The association between fear of childbirth and social support through the Internet and Social Networking Services in pregnant women: A cross-sectional study.

Social support is an important factor in reducing fear of childbirth (FOC). Recently, the Internet and Social Networking Services (SNS) have become new forms of social support. However, it is unclear whether such support can reduce pregnant women's fear. This study aimed to investigate the association between FOC and social support through the Internet and SNS in pregnant women. A cross-sectional study using a web-based questionnaire including questions about FOC, social support, the Internet and SNS usage, psychological variables, and sociodemographic variables was conducted. Data from 111 participants were analyzed. A greater number of social support from people who are often seen during pregnancy, and becoming relieved by interaction with others through the Internet and SNS were negatively associated with FOC. This study showed that face-to-face social support was associated with lower FOC, while social support through the Internet and SNS was not. Further research is needed on how to use Internet and SNS to reduce FOC in pregnant women.

Relationship Between Degree of Neonatal Physiologic Desquamation and Skin Barrier Function.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study examined the relationship between degree of neonatal physiologic desquamation and skin barrier functionality. In addition, we identified factors associated with neonatal desquamation. METHODS: This cross-sectional study assessed 4-day-old newborns. The desquamation level was evaluated and placed in one of the following categories based on the severity of the desquamation: no desquamation, a small amount, and severe (including cracked or bleeding). Skin barrier function was assessed by evaluating transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin pH, and sebum secretion. RESULTS: Among study participants, 67 (39.9%) showed no desquamation, 82 (48.8%) displayed a small amount, and 19 (11.3%) had severe desquamation. The group with severe desquamation had significantly elevated facial transepidermal water loss levels and reduced levels of stratum corneum hydration throughout the body, indicating skin barrier dysfunction, than other groups. In addition, the group with severe desquamation had a significantly longer gestational age, lower temperature and humidity level, smaller vernix caseosa, and tended to be born during winter. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that infants with severe desquamation had worsened skin barrier function versus those with moderate and no desquamation. Future research should consider what kind of care should be provided to newborns with severe desquamation.

Development and validation of an infant facial skin assessment tool: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Severe infant eczema on the face should be treated early because it may lead to allergic diseases in the future. However, caregivers find it difficult to assess. A visual tool for caregivers is needed to easily determine infants' facial skin condition severity based on the tool's scores. We developed an infant facial skin assessment tool (IFSAT) and evaluated its reliability and validity. METHODS: The IFSAT draft was developed based on results of a previous literature review and qualitative sketch. Panels including medical professionals and a caregiver checked the draft's content and face validity, and the IFSAT was finalized. To test the IFSAT's reliability and validity, caregivers and one-month-old infants were recruited. Two scoring methods were additionally created based on the relation between the items and cure period. The relationships between scores and cure period, and the ability to predict whether the infant needed medical treatment were examined by each scoring method. For the predictive validity, scores for infants requiring medical treatment and those for infants who did not were also compared. For the intra-examiner reliability analysis, two pediatricians rated the scores separately twice using photographs. Inter-rater reliabilities were analyzed among pediatricians, nurses, and caregivers. RESULTS: Altogether, 113 infant-caregiver pairs participated in the testing phase. Of the two scoring methods created (versions 1 and 2), pediatricians' and caregivers' scores using versions 1 and 2 were related to the cure period. These scores predict whether the infant needed medical treatment. We then selected version 2 based on the medical professionals' opinions. The scores of caregivers of infants requiring medical treatment were higher than those of caregivers of infants not requiring treatment (p < 0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of intra-examiner reliability was 0.87. The ICC of inter-rater reliabilities between pediatricians' and caregivers' scores and between nurses' and caregivers' scores were 0.66, and 0.66, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed IFSAT may be used to assess whether infants need medical treatment and whether to extend the cure period. The tool's reliability and validity were confirmed.

Association between perception of pre-pregnancy body weight and nutritional status during pregnancy: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Perception of body weight often affects dietary intake and biological nutrient concentrations. However, the association during pregnancy has not been clarified. This study examined the association of the perceived pre-pregnancy body weight with nutrient intake and circulating nutrient concentrations during pregnancy. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The cross-sectional study was conducted at a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan, from 2010 to 2014. Nutrient intake was assessed using a diet history questionnaire. The circulating concentrations of some nutrients were measured. The participants were divided into the following groups based on the perceived pre-pregnancy body weight: thin group (TG, n=174), average group (AG, n=357), and fat group (FG, n=220). Analysis of covariance was performed to compare the nutritional status among the groups. RESULTS: Women in the AG had significantly higher energy-adjusted intake of important nutrients such as eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, total dietary fiber, calcium, iron, and folate compared with women in the TG or FG. Among women with pre-pregnancy normal body mass index (BMI), intakes of nutrients such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B1 and the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and ß-carotene concentrations were significantly lower in the FG than in TG or AG. Among women with pre-pregnancy underweight, no significant differences were found in the nutritional status between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant Japanese women who overestimate their pre-pregnancy body weight despite having a normal BMI may need to have their nutritional status carefully assessed as a high-risk population for several nutrient deficiencies.

A longitudinal study of bonding failure related to aspects of posttraumatic stress symptoms after childbirth among Japanese mothers.

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after childbirth may affect mother-infant bonding. This study examined the relationship between aspects of PTSS after childbirth and bonding failure for mothers at 1 month and 4 months after delivery. METHODS: This longitudinal study surveyed 130 mothers at 1 month (T1) and 4 months (T2) after delivery. We performed multiple regression analysis with the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) as the dependent variable and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve score (F.APGAR), and demographic data as independent variables. RESULTS: The rate of mothers with an IES-R score of ≥ 25 was 6.2% at T1 and 3.8% at T2. The IES-R and the EPDS were relevant factors for the PBQ at T1. The IES-R was not a relevant factor, but the EPDS was a relevant factor for the PBQ at T2. The IES-R at T1 was not a predictor for the PBQ at T2. The PBQ at T1 was the largest predictor for the PBQ at T2, when compared with the EPDS, F.APGAR, and dismissive attachment pattern (RQ) at T1. CONCLUSIONS: PTSS after childbirth had a strong influence on bonding failure at T1. However, the important factor affecting bonding failure was not PTSS after childbirth, but depression at T2. If PTSS after childbirth are accompanied by depression at T2, bonding failure may be affected. Bonding failure affected by PTSS after childbirth at T1 could affect bonding failure at T2. Health professionals should assess the degree of PTSS after childbirth and start to care for mothers at T1.

Validity and reliability of the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale among Japanese mothers.

The Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale is a valid and reliable measure used to assess perceived parental self-efficacy, which is a critical component in facilitating adaptation to parenthood. In the current study, we translated the original version of the scale, developed in Australia, into Japanese and examined the validity and reliability of the translation, including its factor structure. A Web-based survey was administered to 316 mothers of children aged 0-12 months between May and June 2016. The results revealed that the Japanese version had a two factor structure: "self-efficacy for infant care" and "self-efficacy for parental role". The concurrent/convergent validity of the Japanese version was examined with an acceptable Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each subscale. The present findings indicate that the Japanese version of the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale is a valid and reliable measure to assess parenting self-efficacy among Japanese mothers of infants. The results suggest further assessment of parental self-efficacy by using each subscale. Additionally, future studies should replicate the factor structures across varied or large populations.

Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension (high blood pressure) in pregnancy carries a high risk of maternal morbidity and mortality. Although antihypertensive drugs are commonly used, they have adverse effects on mothers and fetuses. Guided imagery is a non-pharmacological technique that has the potential to lower blood pressure among pregnant women with hypertension. Guided imagery is a mind-body therapy that involves the visualisation of various mental images to facilitate relaxation and reduction in blood pressure. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of guided imagery as a non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension in pregnancy and its influence on perinatal outcomes. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register, and two trials registers (October 2018). We also searched relevant conference proceedings and journals, and scanned the reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We would have included RCTs using a cluster-randomised design, but none were identified. We excluded quasi-RCTs and cross-over trials.We sought intervention studies of various guided imagery techniques performed during pregnancy in comparison with no intervention or other non-pharmacological treatments for hypertension (e.g. quiet rest, music therapy, aromatherapy, relaxation therapy, acupuncture, acupressure, massage, device-guided slow breathing, hypnosis, physical exercise, and yoga). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three review authors independently assessed the trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias for the included studies. We checked extracted data for accuracy, and resolved differences in assessments by discussion. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included two small trials (involving a total of 99 pregnant women) that compared guided imagery with quiet rest. The trials were conducted in Canada and the USA. We assessed both trials as at high risk of performance bias, and low risk of attrition bias; one trial was at low risk for selection, detection, and reporting bias, while the other was at unclear risk for the same domains.We could not perform a meta-analysis because the two included studies reported different outcomes, and the frequency of the intervention was slightly different between the two studies. One study performed guided imagery for 15 minutes at least twice daily for four weeks, or until the baby was born (whichever came first). In the other study, the intervention included guided imagery, self-monitoring of blood pressure, and thermal biofeedback-assisted relaxation training for four total hours; the participants were instructed to practice the procedures twice daily and complete at least three relief relaxation breaks each day. The control groups were similar - one was quiet rest, and the other was quiet rest as bed rest.None of our primary outcomes were reported in the included trials: severe hypertension (either systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or higher, or diastolic blood pressure of 110 mmHg or higher); severe pre-eclampsia, or perinatal death (stillbirths plus deaths in the first week of life). Only one of the secondary outcomes was measured.Low-certainty evidence from one trial (69 women) suggests that guided imagery may make little or no difference in the use of antihypertensive drugs (risk ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 2.22). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to inform practice about the use of guided imagery for hypertension in pregnancy.The available evidence for this review topic is sparse, and the effect of guided imagery for treating hypertension during pregnancy (compared with quiet rest) remains unclear. There was low-certainty evidence that guided imagery made little or no difference to the use of antihypertensive drugs, downgraded because of imprecision.The two included trials did not report on any of the primary outcomes of this review. We did not identify any trials comparing guided imagery with no intervention, or with another non-pharmacological method for hypertension.Large and well-designed RCTs are needed to identify the effects of guided imagery on hypertension during pregnancy and on other relevant outcomes associated with short-term and long-term maternal and neonatal health. Trials could also consider utilisation and costs of health service.

Factors related to vegetable intake among pregnant Japanese women: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Vegetable intake (VI) is important for both fetal and maternal health. However, VI is insufficient among many pregnant Japanese women. This study aimed to identify the factors related to VI during pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014, at a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Dietary intake was assessed using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Demographic, physical, and psychological characteristics, dietary habits, and health-related behaviors were investigated using another questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors related to VI. RESULTS: Data of 273 healthy pregnant women was analyzed. The median value of energy-adjusted VI was 140.4 g/1000 kcal. Severe pregnancy-associated nausea (ß = -0.148), a habit of eating out (ß = -0.174), a habit of eating confectioneries (ß = -0.158), and perceived barriers to obtaining vegetables (ß = -0.149) were negatively associated with the energy-adjusted VI. In contrast, exercise habits (ß = 0.193), knowledge of the recommended VI amounts for non-pregnant adults (ß = 0.105), and the Vegetable Intake Self-Efficacy scale scores (ß = 0.193) were positively associated with the energy-adjusted VI. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with severe pregnancy-associated nausea, or those who habitually eat out or eat confectioneries, may be a potential high-risk population for low VI. Enhancing knowledge and self-efficacy regarding VI would be effective in increasing VI during pregnancy.

A qualitative evaluation of healthcare professionals' perceptions of adverse events focusing on communication and teamwork in maternity care.

AIM: The aim of this study was to explore healthcare professionals' (HCPs) perceptions of adverse events (AE) during childbirth with focus on communication and teamwork. BACKGROUND: Inadequate communication, a poor teamwork climate and insufficient team training are harmful to women. Reviews of reported AE can be used to develop a safety culture based on preparedness for preventing AE and strengthening patient safety (PS). DESIGN: Action research principles were used to facilitate the implementation and evaluation of this study. METHODS: An interprofessional team of HCPs comprising obstetricians, registered midwives and assistant nurses employed at a labour ward agreed to take part. Data were collected from multistage focus group interviews (March 2016-June 2016) and analysed by means of interpretative thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Two analytical themes based on five sub-themes emerged; promoting interprofessional teamwork and building capabilities by involving HCPs and elucidating relevant strategies. The findings reveal the importance of facilitating relationships based on trust and respectful communication to ensure a safe environment and provide safe maternity care. CONCLUSION: There is a need for formal and informal support for quality interprofessional teamwork. Research on PS may reduce AE related to miscommunication and poor teamwork. We recommend different forms of communication and teamwork training in interprofessional teams to increase the ability to provide feedback. Accumulated research is required for the evaluation of evidence-based models in the PS context.

Effects of skipping breakfast on dietary intake and circulating and urinary nutrients during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: More than 20% of pregnant Japanese women regularly skip breakfast, thereby resulting in a low intake of several nutrients that are required for fetal development and prevention of pregnancy complications. However, whether skipping breakfast affects circulating levels of these nutrients remains unclear. We investigated whether skipping breakfast during pregnancy was associated with decreases in dietary intake and circulating and urinary levels of several nutrients, including fatty acids and vitamins. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan, between June and October 2010. Nutrient intakes were assessed using a validated diet history questionnaire. Blood and 24-hour urinary samples were collected for assessing circulating and urinary excretion levels of nutrients. Skipping breakfast was defined as forgoing breakfast including a staple food, such as rice or bread, two or more times per week. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to compare nutrient levels between breakfast skippers and non-skippers after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Of 97 healthy pregnant women in the second trimester, 37 (38.1%) skipped breakfast two or more times per week. In multiple linear regression analysis, breakfast skippers had significant lower energy-adjusted intakes of protein than non-skippers (p=0.019). In addition, breakfast skippers had significantly lower levels of plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (p=0.008), plasma docosahexaenoic acid (p=0.027), serum ß- carotene (p=0.013), urinary urea nitrogen (p=0.027), and urinary potassium (p=0.006), compared to non-skippers. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare professionals need to suggest effective strategies for encouraging breakfast skippers to have breakfast regularly and to increase the intake of these nutrients.

Risk management-Evaluation of healthcare professionals' reasoning about and understanding of maternity care.

AIM: To evaluate healthcare professionals' explanations of the prerequisites for safe maternity care and understanding of risk management, including the underlying reasons for decision-making intended to ensure safe care. BACKGROUND: Risk management focuses on maintaining and promoting safe care by identifying circumstances that place childbearing women at risk of harm, thus reducing risks. METHODS: A hermeneutic action research approach was chosen. Through a series of focus group sessions, we uncovered healthcare professionals' explanations of risk management. RESULTS: One overriding theme emerged; the consequences of what managers do or fail to do constitute the meaning of taking responsibility for team collaboration to provide safe care. Inadequate support, resources and staff shortages have consequences, such as inability to concentrate on team communication and collaboration, leading to the risk of unsafe care. CONCLUSION: Communication constitutes a prerequisite for both team collaboration and risk management. Thus, communication is linked to the ability of managers and healthcare professionals to provide safe care. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: In terms of safety management, nurse managers have a significant role in and responsibility for supporting communication training, developing guidelines and providing the prerequisites for interprofessional team reflection.

Qualitative study of women's experiences of safe childbirth in maternity care.

Few studies have focused on women's childbirth experiences in relation to patient safety. The aim of this study was to explore the meaning of safety as a process phenomenon by outlining women's positive and negative experiences of safety in childbirth. A descriptive explorative design was chosen and 16 interviews were conducted. Qualitative content analysis was used. One main theme emerged: safe childbirth through involvement and guidance, based on four subthemes. The characteristics of women's experiences of safe childbirth included the need to be informed and involved by sharing and receiving trustworthy information. Women's experiences of unsafe childbirth included lack of meaningful and trustworthy information that resulted in feelings of being misled or lulled into a false sense of security. Not being involved evoked feelings of being ignored. In conclusion, this study highlights issues of importance for safe maternity care. The perspectives of childbearing women can contribute to an understanding of how to achieve meaningful improvements to provide safer maternity care.

Qualitative exploration of fear of childbirth and preferences for mode of birth among Japanese primiparas.

Antenatal fear of childbirth (FOC) is associated with negative effects, such as postnatal traumatic symptoms. As the birth-related culture of East Asian countries differs from that in Western countries, the aim of the present qualitative, descriptive study was to explore FOC, perceptions for Caesarean section (CS), and obstetric analgesia (OA) among Japanese primiparas. The qualitative, descriptive study included focus group interviews with 11 primiparous women, which were conducted in a birth house and a maternity hospital in a metropolitan area of Japan in 2013. As a result, seven categories emerged from the analysis: Maternal and child risk, pain, losing control, uncertainty, prolonged labor, poor family support and loneliness before hospitalization. All participants denied having a preference for CS birth due to fear. Opposing values of OA were identified in women who chose OA and those who did not. In conclusion, it is necessary to increase clinical awareness that the objects of fear are diverse. Furthermore, diverse values regarding OA should be understood and equally respected by health-care professionals.

Availability of two self-administered diet history questionnaires for pregnant Japanese women: A validation study using 24-hour urinary markers.

BACKGROUND: Accurate and easy dietary assessment methods that can be used during pregnancy are required in both epidemiological studies and clinical settings. To verify the utility of dietary assessment questionnaires in pregnancy, we examined the validity and reliability of a self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ) and a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) to measure energy, protein, sodium, and potassium intake among pregnant Japanese women. METHODS: The research was conducted at a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan, between 2010 and 2011. The urinary urea nitrogen, sodium, and potassium levels were used as reference values in the validation study. For the reliability assessment, participants completed the questionnaires twice within a 4-week interval. RESULTS: For the DHQ (n = 115), the correlation coefficients between survey-assessed energy-adjusted intake and urinary protein, sodium, and potassium levels were 0.359, 0.341, and 0.368, respectively; for the BDHQ (n = 112), corresponding values were 0.302, 0.314, and 0.401, respectively. The DHQ-measured unadjusted protein and potassium intake levels were significantly correlated with the corresponding urinary levels (rs = 0.307 and rs = 0.342, respectively). The intra-class correlation coefficients for energy, protein, sodium, and potassium between the time 1 and time 2 DHQ (n = 58) and between the time 1 and time 2 BDHQ (n = 54) ranged from 0.505 to 0.796. CONCLUSIONS: Both the DHQ and the BDHQ were valid and reliable questionnaires for assessing the energy-adjusted intake of protein, sodium, and potassium during pregnancy. In addition, given the observed validity of unadjusted protein and potassium intake measures, the DHQ can be a useful tool to estimate energy intake of pregnant Japanese women.

Development of the Japanese version of the Woman Abuse Screening Tool-Short.

This study develops a Japanese version of the Woman Abuse Screening Tool, comprising two simple questions, to examine its accuracy and validity. A cohort study involving women in the third trimester of pregnancy and one month after childbirth was conducted in an antenatal clinic in a Tokyo suburb. The Japanese versions of the Index of Spouse Abuse and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to examine the cut-off point, accuracy, and validity of the Woman Abuse Screening Tool. Results showed that the tool demonstrated good accuracy (sensitivity 66.7-71.4%, specificity 89.7%), using an alternative cut-off point (i.e. responses of "some tension" or "some difficulty" [2 points] for one item and "a lot of tension" or "great difficulty" [1 point] for the other), and good concurrent, convergent, and predictive validity. The results indicated that the Woman Abuse Screening Tool could be useful in Japanese perinatal health settings, as an initial screening tool to detect intimate partner violence efficiently and effectively during pregnancy.

Effect of tailored dietary guidance for pregnant women on nutritional status: A double-cohort study.

This double cohort study aimed to evaluate the effect of tailored dietary guidance for pregnant women on dietary intake, nutritional status, and infant birth weight. Healthy pregnant women were recruited at an antenatal clinic during two phases over 2 years. The historical controls were analyzed a year prior to the intervention group. In both groups, data were collected at 19-26 gestational weeks (baseline) and at 34-37 gestational weeks (outcome measurement). The intervention included the following: (a) assessments of maternal dietary nutritional intake using the brief self-administered diet history questionnaire, (b) individual feedback based on the assessments of maternal nutritional status, (c) tailored guidance for a healthy diet, (d) original cooking recipes, and (e) goal sharing. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the outcome data between the groups. Of the 378 eligible women, 309 women had follow-up questionnaire data. Blood samples were obtained from 202 women. Despite a lack of improvement in reported dietary intake, plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (p = .002), docosahexaenoic acid (p < .001), arachidonic acid (p < .001), and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (p < .001) concentrations as well as maternal weight gain (p = .019) were significantly higher in the intervention group. However, serum folate (p = .031) concentration was significantly lower in the intervention group, and there were no significant differences between the groups in 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, blood count, average birth weight, and rate of low birth weight infants. Assessment-based tailored guidance individualized to maternal dietary intake might partially contribute to improved nutrition in pregnant women.

Associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy, mother-to-infant bonding failure, and postnatal depressive symptoms.

This study examined the associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy, mother-to-infant bonding failure, and postnatal depressive symptoms at 1 month postnatal. This study also examined if these relationships would be mediated by antenatal depressive symptoms. This study was a prospective cohort study that investigated effects between the third trimester of pregnancy and 1 month after childbirth. The Japanese version of the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA), the Japanese version of the Mother-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS), and the Japanese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to measure IPV during pregnancy, bonding failure with infants, and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the postnatal period respectively. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to find the associations between those four variables. The final path model of the SEM showed good fit with the data. IPV during pregnancy was associated with mother-to-infant bonding failure at 1 month postnatal, whereas IPV during pregnancy was not significantly associated with postnatal depressive symptoms at 1 month postnatal. In addition, this study demonstrated that the associations between IPV during pregnancy, mother-to-infant bonding failure, and postnatal depressive symptoms at 1 month postnatal were mediated by antenatal depressive symptoms. The results of this study indicated the need for interventions for IPV and psychological health care for abused pregnant women to prevent antenatal depressive symptoms in prenatal health settings. Those interventions by perinatal health professionals would help to prevent bonding failure with infants and postnatal depressive symptoms after childbirth.

Maternal and Child Health in Mongolia at 3 Years After Childbirth: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.

OBJECTIVES: In recent years Mongolia has made great advances towards Millennium Development Goals to reduce maternal and child mortality, however few studies have investigated maternal and child health status several years after childbirth. Our study aims to describe priority health issues in maternal and child health in Mongolia 3 years after childbirth, and key areas requiring further health policy development. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in Bulgan province, Mongolia. Participants were women who gave birth in 2010 and lived in Bulgan in 2013, and their children who were almost 3 years of age. Data was collected using structured interviews, self-administered questionnaires, transcribed records from the Maternal and Child Health Handbook, anthropometric measurements, and a developmental assessment tool. RESULTS: Data was obtained from 1,019 women and 1,013 children (recovery rate: 94.1 %). Among women, 171 (17.2 %) were obese and had an average body mass index (BMI) of 25.7, 40 (4.4 %) experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) and 356 (36.2 %) reported urinary incontinence in the past month. Among children, 110 (10.8 %) were assessed as at risk of developmental delay, 131 (13.1 %) were overweight or obese, burns accounted for the highest number of serious accidents at 173 (17.0 %) while lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) were the most frequent cause of pediatric hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: for Practice Further development in health policy is required in Mongolia to target the significant health challenges of obesity, IPV, and urinary incontinence in women, and obesity, development delay, burns, and LRTIs in children.

Disagreement between parents on assessment of child temperament traits.

BACKGROUND: Accuracy of temperament assessment is a prerequisite in research studies. To identify the extent to which parental assessment of child temperament is biased by their personal attributes, we proposed a new structural equation model, in which biases of parental attributes in their assessment of child temperament can be separated from the true (i.e. non-biased) associations between the two. METHODS: We examined 234 father-mother pairs using questionnaires including Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, and Impulsivity; Social Desirability Scale; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Temperament and Character Inventory; and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. RESULTS: Paternal Depression and Persistence, maternal Trait Anger, and parental Novelty Seeking showed significant bias in assessment of Emotionality. Maternal Self-transcendence showed significant bias in assessment of child Impulsivity. CONCLUSION: Researchers should be cautious about biases in parental assessment of children's Emotionality and Impulsivity, but other temperament traits may be free from such biases.