 13.5% in the UC (198 of 1472) (group difference, -3.9 percentage point; 95% confidence interval (CI), -4.8 to -1.5, p = 0.165). Treatment success within the health care systems [DCA plus referral vs. UC plus referral, 1587/1739 (91.3%) vs. 1283/1472 (87.2%), group difference 4.1 percentage point, 95% CI, 3.7 to 4.1, p = 0.160)] was better in DCA. One child each in UC of both urban and rural sites died within day 6 after admission. Average cost of treatment per child was US$94.2 (95% CI, 92.2 to 96.3) and US$184.8 (95% CI, 178.6 to 190.9) for DCA and UC, respectively. Interpretation: In our population of children with severe pneumonia with or without malnutrition, >90% were successfully treated at Day care Clinics at 50% lower cost. A modest investment to upgrade Day care facilities may provide a cost-effective, accessible alternative to hospital management. Funding: UNICEF, Botnar Foundation, UBS Optimus Foundation, and EAGLE Foundation, Switzerland.

Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric acid secretion in pre-school Bangladeshi children.

BACKGROUND: The effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection on gastric acid secretion (GAS) is poorly defined in children. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether H. pylori infection is associated with abnormal GAS in children. METHODS: We studied 30 H. pylori-infected children (identified by a positive urea breath test) and 30 noninfected children of both sexes, aged 2-5 years. Gastric pH and GAS were measured before and 8 weeks after the completion of a 2-week course of anti- H. pylori therapy (omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin). Gastric acid output (GAO) was quantified during a 1-h basal period (GAO-B) (mmol/h) and a 1-hour stimulated period (GAO-S) (mmol/hour) following subcutaneous administration of pentagastrin (6 µg/kg). RESULTS: A significantly greater number of infected children had a high gastric pH (>4.0, p = 0.03) compared with the noninfected group. GAO-B and GAO-S in H. pylori-infected children were significantly lower, around 50%, compared with children without H. pylori infection. H. pylori-eradication therapy resulted in a rise of both the mean GAO-B (paired t-test before vs. after therapy; 0.28 ± 0.40 vs. 0.62 ± 1.0, p = 0.12) and GAO-S (before vs. after therapy; 2.0 ± 1.4 vs. 3.4 ± 2.5, p = 0.001), with values reaching equivalence to those in the H. pylori-negative children (0.71 ± 0.56 for BAO, 3.3 ± 2.0 for SAO, p = NS). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the gastric barrier is compromised in children with H. pylori infection in Bangladesh. Improvement of GAO following anti- H. pylori therapy suggests a causal link between H. pylori infection and depressed GAO in this population.

Barriers to seeking timely treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE: Delays in seeking medical attention for childhood pneumonia may lead to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at identifying the drivers of delayed seeking of treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh. METHODS: We conducted a formative study from June to September 2015 in one northern district of Bangladesh. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 rural mothers of children under 5 years with moderate or severe pneumonia. We analysed the data thematically. RESULTS: We found that mothers often failed to assess severity of pneumonia accurately due to lack of knowledge or misperception about symptoms of pneumonia. Several factors delayed timely steps that could lead to initiation of appropriate treatment. They included time lost in consultation with non-formal practitioners, social norms that required mothers to seek permission from male household heads (eg, husbands) before they could seek healthcare for their children, avoiding community-based public health centres due to their irregular schedules, lack of medical supplies, shortage of hospital beds and long distance of secondary or tertiary hospitals from households. Financial hardships and inability to identify a substitute caregiver for other children at home while the mother accompanied the sick child in hospital were other factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified key social, economic and infrastructural factors that lead to delayed treatment for childhood pneumonia in the study district in rural Bangladesh. Interventions that inform mothers and empower women in the decision to seek healthcare, as well as improvement of infrastructure at the facility level could lead to improved behaviour in seeking and getting treatment of childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh.

Factors associated with community acquired severe pneumonia among under five children in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A case control analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children globally with the majority of these deaths observed in resource-limited settings. Globally, the annual incidence of clinical pneumonia in under-five children is approximately 152 million, mostly in the low- and middle-income countries. Of these, 8.7% progressed to severe pneumonia requiring hospitalization. However, data to predict children at the greatest risk to develop severe pneumonia from pneumonia are limited. METHOD: Secondary data analysis was performed after extracting relevant data from a prospective cluster randomized controlled clinical trial; children of either sex, aged two months to five years with pneumonia or severe pneumonia acquired in the community were enrolled over a period of three years in 16 clusters in urban Dhaka city. RESULTS: The analysis comprised of 2,597 children aged 2-59 months. Of these, 904 and 1693 were categorized as pneumonia (controls) and severe pneumonia (cases), respectively based on WHO criteria. The median age of children was 9.2 months (inter quartile range, 5.1-17.1) and 1,576 (60%) were male. After adjustment for covariates, children with temperature ≥38°C, duration of illness ≥3 days, male sex, received prior medical care and severe stunting showed a significantly increased likelihood of developing severe pneumonia compared to those with pneumonia. Severe pneumonia in children occurred more often in older children who presented commonly from wealthy quintile families, and who often sought care from private facilities in urban settings. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: Male sex, longer duration of illness, fever, received prior medical care, and severe stunting were significantly associated with development of WHO-defined severe childhood pneumonia in our population. The results of this study may help to develop interventions target to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality of children suffering from severe pneumonia.

Salovum egg yolk containing antisecretory factor as an adjunct therapy in severe cholera in adult males: a pilot study.

Cholera involves stimulation of intestinal secretory process in response to cholera toxin leading to profuse watery diarrhoea that might cause death due to dehydration unless timely rehydration therapy is initiated. Efforts to identify and test potential antisecretory agents are ongoing. Antisecretory factor (AF) is a naturally-occurring protein produced in the human secretory organs, including the intestine, with antisectory properties demonstrated in animal and human models of secretory diarrhoea. Salovum egg yolk powder contains antisecretory proteins in a much higher (500 times) concentration than that of normal hen eggs. This is achieved by feeding hens with specially-processed cereals, capable of inducing antisecretory proteins in the yolk. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of Salovum egg yolk powder containing AF in the treatment of adult cholera patients. In an open, randomized controlled trial (pilot study), 40 adult male patients with severe cholera were studied: 20 received standard treatment (oral rehydration solution, antibiotic, and usual hospital diet) plus Salovum egg yolk powder (study group) and 20 received standard treatment alone (control group). All the patients received tablet doxycycline (300 mg) once immediately after randomization. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before enrollment. The main outcome measures were stool weight and duration of diarrhoea. The demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of the study patients were comparable between the groups. No significant differences were found in the mean stool weight, g/kg of body-weight during the first 24 hours [study vs control group, mean +/- standard deviation (SD), 218 +/- 119 vs 195 +/- 136], second 24 hours (mean +/- SD, 23 +/- 39 vs 22 +/- 34), and cumulative up to 72 hours (mean +/- SD, 245 +/- 152 vs 218 +/- 169). The duration (hours) of diarrhoea after admission in the hospital was also similar in both the groups (mean +/- SD, 33 +/- 14 vs 32 +/- 10). No adverse effect was observed. Salovum egg powder containing AF as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of severe cholera could not demonstrate any beneficial effect. Further studies with higher doses of Salovum egg yolk powder might be considered in future to establish its antisecretory effect.

Household economic burden of childhood severe pneumonia in Bangladesh: a cost-of-illness study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate household cost of illness (COI) for children with severe pneumonia in Bangladesh. DESIGN: An incidence-based COI study was performed for one episode of childhood severe pneumonia from a household perspective. Face-to-face interviews collected data on socioeconomic, resource use and cost from caregivers. A micro-costing bottom-up approach was applied to calculate medical, non-medical and time costs. Multiple regression analysis was applied to explore the factors associated with COI. Sensitivity analysis explored the robustness of cost parameters. SETTING: Four urban and rural study sites from two districts in Bangladesh. PATIENTS: Children aged 2-59 months with severe pneumonia. RESULTS: 1472 children with severe pneumonia were enrolled between November 2015 and March 2019. The mean age of children was 12 months (SD ±10.2) and 64% were male. The mean household cost per episode was US$147 (95% CI 141.1 to 152.7). Indirect costs were the main cost drivers (65%, US$96). Household costs for the poorest income quintile were lower in absolute terms, but formed a higher proportion of monthly income. COI was significantly higher if treatment was received from urban health facilities compared with rural health facilities (difference US$84.9, 95% CI 73.3 to 96.3). Child age, household income, healthcare facility and hospital length of stay (LoS) were significant predictors of household COI. Costs were most sensitive to hospital LoS and productivity loss. CONCLUSIONS: Severe pneumonia in young children is associated with high household economic burden and cost varies significantly across socioeconomic parameters. Management strategies with improved accessibility are needed particularly for the poor to make treatment affordable in order to reduce household economic burden.

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C virus infections in an impoverished urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Viral hepatitis is a serious global public health problem affecting billions of people globally, and both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are rapidly spreading in the developing countries including Bangladesh due to the lack of health education, poverty, illiteracy and lack of hepatitis B vaccination. Also there is lack of information on their prevalence among the general population. So, a population-based serological survey was conducted in Dhaka to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HBV and HCV infections. METHODS: Healthy individuals were selected for demographic and behavioural characteristics by stratified cluster sampling and blood tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc), and anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV). RESULTS: From June 2005-November 2006, 1997 participants were screened for HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HCV, 738 (37%) were males with mean (SD) age of 24 (14) years. HBV-seropositivity was documented in 582 (29%) participants: 14 (0.7%) were positive for HBsAg, 452 (22.6%) for anti-HBc and 116 (5.8%) for both HBsAg and anti-HBc. Four (0.2%) participants were positive for anti-HCV, and another five (0.3%) for both anti-HBc and anti-HCV. Ninety-six/246 (39%) family members residing at same households with HBsAg positive participants were also HBV-seropositive [74 (30.1%) for anti-HBc and 22 (8.9%) for both HBsAg and anti-HBc], which was significantly higher among family members (39%) than that of study participants (29%) (OR 1.56; p < 0.001). In bivariate analysis, HBV-seropositivity was significantly associated with married status (OR 2.27; p < 0.001), history of jaundice (OR 1.35; p = 0.009), surgical operations (OR 1.26; p = 0.04), needle-stick injuries (OR 2.09; p = 0.002), visiting unregistered health-care providers (OR 1.40; p = 0.008), receiving treatment for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (OR 1.79; p = 0.001), animal bites (OR 1.73; p < 0.001); ear-nose-body piercing in females (OR 4.97; p < 0.001); circumcision (OR 3.21; p < 0.001), and visiting community barber for shaving in males (OR 3.77; p < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, married status (OR 1.32; p = 0.04), surgical operations (OR 1.39; p = 0.02), animal bites (OR 1.43; p = 0.02), visiting unregistered health-care providers (OR 1.40; p = 0.01); and ear-nose-body piercing in females (OR 4.97; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with HBV-seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate intermediate level of endemicity of HBV infection in Dhaka community, with much higher prevalence among family members of HBsAg positive individuals but low prevalence of HCV infections, clearly indicating need for universal hepatitis B vaccination. The use of disposable needles for ear-nose-body piercing need to be promoted through public awareness programmes as a preventive strategy.

Do employer-sponsored health insurance schemes affect the utilisation of medically trained providers and out-of-pocket payments among ready-made garment workers? A case-control study in Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE: We estimated the effect of an employer-sponsored health insurance (ESHI) scheme on healthcare utilisation of medically trained providers and reduction of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure among ready-made garment (RMG) workers. DESIGN: We used a case-control study design with cross-sectional preintervention and postintervention surveys. SETTINGS: The study was conducted among workers of seven purposively selected RMG factories in Shafipur, Gazipur in Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 1924 RMG workers (480 from the insured and 482 from the uninsured, in each period) were surveyed from insured and uninsured RMG factories, respectively, in the preintervention (October 2013) and postintervention (April 2015) period. INTERVENTIONS: We tested the effect of a pilot ESHI scheme which was implemented for 1 year. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures were utilisation of medically trained providers and reduction of OOP expenditure among RMG workers. We estimated difference-in-difference (DiD) and applied two-part regression model to measure the association between healthcare utilisation, OOP payments and ESHI scheme membership while controlling for the socioeconomic characteristics of workers. RESULTS: The ESHI scheme increased healthcare utilisation of medically trained providers by 26.1% (DiD=26.1; p<0.01) among insured workers compared with uninsured workers. While accounting for covariates, the effect on utilisation significantly reduced to 18.4% (p<0.05). The DiD estimate showed that OOP expenditure among insured workers decreased by -3700 Bangladeshi taka and -1100 Bangladeshi taka compared with uninsured workers when using healthcare services from medically trained providers or all provider respectively, although not significant. The multiple two-part models also reported similar results. CONCLUSION: The ESHI scheme significantly increased utilisation of medically trained providers among RMG workers. However, it has no significant effect on OOP expenditure. It can be recommended that an educational intervention be provided to RMG workers to improve their healthcare-seeking behaviours and increase their utilisation of ESHI-designated healthcare providers while keeping OOP payments low.

Causal relationship of Helicobacter pylori with iron-deficiency anemia or failure of iron supplementation in children.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We investigated Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)-infection as a cause of iron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) or treatment failure of iron supplementation. METHODS: We randomized 200 Hp-infected children (positive urea breath test) 2-5 years of age with IDA (hemoglobin level <110 g/L; serum ferritin level <12 microg/L; and soluble transferrin receptor >8.3 mg/L) or ID (serum ferritin level <12 microg/L or soluble transferrin receptor level >8.3 mg/L) to 1 of 4 regimens: 2-week anti-Hp therapy (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and omeprazole) plus 90-day oral ferrous sulfate (anti-Hp plus iron), 2-week anti-Hp therapy alone, 90-day oral iron alone, or placebo. Sixty noninfected children with IDA received iron treatment as negative control. RESULTS: Hp-infected children receiving iron had significantly less frequent treatment failure compared with those with no iron in correcting IDA (11% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2%-20%] for anti-Hp plus iron, 0% for iron alone vs 33% [95% CI, 26%-46%] for anti-Hp and 45% [95% CI, 31%-59%] for placebo; chi(2) = 127; P < .0001), ID (19% [95% CI, 8%-30%] for anti-Hp plus iron, 7% [95% CI, 0%-14%] for iron alone vs 65% [95% CI, 52%-78%] for anti-Hp alone, and 78% [95% CI, 66%-90%] for placebo; chi(2) = 124; P < .0001), or anemia (34% [95% CI, 20%-40%] for anti-Hp plus iron, 27% [95% CI, 14%-40%] for iron alone vs 65% [95% CI, 52%-78%] for anti-Hp alone and 78% [95% CI, 66%-90%] for placebo; chi(2) = 46; P < .0001). Cure rates of IDA, ID, or anemia with iron were comparable with that of the negative control group. Improvements in iron status also were significantly greater in groups with iron. CONCLUSIONS: H pylori is neither a cause of IDA/ID nor a reason for treatment failure of iron supplementation in young Bangladeshi children.

Evaluation of faecal occult blood test and lactoferrin latex agglutination test in screening hospitalized patients for diagnosing inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhoea in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory diarrhoea (ID) resulting from Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Entamoeba histolytica requires specific diagnosis for therapy. Differentiation between ID and non-inflammatory diarrhoea (NID) is often not clinically possible. A faecal occult blood test (FOBT) correlates with faecal leucocytes. Lactoferrin indicates an inflammatory process as a marker for faecal leucocytes. We evaluated diagnostic values of lactoferrin latex agglutination test (LT) either alone or in combination with FOBT, correlating with stool microscopy and microbiology in differentiating ID from NID. METHODS: The study population constituted patients enrolled in 2% systematic sampling of patients under Diarrhoeal Disease Surveillance System of Dhaka Hospital, ICDDR,B. RESULTS: Between July and November 2002, 594 patients were enrolled; evaluation of FOBT and LT were done in 448/594 (75%) patients from whom either a single enteropathogen (315/594, 53%) or no pathogen (133/594, 22%) were identified and 146 were excluded for multiple pathogens. Invasive and non-invasive pathogens were isolated from 24% and 76% of the patients. FOBT and LT were positive in 40% and 39% of the samples. The sensitivities, specificities, PPVs, NPVs, and accuracies of FOBT were 55, 63, 24, 87 and 62%, and LT were 52, 64, 23, 86 and 62%, respectively. CONCLUSION: FOBT and LT are not useful in differentiating ID from NID in diarrhoeal patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Long-term re-infection rate after Helicobacter pylori eradication in Bangladeshi adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Bangladesh is a developing country with a very high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection, which has been ascribed to overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions. It has generally been accepted that the re-infection rate is higher in countries with a high prevalence of H. pylori infection. Short-term follow-up studies support this assumption but no long-term studies are available to confirm or refute this assertion. The present study was aimed to define the long-term H. pylori re-infection rate (6 years after successful eradication) in duodenal ulcer patients. METHODS: In a previous study, 90 patients were successfully eradicated for H. pylori and followed-up for 24 months. 17/90 were found to be re-infected (18% re-infection rate per year in the first 12 months) [Gastroenterology 2001;792-798]. The remaining 73 patients were targeted for long-term follow-up. 26/73 were lost to follow-up; 6 symptomatic patients were tested H. pylori positive in the period between 24 and 60 months post-eradication. The remaining 41 patients were evaluated 72 months after successful eradication. The evaluation included clinical history taking, a (13)C-urea breath test (UBT), and endoscopy. RESULTS: Of the 41 H. pylori-eradicated patients analyzed after 72 months, 16 were H. pylori-positive. If the 6 patients, who were tested positive between 24 and 60 months, are added, the total re-infection cases amount to 22 subjects in the period between 24 and 72 months. Therefore, an overall annual re-infection rate 6 years after eradication of 5.02% can be calculated. Six of the 23 symptomatic patients had duodenal ulcer relapse, 5/6 were H. pylori re-infected and one was H. pylori-negative at 72 months post-treatment. CONCLUSION: The long-term annual H. pylori re-infection rate in Bangladeshi adults is markedly higher than in Western countries but lower than anticipated. In this study, duodenal ulcer relapse is clearly related to H. pylori re-infection.

Symptomatic hyponatremia during treatment of dehydrating diarrheal disease with reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution.

CONTEXT: In May 2002, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund recommended that the formulation of oral rehydration solution (ORS) for treatment of patients with diarrhea be changed to one with a reduced osmolarity and that safety of the new formulation, particularly development of symptomatic hyponatremia, be monitored. OBJECTIVE: To measure the rates of symptomatic hyponatremia during treatment of patients with diarrhea with reduced osmolarity ORS. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PATIENTS: A phase 4 trial conducted at the Dhaka hospital (December 1, 2002-November 30, 2003) and Matlab hospital (February 2, 2003-January 31, 2004) of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh: Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. All patients admitted with uncomplicated watery diarrhea were treated with the newly recommended ORS and monitored. Patients developing neurological symptoms (seizure or altered consciousness) were transferred to the special care ward for treatment and investigated to identify the cause of the symptoms. Patient records of the Dhaka hospital were reviewed during the previous year when the old ORS formulation was used. INTERVENTION: Reduced osmolarity ORS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence rate of symptomatic hyponatremia in a 1-year period. RESULTS: A total of 53,280 patients, including 22,536 children younger than 60 months, were monitored at the Dhaka and Matlab hospitals. Twenty-four patients, none older than 36 months, developed seizures or altered consciousness associated with hyponatremia, with an overall incidence rate of 0.05% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03%-0.07%) at the Dhaka hospital and 0.03% (95% CI, 0.01%-0.09%) at the Matlab hospital. During the previous year, 47 patients at the Dhaka hospital had symptoms associated with hyponatremia, for an estimated incidence rate of 0.10% (95% CI, 0.07%-0.13%). The reduction in the rates was statistically significant (odds ratio, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29-0.85; P = .009). CONCLUSION: The risk of symptoms associated with hyponatremia in patients treated with the reduced osmolarity ORS is minimal and did not increase with the change in formulation.

Imported strongyloidosis: a longitudinal analysis of 31 cases.

BACKGROUND: Attention regarding imported tropical diseases is typically focused on malaria, although other parasitic diseases such as strongyloidosis may also cause serious health problems. The importance of assessing clinical features and of proper diagnosis and treatment is presented on the basis of 31 patients with imported strongyloidosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed regarding patients treated for strongyloidosis in two referral centers in Switzerland from 1998 to 2002. RESULTS: Imported strongyloidosis was investigated in 12 travelers and 19 immigrants. The reasons for diagnostic work-up were clinical symptoms in 84% and eosinophilia and screening in each of 22.5%. All patients had a history of travel or residence in endemic areas. Initial therapy was effective in 20 patients, and there was a tendency for a better response to ivermectin compared with the response to other drugs. A significant reduction in blood eosinophil count and serologic antibody titer was observed in patients responding to therapy after an average of 96 and 270 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Strongyloidosis must be suspected in travelers and immigrants with skin or abdominal symptoms from regions where Strongyloides stercoralis is highly endemic. The results of this case series confirm that ivermectin is the drug of choice in treating imported strongyloidosis. Response to therapy can be assessed by serology and differential white blood count performed over 6 months after therapy.

Efficacy of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) supplemented modified oral rehydration solution in the treatment of severely malnourished children with watery diarrhoea: a randomised double-blind controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether PHGG added ORS reduce duration of diarrhoea, stool output and enhance weight gain. METHODS: In a double-blind controlled clinical trial, 126 malnourished children (weight for length/weight for age < -3 Z-score with or without pedal edema), aged 6 - 36 months with acute diarrhoea <7 days were studied in two treatment groups; 63 received modified WHO ORS (Na 75, K 40, Cl 87, citrate 7, glucose 90 mmol/L) with PHGG 15 g/L (study group); 63 received modified WHO ORS without PHGG (control). Other treatments were similar in both groups. The study protocol was approved by Ethics Committee of icddr,b; the study was carried out at the Dhaka Hospital. RESULTS: The mean duration of diarrhoea (h) was significantly shorter in children of the study group (Study vs. control, mean ± SD, 57 ± 31 vs. 75 ± 39, p = 0.01). Although there was a trend in stool weight reduction in children receiving ORS with PHGG (study vs. control, stool weight (g), mean ± SD; 1(st) 24 hour, 854.03 ± 532.15 vs. 949.11 ± 544.33, p = 0.32; 2(nd) 24 hour, 579.84 ± 466.01 vs. 761.26 ± 631.64, p = 0.069; 3(rd) 24 hour, 385.87 ± 454.09 vs. 495.73 ± 487.61, p = 0.196), especially in 2(nd) 24 h period, the difference was not statistically significant. The mean time (day) to attain weight for length 80% of NCHS median without edema was significantly shorter in the study group (study vs. control, mean ± SD, 4.5 ± 2.6 vs. 5.7 ± 2.8, p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: PHGG added to ORS substantially reduced duration of diarrhoea. It also enhanced weight gain. Further studies might substantiate to establish its beneficial effect. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01821586.

Helicobacter pylori infection, iron absorption, and gastric acid secretion in Bangladeshi children.

BACKGROUND: Nonheme-iron absorption requires an acidic milieu. Reduced gastric acid output as a consequence of Helicobacter pylori infection could be an important limiting factor for iron absorption. OBJECTIVE: We measured gastric acid output and iron absorption from a non-water-soluble iron compound (ferrous fumarate) and a water-soluble iron compound (ferrous sulfate) in children with and without H. pylori infection. DESIGN: Gastric acid output was quantified before (basal acid output, or BAO) and after pentagastrin stimulation (stimulated acid output, or SAO) in 2-5-y-old children with iron deficiency anemia who were (n = 13) or were not (n = 12) infected with H. pylori. Iron absorption was measured by using a double-stable-isotope technique. H. pylori-infected children were studied before and after eradication therapy. RESULTS: BAO and SAO were significantly lower in the H. pylori-infected children (0.2 +/- 0.2 and 1.6 +/- 0.9 mmol/h, respectively) than in the uninfected children (0.9 +/- 0.7 and 3.1 +/- 0.9 mmol/h, respectively; P = 0.01 and P < 0.005). BAO and SAO improved to 0.8 +/- 1.3 and 3.3 +/- 2.4 mmol/h, respectively, after therapy. Iron absorption from ferrous sulfate was significantly greater than that from ferrous fumarate both before (geometric : 19.7% compared with 5.3%; P < 0.0001) and after (22.5% compared with 6.4%; P < 0.0001) treatment in H. pylori-infected children. Corresponding values for uninfected children were 15.6% and 5.4%, respectively (P < 0.001; n = 12). CONCLUSIONS: Iron absorption from ferrous fumarate was significantly lower than that from ferrous sulfate in both H. pylori-infected and uninfected Bangladeshi children. Treatment of H. pylori infection improved gastric acid output but did not significantly influence iron absorption. The efficacy of ferrous fumarate in iron fortification programs to prevent iron deficiency in young children should be evaluated.