Respiratory failure and rhabdomyolysis caused by severe hypokalemia in a young female with hypertension: a rare critical condition in primary aldosteronism.

BACKGROUND: The two classic manifestations of primary aldosteronism are hypertension and hypokalemia. However, acute respiratory failure due to hypokalemia in primary hyperaldosteronism is rare. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 27-year-old female who presented with drowsiness and weakness in all extremities. She had been diagnosed with hypertension three years prior, with irregular follow-up, and had a history of preeclampsia one year later. She exhibited high blood pressure and severe hypokalemia (2 mEq/L), leading to respiratory depression and impending respiratory arrest. Consequently, the patient was intubated and transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). She also developed rhabdomyolysis. Blood pressure tests, including hormonal tests (aldosterone: 13.2 ng/dL, plasma renin activity: 0.32 ng/mL/h), were conducted. Due to the high aldosterone-renin ratio, an abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) scan was performed. The CT scan revealed a 14 × 12 mm round mass with a washout value above 60%, consistent with an adrenal adenoma, leading to a diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. The patient was discharged after stabilization, and one and a half months after ICU admission, a laparoscopic left adrenalectomy was successfully performed without post-operative complications. Histopathology showed encapsulated hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex with a predominance of large clear cells, confirming the diagnosis of adrenal adenoma. At the most recent follow-up, the patient had normal potassium levels, was normotensive without any medications, and exhibited no alarming signs or symptoms. CONCLUSION: Respiratory depression to the extent of impending respiratory failure and rhabdomyolysis as a result of hypokalemia in primary aldosteronism are extremely rare. In this patient, who developed respiratory depression due to resistant hypokalemia, timely investigation of secondary causes and diagnosis of adrenal adenoma were crucial. The surgery provided definitive treatment for the patient's blood pressure and prevented the recurrence of life-threatening complications.

Simultaneous adrenal and retroperitoneal myelolipoma resected by laparoscopic surgery: a challenging case.

BACKGROUND: Myelolipoma is a benign neoplasm of the adrenal cortex, composed of fat and hematopoietic cells. Although myelolipoma is benign, differentiation from adrenocortical cancer may be difficult. The presence of adrenal and extra-adrenal myelolipomas simultaneously is sporadic, making it a challenging case, especially when the preoperative diagnosis is ambiguous. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65-year-old man was referred to our clinic due to a mass in the adrenal fossa. In the abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT), a well-circumscribed fat-containing 78 × 61 × 65 mm bi-lobulated mass was reported in the left adrenal fossa. The first differential diagnosis was myelolipoma. The patient was then referred to our clinic for a mass excision. He was asymptomatic and was scheduled to undergo laparoscopic-assisted adrenalectomy. After adrenalectomy and mass dissection, surprisingly, another mass was detected in the retroperitoneal area. The second mass was also dissected. The final diagnosis was myelolipoma for both masses. The patient has been symptom-free for nine months after the operation. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous adrenal and extra-adrenal myelolipoma should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses. However, because this situation is extremely rare, the probability of malignancy should be highly regarded, and we suggest an obsessive approach when approaching this condition. It is essential to manage these cases on a case-by-case basis and tailor the management concerning intraoperative biopsy, the intraoperative appearance of tumors, and the location of extra-adrenal masses.

Potential mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 action on male gonadal function and fertility: Current status and future prospects.

The novel coronavirus was recognised in December 2019 and caught humanity off guard. The virus employs the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for entry into human cells. ACE2 is expressed on different organs, which is raising concern as to whether these organs can be infected by the virus or not. The testis appears to be an organ enriched with levels of ACE2, while the possible mechanisms of involvement of the male reproductive system by SARS-CoV-2 are not fully elucidated. The major focus of the present studies is on the short-term complications of the coronavirus and gains importance on studying the long-term effects, including the possible effects of the virus on the male reproductive system. The aim of this review was to provide new insights into different possible mechanisms of involvement of male gonads with SARS-CoV-2 including investigating the ACE2 axis in testis, hormonal alterations in patients with COVID-19, possible formation of anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) and subsequently immunological infertility as a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we suggest measuring the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) as a determiner of male fertility impairment in patients with COVID-19 along with other options such as sex-related hormones and semen analysis. Invasion of SARS-CoV-2 to the spermatogonia, Leydig cells and Sertoli cells can lead to sex hormonal alteration and impaired gonadal function. Once infected, changes in ACE2 signalling pathways followed by oxidative stress and inflammation could cause spermatogenesis failure, abnormal sperm motility, DNA fragmentation and male infertility.

A closer look: sperm analysis and clinical outcomes of microscopic and loupe-assisted varicocele repair in male infertility due to moderate-to-severe varicocele.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare the clinical outcomes, sperm parameters, and complications of loupe-assisted and microscopic varicocele repair in patients with infertility due to moderate-to-severe varicocele. METHODS: We included all male individuals over 18 years of age who underwent inguinal varicocele repair at our center due to infertility. Subjects with azoospermia, genetic abnormalities such as Kallmann syndrome, incomplete medical records, or those lost to follow-up were excluded from the study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the magnification tool used (microscope or loupe). Follow-ups were conducted at 3 months and 1 year post-surgery. Sperm parameters, pregnancy rates, and surgical complications were recorded to compare the efficacy of the magnification tools. The Improvement Index for sperm parameters was calculated by dividing the difference between the post-operative and pre-operative parameters by the pre-operative parameter. An Improvement Index above 0.5 was considered a good outcome. RESULTS: Out of 104 patients, 58 underwent loupe-assisted and 46 underwent microscopic varicocele repair. Sperm concentration and progressive motility increased significantly in the semen analyses at three months and one year post-operation compared to pre-operative semen analyses. However, increases in sperm morphology were not statistically significant in either follow-up semen analysis. An Improvement Index greater than 0.5 (indicating a good outcome) was observed in 35.3%, 34.1%, and 15.2% of patients for sperm concentration, progressive motility, and morphology, respectively, after 3 months, and 38.9%, 43.4%, and 22.4% after 1 year. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the Improvement Index of sperm parameters between the two magnification methods. The operative duration was significantly longer with microscopic magnification (median of 70.0 [20.0] minutes vs. 45.0 [20.0] minutes) (p value < 0.001). Conversely, the pregnancy rates were 34.5% (20 patients) in the loupe-assisted group and 37.0% (17 patients) in the microscopic group, which was not significantly different (p value: 0.794). Similarly, the rate of complications was not significantly different, with 5 patients (10.9%) experiencing complications (4 hydroceles and 1 wound infection) in the microscopic group compared to 4 patients (6.9%) (3 hydroceles and 1 wound infection) in the loupe-assisted group (p value: 0.504). CONCLUSIONS: The current study's results indicate that the clinical outcomes, sperm parameters, and complications associated with loupe-assisted varicocele repair are comparable to those of microsurgical varicocele repair, which is considered the gold standard. We suggest conducting prospective studies to assess whether loupe-assisted varicocele repair is a safe alternative, especially in centers with limited or no access to surgical microscopes.

The impact of flaxseed oil on lipid profiles, weight loss, and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Studies investigating the effects of flaxseed oil on lipid profiles, weight loss, and inflammatory markers have produced inconsistent results. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to explore the impact of flaxseed oil on these parameters in hemodialysis patients. The study protocol was registered online (PROSPERO number: CRD42023484076). The meta-analyses showed a significant decrease in triglyceride (TG) levels (WMD = -85.78 mg/dL, 95% CI: -155.24 to -16.32, I2 = 98.32%) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (WMD = -2.66 mg/L, 95% CI: -4.07 to -1.24, I2 = 92.26%) following consumption of flaxseed oil. Subgroup analyses revealed significant changes in LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC levels only in trials utilizing a dosage higher than 10 g per day and using ground flaxseed oil. Based on the results, flaxseed oil improves CRP and TG levels, and higher doses positively affect lipid profiles. However, it has no significant effect on anthropometric measures.

Predictive factors of delayed bleeding after percutaneous nephrolithotomy requiring angioembolization.

Objectives: To investigate the predictive factors of delayed post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) haemorrhage because of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or pseudoaneurysm (PA) and compare the factors between AVF and PA. Patients and methods: This is a case-control study with a case-to-control ratio of 1:3. Out of 5077 patients who underwent PCNL from April 2015 to April 2018 in three different teaching hospitals, 113 had post-PCNL haemorrhages because of AVF and/or PA. Seventy-two patients met the inclusion criteria and entered the study as cases, while 216 patients without any postoperative complications were selected as controls. Results: Of all 72 studied patients with complications after PCNL, 35 (48.6%) had AVF, and the rest had PA. The regression model revealed that a history of diabetes (odds ratio [OR]: 2.799, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.392-5.630, p-value = 0.004) and renal anomalies (OR: 2.929, 95% CI: 1.108-7.744, p-value = 0.03) were associated with developing delayed post-PCNL haemorrhage. However, no differences were seen between AVF and PA regarding selected variables (p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: History of diabetes and renal anomalies were predictive factors for delayed post-PCNL haemorrhage, but no predictive factors were found to differentiate PA and AVF from one another.

Has the COVID-19 pandemic affected ureteral stone management in pregnant women? A retrospective single-center study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the patients' referral in the pregnant population and also investigate each treatment approach's advantages and disadvantages for acute renal colic in pregnancy. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we included all pregnant women with ureteral stones referred to a referral center between January 2019 and March 2021. RESULTS: Among 53 pregnant women, 18 (33.9%) were on conservative therapy, which passed the stone without any complications. Double J stent or nephrostomy tube insertion was done for 24 patients (45.2%). Seventeen of these patients (70.8%) presented post-surgical complications, including hematuria (29.2%), pyelonephritis (20.8%), and lower urinary tract symptoms (20.8%). Transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) was done in 11 patients (20.7%). Only one of these patients developed hematuria following TUL. Thus, in our population study, double J stent or nephrostomy insertion was associated with a higher chance of postoperative complications than TUL (p-value = 0.001). Thirty-six patients were referred within 13 months before the entry of COVID-19, while 17 were referred during a similar approximate duration after the COVID-19 entry into the country. Only the initial presentation had a significant difference between these two periods (p-value = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: When conservative treatment fails, we recommend TUL as the second-line treatment over temporary procedures, such as double J stent or nephrostomy insertion. Of note, in a group of patients with an emergent clinical setting, including active infection, deteriorating renal function, signs of preterm labor, solitary kidney, etc., double J or nephrostomy tube insertion remains the preferred management method for its fast resolution of obstruction and infection. Besides, a decrease in visits with an increase in complicated cases after COVID-19 was observed, maybe due to a delay in referring.

Are herbal medications, with possible beneficial effects for benign prostatic hyperplasia, better to be continued during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Different strategies have been proposed to treat cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), the final deadly complication of COVID-19. One approach is to target CSS by blocking the interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway. A promising group of medications blocking the IL-6 pathway is α-blockers, such as prazosin. First, we hypothesized that Panax ginseng, commonly known as ginseng, can be an effective therapeutic agent in preventing CSS due to its blocking activity on alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (α1-AR). Furthermore, we suggested that herbs with 5α-reductase inhibitory effects, such as Saw palmetto, Nettle root, soya, black pepper, and green tea, can have debilitating impacts on pulmonary function since they can lead to impairment of the lung's ability to regenerate. Thus, we encourage the prospective studies to explore the potential effect of herbal medications, with possible beneficial effects for benign prostatic hyperplasia, during the COVID-19 pandemic since they are commonly consumed.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Hypertension: How Anti-hypertensive Drugs Affect COVID-19 Medications and Vice Versa.

BACKGROUND: As a medical problem, hypertension is one of the most common disorders in cardiovascular disease. High blood pressure has been identified as one of the most familiar risk factors for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We planned to explore the possible interactions between anti-hypertensive agents and drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 with broad investigations of these medications' mechanism of action and adverse effects. METHODS: Two co-authors searched the electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) to collect papers relevant to the subject. The keywords searched were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs), sympatholytic drugs (alpha-1 blockers, beta-blockers), vasodilators (calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and hydralazine), diuretics, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, interferons, azithromycin, anti-cytokine agents, glucocorticoids, anticoagulant agents, nitric oxide, and epoprostenol. RESULTS: QT prolongation, arrhythmia, hypokalemia, hypertriglyceridemia are the most dangerous adverse effects in the patients on COVID-19 medications and anti-hypertensive drugs. CONCLUSION: This review emphasized the importance of the potential interaction between drugs used against COVID-19 and anti-hypertensive agents. Therefore, caution must be exercised when these medications are being used simultaneously.

Multiple pyonephrotic compartments with different microorganisms and an infected "calcium milk" in a patient with bilateral obstructive uropathy: A challenging case.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: If the surgeon encounters frank pus, he is advised to limit the procedure to efficient drainage of the infected compartment of the urinary tract either by double J stent insertion or percutaneous nephrostomy and abort and postpone the definitive stone treatment until the infection is treated. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a highly complex case of an elderly female with multiple obstructing stones in the left kidney and ureter, with complete staghorn stones in the right kidney. While this scenario was already complex by virtue of the stone burden alone, which demands the combination of multiple stone treatment techniques, it was further complicated by compartmental infections in various parts of the kidneys with different microbes necessitating repeated abortion of procedures. As often in elderly patients, there was no rise of inflammatory markers, and bladder urine cultures were repeatedly negative. Moreover, a rare form of infection was encountered, namely "calcium milk" in the form of a radio-opaque lower pole abscess on the right. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: We discuss the etiology, treatment, and management of pyonephrosis and remind the need to always take it into account and react accurately when encountering infected space behind obstruction during minimally invasive surgeries in urolithiasis. CONCLUSION: Hidden microorganisms with different entities should be considered during surgical management of urinary stones. Complete drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy are the cornerstones of treating this condition.

Comparison of post-urethroplasty complication rates in pediatric cases with hypospadias using Vicryl or polydioxanone sutures.

Objective: Hypospadias is a common congenital problem among male newborns. Both rapid absorbable sutures (polyglactin, Vicryl) and delayed absorbable sutures (polydioxanone, PDO) are used in hypospadias repair based on the surgeon's preference. This study was conducted to compare post-urethroplasty complication rates in pediatric patients with hypospadias using Vicryl or PDO sutures. Methods: This is a retrospective study which was designed and performed on 583 children aged 1-7 years old who had undergone hypospadias repair from January 2012 to December 2018. Required data were obtained from the patients' medical records. Results: Overall, post-surgical complications were observed in 60 (10.3%) patients comprising urethro-cutaneous fistula (n=39, 6.7%), meatal stenosis (n=10, 1.7%), urethral stricture (n=7, 1.2%), and glans dehiscence (n=4, 0.7%). The mean age of the children with complications was 3.0±1.3 years. According to Kaplan-Meier estimate, the interval between surgery and development of complications was significantly shorter in the Vicryl group (p=0.037). Overall, complications were more prevalent in Vicryl suture than PDO suture (15.1% vs. 5.3%, p<0.001). Regression model revealed that in comparison to the distal type, proximal hypospadias (odds ratio [OR]:103.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.2-334.9, p<0.001) and mid-shaft hypospadias (OR: 82.9, 95% CI: 25.9-264.6, p<0.001) while using Vicryl suture instead of PDO suture (OR: 62.4, 95% CI: 21.2-183.8, p<0.001) increased the odds of developing post-urethroplasty complications. Conclusion: We suggest PDO suture in the repair of hypospadias due to its lower complication rate, especially in cases of proximal and mid-shaft hypospadias which can get more complicated than the distal type.

Retroperitoneal mass, a rare manifestation of mucinous adenocarcinoma of appendix: A case report.

The retroperitoneum (RP) might be affected by a variety of infections, inflammations, and tumors, including benign and malignant ones. Although primary malignant tumors are the most prevalent ones in this anatomic area, metastatic and invasive tumors rarely involve the retroperitoneum. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are considered as the most common tumors that invade the retroperitoneum, but, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first time a surgery team has encountered the appendiceal tumor as a huge retroperitoneal mass. A 68-year-old man was referred to the emergency department with abdominal distension and weight loss. In his course of hospitalization, a huge right retroperitoneal mass was detected by a computed tomography (CT) scan; after that, the patient underwent laparotomy, evacuation of massive mucinous tissue located in the right retroperitoneum, and right hemicolectomy due to appendiceal tumor. The histopathological examination showed "mucinous appendiceal neoplasm." This is the first case study showing the invasion of an appendiceal tumor through the visceral peritoneum into the retroperitoneum, so an invasion of the peritoneal tumor to the retroperitoneum should be considered when a urologist approaches retroperitoneal masses.

Is COVID-19 a risk factor for progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia and exacerbation of its related symptoms?: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To explore the potential mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in targeting the prostate gland, leading to exacerbation of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms and greater risks of BPH complications such as acute urinary retention. METHODS: A categorized and comprehensive search in the literature has been conducted by 10 April 2021 using international databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library in line with the PRISMA guidelines recommendations. PICO strategy was used to formulate the research question. The following terms were used: urology, COVID-19, coronavirus, BPH, inflammation, androgen receptors, LUTS, IPSS, PSA, and SARS-CoV-2 or a combination of them. Studies with irrelevant purposes and duplicates were excluded. The selected studies were performed on humans and published in English. RESULTS: The research revealed 89 articles. After title screening and considering exclusion criteria, 52 papers were included for the systematic review. BPH is a common condition affecting older men. SARS-CoV-2 infects the host cell by binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). A hyperactivated RAS system during infection with SARS-CoV-2 may lead to activation of pro-inflammatory pathways and increased cytokine release. Thus, this virus can lead to exacerbation of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and trigger inflammatory processes in the prostate gland. Since androgen receptors (AR) play an important role in the BPH pathophysiology and infection with SARS-CoV-2 may be androgen-mediated, BPH progression and its related symptoms can be a complication of COVID-19 through AR involvement and metabolic disturbances. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the current findings, SARS-CoV-2 can possibly damage the prostate and worsen BPH and its related LUTS through ACE2 signaling, AR-related mechanisms, inflammation, and metabolic derangement. We encourage future studies to investigate the possible role of COVID-19 in the progression of BPH-related LUTS and examine the prostatic status in susceptible patients with relevant available questionnaires (e.g., IPSS) and serum biomarkers (e.g., PSA).

Peritoneal perforation and peritonitis after antegrade double-J stent insertion: A case report and review of the literature.

Penetration of peritoneal cavity during antegrade double-J (DJ) stenting is rare. A 52-year-old woman presented with signs of peritonitis for 3 days after left PCNL. Abdominal CT scan revealed a perforation of the peritoneum by the distal coil of DJ stent, which was reinserted into the bladder by ureteroscopy.

Kidney Transplant and Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review of 2 Brothers.

Autosomal recessive polycystic disease is a rare hepatorenal disorder. End-stage renal disease and liver fibrosis are serious presentations of this disease. Here, we report 2 brothers with autosomal recessive polycystic disease who presented with abnormal abdominal protrusion and hepatosplenomegaly during infancy and eventually underwent renal transplant. Congenital hepatic fibrosis and nephromegaly followed by renal failure developed, after which renal transplant was successfully performed. The remaining compli-cation after transplant was hematemesis and melena due to esophageal varices. Autosomal recessive polycystic disease has a broad spectrum of symptoms; similar pre-sentations with manifestations in siblings may explain some unknown genetic causes of this rare disease.

Outcome of Mini-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Patients Under the Age of 18: An Experience With 112 Cases.

Purpose: Renal calculi are becoming more common among children. Although, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the first choice in this age group, minimal invasive surgeries, such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), are indicated for some patients. Recently, PCNL devices have become smaller in size with acceptable efficacy and lower complications. We evaluated the outcomes and complications of mini-PCNL (MPCNL) surgery in our referral training centers. Materials and Methods: Between September 2012 and January 2020, a total of 112 children under the age of 18, who had shown failure of ESWL, and/or their parents refused to do it, underwent MPCNL (15 Fr). The patients' profiles were reviewed for data collection including preoperative and stone data, operation information, and postoperative complications. Results: Of 112 patients, 69 were boys, and 43 were girls. Their mean age was 8.6 years (14 months to 18 years). Mean stone size was 20 mm (14-34 mm). Seventy-four cases had renal pelvic stone, 22 had pelvis and lower pole, and 16 had staghorn. The mean operation time was 65 min (35-100 min), and mean radiation time was 0.6 min (0.2-1.4 min). Low-grade fever was detected in 14 patients (12.5%). Four patients needed blood transfusion and two had increased creatinine, which improved with conservative management. One patient developed urosepsis that resolved with antibiotic therapy. None of the patients had kidney perforation or other organ injury or death. Early stone-free rate (SFR) after operation was 90.2% (101 patients). Six patients had residual fragment <5 mm, which passed spontaneously in 2 weeks after operation (total SFR 95.3%). Three patients underwent second-look nephroscopy, and ureteroscopy was done for two patients due to migrated stone fragments to the distal ureter. Conclusion: MPCNL is recommended as a safe alternative option for treatment of the nephrolithiasis in children with good outcome and acceptable complications.

Pharmacotherapeutic approach toward urological medications and vaccination during COVID-19: a narrative review.

One year after the prevalence of the novel coronavirus pandemic, some aspects of the physiopathology, treatment and progression of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) have remained unknown. Since no comprehensive study on the use of urological medications in patients with COVID-19 has been carried out, this narrative review aimed to focus on clinically important issues about the treatment of COVID-19 and urologic medications regarding efficacy, modifications, side effects and interactions in different urologic diseases. In this review, we provide information about the pharmacotherapeutic approach toward urologic medications in patients with COVID-19 infection. This study provides an overview of medications in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, impotence and sexual dysfunction, urolithiasis, kidney transplantation and hypertension as the most frequent diseases in which the patients are on long-term medications. Also, the effect of urologic drugs on the efficacy of vaccination is briefly discussed.

Dialysis adequacy and Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative goals achievement in an Iranian hemodialysis population.

INTRODUCTION: We conducted this study to measure hemodialysis adequacy and determine to what extent some Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) goals are achieved in our patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study in Fars province, Iran, we assessed 632 patients on hemodialysis in 15 dialysis centers. The Kt/V was calculated, and data on serum levels of albumin, cholesterol, and triglyceride, hemoglobin level, blood pressure, body weight, and body mass index were collected. The values were compared with the KDOQI recommended target values. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 54.36 +/- 16.34 years. The mean Kt/V was 0.97 +/- 0.42, which was significantly higher in those who received 3 dialysis sessions per week than those on 2 dialysis sessions per week (P = .03). Only 32.1% of all patients achieved the Kt/V goal. Seventy-four percent of the patients had a serum albumin equal or greater than 4 g/dL. Hemoglobin levels were between 4.6 g/dL and 16.8 g/dL, and half of the patients had attainment of the hemoglobin target. Cholesterol target was reached in 40% of patients. Only 43 patients (6.8%) attained all targets recommended by the KDOQI guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The target values, except for serum albumin, were not reached in our patients. We conclude that it is necessary to provide essential equipment of dialysis centers such as dialysis machine and trained staffs, and also to raise awareness of KDOQI goals among patients and physicians.