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Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are common benign soft tissue tumors, frequently affecting infants. While Propranolol Hydrochloride (Pro HCl) has emerged as a promising treatment for IH, its topical application remains challenging due to the need for stable and efficacious carriers. This study investigates the potential of preformulated liposomes as carriers for topical delivery of Pro HCl for the treatment of IH in compounding pharmacies. Liposomes loaded with Pro HCl were prepared using active pharmaceutical ingredient or commercially available propranolol tablets and various dilution media, including Water for Injection (WFI), Dextrose 5%, and NaCl 0.9%. The physicochemical properties of the liposomal formulations (Pro HCl content, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and colloidal stability) were assessed over a 90-day storage at 4 °C. In vitro release kinetics and transdermal permeation of Pro HCl from liposomes were also evaluated. Liposome properties were influenced by the dilution medium. Pro HCl content remained stable in liposomes encapsulating API (Lipo-Pro), regardless of the dilution medium. Lipo-Pro showed sustained drug release over time, suggesting its potential for maintaining therapeutic levels. Pro HCl exhibited enhanced transdermal permeability from Lipo-Pro compared to aqueous solution, indicating its potential for topical IH treatment. Preformulated liposomes offer a stable and effective carrier for Pro HCl, potentially suitable for extemporaneous preparations in compounding pharmacies. Their enhanced transdermal permeability presents a promising alternative for topical IH treatment. This study provides valuable insights into the development of innovative and effective drug delivery strategies for managing IH, with future research focusing on in vivo applications and therapeutic potential.
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Asthma is an inflammatory disease whose etiology remains unclear. Its characteristics encompass a wide range of clinical symptoms, inflammatory processes, and reactions to standard therapies. Plants produce a range of constitutive products and secondary metabolites that may have therapeutic abilities. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Senna obtusifolia transgenic hairy root extracts on virus-induced airway remodeling conditions. Three cell lines were incubated with extracts from transformed (SOA4) and transgenic (SOPSS2, with overexpression of the gene encoding squalene synthase 1) hairy roots of Senna obtusifolia in cell lines undergoing human rhinovirus-16 (HRV-16) infection. The effects of the extracts on the inflammatory process were determined based on the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1α and IFN-γ) and total thiol content. The transgenic Senna obtusifolia root extract reduced virus-induced expression of TNF, IL-8 and IL-1 in WI-38 and NHBE cells. The SOPSS2 extract reduced IL-1 expression only in lung epithelial cells. Both tested extracts significantly increased the concentration of thiol groups in epithelial lung cells. In addition, the SOPPS2 hairy root extract yielded a positive result in the scratch test. SOA4 and SOPPS2 Senna obtusifolia hairy root extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects or wound healing activity. The SOPSS2 extract had stronger biological properties, which may result from a higher content of bioactive secondary metabolites.
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Interleucina-8 , Senna , Humanos , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Senna/genética , Cicatrización de Heridas , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/metabolismo , Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/genéticaRESUMEN
Nannochloropsis oculata is a marine microalgal species with a great potential as food or feed due to its high pigment, protein and eicosapentaenoic acid contents. However, for such an application to be realized on a large scale, a biorefinery approach is necessary due to the high cost of microalgal biomass production. For example, techno economic analyses have suggested the co-production of food or feed with antioxidants, which can be extracted and supplied separately to the market. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cultivation conditions on the antioxidant capacity of Nannochlosopsis oculata extracts, derived with ultrasound-assisted extraction at room temperature, as well as the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the biomass. A fractional factorial approach was applied to examine the effects of temperature (20-35 °C), pH (6.5-9.5) and light period (24:0, 12:12). At the end of each run, biomass was collected, washed with 0.5M ammonium bicarbonate and freeze-dried. Antioxidant capacity as gallic acid equivalents as well as pigment content were measured in the ethanolic extracts. Optimal conditions were different for productivity and biomass composition. Interesting results regarding the effect of light period (LP) and pH require further investigation, whereas the effect of moisture on the extraction process was confounded with biomass composition. Finally, further data is provided regarding the relation between chlorophyll content and apparent phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, in agreement with our previous work.
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Microalgas , Estramenopilos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomasa , Clorofila/metabolismo , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Ácido Gálico/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Microalgas/metabolismo , Fotobiorreactores , Estramenopilos/metabolismo , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Short gold nanorods were synthesized (average length 28.08 nm, average aspect ratio 3.54), which were functionalized with folic acid (FA) and 8-mercaptooctanoic acid (MOA) or 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MDA) and loaded with paclitaxel (PCT). FA was conjugated to the nanorods in order to render them targetable for cancer cells overexpressing folate receptors whereas MOA or MDA was attached on the nanorods in order to generate extra hydrophobic areas for entrapment of hydrophobic drugs such as PCT in the nanorods and in order to provide free carboxylic groups, which would allow for the conjugation of drug or other biofunctional molecules to the nanorods. The functionalized gold nanorods (GNRs-MOA-FA and GNRs-MDA-FA) did not exhibit any significant degree of aggregation in cell culture medium and blood plasma even after a prolonged incubation period of 7 days, indicating the adequate colloidal stability of the nanorods in these media. The functionalized nanorods exhibited satisfactory entrapment efficiency (around 40%) for PCT and released less than 25% of their PCT content in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 in 48 h. PCT entrapment efficiency was a little higher and PCT release rate a little lower in the GNRs-MOA-FA. Molecular analysis (qPCR) was used to find out that the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line expresses the folate receptor (FL1R) whereas the MCF-7 cancer cell line does not. The PCT-loaded GNRs-MOA-FA were more cytotoxic than the PCT-loaded GNRs-MOA nanorods against the MDA-MB-231 cells, which probably relates to the higher uptake of the GNRs-MOA-FA nanorods by these cells. The opposite was true in the case of the MCF-7 cells.
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Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Ácido Fólico/química , Oro/química , Nanotubos/química , Paclitaxel/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Paclitaxel/farmacologíaAsunto(s)
COVID-19 , Hipersensibilidad , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/efectos adversos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidad/epidemiología , Hipersensibilidad/etiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Gene therapy involves the introduction of exogenous genetic material into host tissues to modify gene expression or cellular properties for therapeutic purposes. Initially developed to address genetic disorders, gene therapy has expanded to encompass a wide range of conditions, notably cancer. Effective delivery of nucleic acids into target cells relies on carriers, with non-viral systems gaining prominence due to their enhanced safety profile compared to viral vectors. Chitosan, a biopolymer, is frequently utilized to fabricate nanoparticles for various biomedical applications, particularly nucleic acid delivery, with recent emphasis on targeting cancer cells. Chitosan's positively charged amino groups enable the formation of stable nanocomplexes with nucleic acids and facilitate interaction with cell membranes, thereby promoting cellular uptake. Despite these advantages, chitosan-based nanoparticles face challenges such as poor solubility at physiological pH, non-specificity for cancer cells, and inefficient endosomal escape, limiting their transfection efficiency. To address these limitations, researchers have focused on enhancing the functionality of chitosan nanoparticles. Strategies include improving stability, enhancing targeting specificity, increasing cellular uptake efficiency, and promoting endosomal escape. This review critically evaluates recent formulation approaches within these categories, aiming to provide insights into advancing chitosan-based gene delivery systems for improved efficacy, particularly in cancer therapy.
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PURPOSE: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), nanosized phospholipids/triglyceride particles developed for drug delivery, are considered biologically inactive. We assessed the efficacy of unloaded NLC as experimental treatment for acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS: To induce ALI, C57Black/6 male mice received intratracheal injections of HCl or saline; A single dose of 16 mg/Kg NLC or saline was injected intravenously concomitantly with HCl challenge. NLC uptake mechanisms and effects on endothelial permeability and signaling were studied in cultured endothelial cells and neutrophils. RESULTS: NLC pre-treatment attenuated pulmonary microvascular protein leak, airspace inflammatory cells, thrombin proteolytic activity and histologic lung injury score 24 h post insult. Using fluorescence measurements and flow cytometry in mouse lung microvascular endothelial cell culture homogenates, we determined that NLC rendered fluorescent by curcumin labeling are taken up by endothelial cells from mice expressing caveolin-1, the coat protein of caveolar endocytic vesicles, but not from caveolin-1 gene-disrupted mice, which lack caveolae. In contrast, conventional emulsions (CE), consisting of larger particles, were not incorporated. In addition, NLC pre-treatment of cultured human lung microvascular endothelial cells abrogated thrombin-induced activation of p44/42, albumin permeability response, actin cytoskeletal remodeling and interleukin-6 production. Finally, NLC but not CE abrogated lipopolysaccharide-triggered interleukin-8 release. CONCLUSIONS: NLC are engulfed by endothelial caveolae and possess endothelial-protective effects. These novel properties may be of potential utility in ALI.
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Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Nanoestructuras/uso terapéutico , Fosfolípidos/uso terapéutico , Triglicéridos/uso terapéutico , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/inmunología , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/metabolismo , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/patología , Animales , Coagulación Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Caveolas/inmunología , Caveolas/metabolismo , Caveolas/patología , Caveolina 1/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Citocinas/análisis , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/inmunología , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/patología , Humanos , Pulmón/inmunología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Nanoestructuras/análisis , Permeabilidad/efectos de los fármacos , Fosfolípidos/farmacocinética , Trombina/metabolismo , Triglicéridos/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Liposomes are composed of different kinds of lipids or lipophilic substances and are used as carriers of bioactive molecules. The characterization of the prepared liposomes consists of the calculation of the drug-to-lipid-molar ratio by measuring the lipids and the encapsulated molecule.The present work describes an analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of all the lipid ingredients of liposome formulation using thin-layer chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (TLC/FID), employing the least possible sample quantity. The method consists of the chromatographic separation of the liposomal ingredients on silica gel scintillated on quartz rods and the subsequent detection of the ingredients by scanning the rods through hydrogen flame. The produced ions are detected by a flame ionization detector, and the signal is converted to a chromatogram.This method may be applied at every step of the liposome preparation for examining the quality of the raw materials, tracking possible errors in the preparation procedure, and finally analyzing the content of the final liposomal composition.
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Lípidos , Liposomas , Liposomas/química , Lípidos/química , Ionización de Llama/métodos , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to estimate the reporting rates (RRs) of acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal failure (RF) after COVID-19 vaccination in the European Economic Area (EEA) and the United States. METHODS: We retrieved and analyzed pharmacovigilance data on suspected AKI and RF cases and fatalities post COVID-19 vaccination with licensed vaccines reported to EudraVigilance and VAERS between week 52/2020 and week 52/2022 or week 1/2023, respectively. Reporting rates with 95% confidence intervals were estimated per million administered vaccine doses. RESULTS: In total, 4,244 AKI and 1,557 RF suspected cases were notified to EudraVigilance (1,692 AKI/971 RF) and VAERS (2,552 AKI/586 RF) during the study period following the administration of >1.6 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses (EEA: 970,934,453/US: 666,511,603). The overall RRs were 3.03 (95 % CI: 2.94-3.12) for AKI and 1.11 (95 % CI: 1.06-1.17) for RF per million administered vaccine doses. Indices for statistically significant increased risks were found in subjects, especially males, ≥65 years compared to 18-64 years old (AKI: OR = 7.23, 95 % CI: 6.63-7.88, p = 0.000, and RF: OR = 4.74, 95 % CI: 3.99-5.63, p < 0.001). AKI reporting rates were higher in the US, while RF reporting rates were higher in Europe. Both potential side effects were elevated following vectored rather than mRNA vaccines, with the highest reporting rates post AD26.COV2.S vaccination in the US (AKI: RR = 12.24, 95 % CI: 10.66-13.81; RF: RR = 3.17, 95 % CI: 2.36-3.97). There were 1,312 deaths possibly associated with AKI (RR = 0.94, 95 % CI: 0.89-0.99) and 460 deaths possibly associated with RF (RR = 0.33, 95 % CI: 0.30-0.36) per million vaccine doses. Fatalities were lower in Europe than in the US (AKI: OR = 0.25, 95 % CI: 0.22-0.28, p < 0.001; RF: OR = 0.82, 95 % CI: 0.69-0.99, p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: AKI and RF may be observed rarely following vaccination against COVID-19. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings and uncover the underlying pathophysiological mechanism.
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Lesión Renal Aguda , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Lesión Renal Aguda/inducido químicamente , Lesión Renal Aguda/epidemiología , Ad26COVS1 , Sistemas de Registro de Reacción Adversa a Medicamentos , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/efectos adversos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Vacunación/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , AncianoRESUMEN
Inflammation is closely related to asthma and its defining feature: airway remodeling. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of extracts of normal (NR) and transformed (TR) Leonotis nepetifolia roots on respiratory cells and against the gingival epithelium. Extracts from NR and TR roots were added to lung fibroblast, bronchial epithelial and gingival fibroblast cell lines, in the presence of HRV-16 infection, to determine their impact on inflammation. The expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1ß, GM-CSF and MCAF) as well as total thiol contents were assessed. The TR extract inhibited rhinovirus-induced IL-6 and IL-1ß expression in all tested airway cells (p < 0.05). Additionally, the extract decreased GM-CSF expression in bronchial epithelial cells. The tested extracts had positive effects on total thiol content in all tested cell lines. The TR root extract demonstrated wound healing potential. While both tested extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, they were stronger for the TR extract, possibly due to higher concentrations of beneficial metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids. Additionally, wound healing activity was demonstrated for the TR root extract. These results suggest that TR root extract may become a promising therapeutic agent in the future.
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Citocinas , Lamiaceae , Humanos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos , Interleucina-6 , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Lamiaceae/metabolismo , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
AIM: The present study aimed to estimate the anaphylaxis rates following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents in Europe. METHODS: We retrieved data on 371 anaphylaxis cases following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in children ≤ 17 years old notified to EudraVigilance as of October 8, 2022. Overall, 27,120,512 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine and 1,400,300 doses of mRNA-1273 vaccine have been delivered to children during the study period. RESULTS: The overall mean anaphylaxis rate was 12.81 [95% confidence interval (CI): 11.49-14.12] per 106 mRNA vaccine doses [12.14 (95% CI: 6.37-17.91) per 106 doses for mRNA-1273 and 12.84 (95% CI: 11.49-14.19) per 106 doses for BNT162b2]. Children 12-17 years old accounted for 317 anaphylaxis cases, followed by 48 cases in children 3-11 years old, and 6 cases in children 0-2 years old. Children 10-17 years old had a mean anaphylaxis rate of 13.52 (95% CI: 12.03-15.00) cases per 106 mRNA vaccine doses and children 5-9 years old had a mean anaphylaxis rate of 9.51 (95% CI: 6.82-12.20) cases per 106 mRNA vaccine doses. There were two fatalities, both in the 12-17 years age group. The fatal anaphylaxis rate was 0.07 cases per 106 mRNA vaccine doses. CONCLUSIONS: Anaphylaxis is a rare adverse event after receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in children. Continuous surveillance of serious adverse events is needed to guide vaccination policies as we move towards SARS-CoV-2 endemicity. Larger real-world studies on COVID-19 vaccination in children, using clinical case confirmation, are imperative.
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Anafilaxia , COVID-19 , Humanos , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Anafilaxia/inducido químicamente , Anafilaxia/epidemiología , Vacuna nCoV-2019 mRNA-1273 , Vacuna BNT162 , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/efectos adversos , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacunación/efectos adversos , ARN MensajeroRESUMEN
The aim of this study is the synthesis of novel peptide-silver nanoparticle conjugates with enhanced wound healing capacity. Peptide-silver nanoparticle conjugates were synthesized using myristoyl tetrapeptide 6 (MT6) or copper tripeptide 1 (CuTP1). Peptide-free silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were synthesized using NaBH4 and sodium citrate and were used as control. The addition of the peptides during or after the synthesis of nanoparticles and its impact on the properties of the synthesized peptide-silver nanoparticle conjugates were assessed. The monitoring of the synthesis of nanoparticles was achieved using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-/Vis). The characteristics and colloidal stability of the nanoparticles (size and ζ-potential distribution, morphology, composition and structure) were monitored using dynamic laser scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The wound healing capacity of the peptide-silver nanoparticle conjugates was assessed using scratch test assay on fibroblasts (NIH/3T3). The results indicated that the addition of the peptides during the synthesis of nanoparticles lead to better yield of the reaction and more effective capping while the size distribution and ζ-potential of the conjugates indicated long-term colloidal stability. The MT6-AgNP conjugate exhibited 71.97 ± 4.35% wound closure, which was about 5.48-fold higher (p < 0.05) than the corresponding free MT6. The CuTP1-AgNP conjugate exhibited 62.37 ± 18.33% wound closure that was better by 2.82 fold (p < 0.05) compared to the corresponding free CuTP1. Both peptides led to the synthesis of silver nanoparticle conjugates with enhanced wound healing capacity compared to the respective free peptide or to the peptide-free AgNP (29.53 ± 4.71% wound closure, p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrated that the synthetized peptide-silver nanoparticle conjugates are promising ingredients for wound care formulation.
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This study aimed at producing an updated assessment of the incidence of anaphylaxis associated with COVID-19 vaccines based on pharmacovigilance data. Anaphylactic reaction and anaphylactic shock data post-COVID-19-vaccination reported from week 52, 2020 to week 1 or week 2, 2023 were collected from the VAERS and EudraVigilance databases, respectively, and analyzed comparatively. Incidence rates were calculated using the corresponding administered vaccine doses as denominators for all licensed vaccines and both platform types (mRNA or vectored). The latest data from the present analysis showed lower anaphylaxis incidence associated with COVID-19 vaccination compared to previous estimates from week 52, 2020 to week 39, 2021 (anaphylactic reaction: 8.96 (95% CI 8.80-9.11)/million doses overall (EEA: 14.19 (95% CI 13.92-14.47)/million/US: 3.17 (95% CI 3.03-3.31)/million); anaphylactic shock: 1.46 (95% CI 1.39-1.52)/million doses overall (EEA: 2.47 (95% CI 2.36-2.58)/million/US: 0.33 (95% CI 0.29-0.38)/million)). Incidence rates varied by vaccine and were higher as captured in EudraVigilance compared to the VAERS and for vectored compared to mRNA vaccines. Most reported cases had a favorable outcome. The extremely rare fatalities (overall rates across continents 0.04 (95% CI 0.03-0.06)/million doses for anaphylactic reaction and 0.02 (95% CI 0.01-0.03)/million vaccine doses for anaphylactic shock) were also associated with vector-rather than mRNA-based vaccines. The diminished incidence of anaphylaxis post-vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines offers assurance about their safety, as does the continuous potential adverse events monitoring through specialized pharmacovigilance databases.
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Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most severe manifestation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common complication of type 2 diabetes, and may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oxidative stress and liver cell damage are the major triggers of the severe hepatic inflammation that characterizes NASH, which is highly correlated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Regarding drug therapy, research on the role of GLP-1 analogues and DPP4 inhibitors, novel classes of antidiabetic drugs, is growing. In this review, we outline the association between NASH and atherosclerosis, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the effects of incretin-based drugs, especially GLP-1 RAs, for the therapeutic management of these conditions.
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Several vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were developed and made available in a record time, just over a year after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [...].
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We retrieved data on 8940 anaphylaxis cases post-COVID-19 vaccination from the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and the European EudraVigilance from week 52/2020 through week 31/2021 and compared them with those of other vaccines. Overall, 837,830,000 COVID-19 vaccine doses were delivered in the US and Europe during the study period, for which the vaccine name was known. The mean anaphylaxis rate was estimated at 10.67 cases per 106 doses of COVID-19 vaccines (range: 7.99-19.39 cases per 106 doses depending on the vaccine). COVID-19 vaccines ranked fifth in reported anaphylaxis rates, behind rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, measles-mumps-rubella-varicella, and human papillomavirus vaccines (70.77, 20, 19.8, and 13.65 cases per 106 vaccine doses, respectively). COVID-19 vaccines are within the range of anaphylaxis rates reported across several common vaccines in these two passive reporting systems. These data should be communicated to reassure the general population about the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Anafilaxia , COVID-19 , Anafilaxia/inducido químicamente , Anafilaxia/epidemiología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Humanos , Lactante , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/efectos adversos , Vacuna contra la Parotiditis , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Complications following COVID-19 vaccination, particularly with mRNA vaccines, rarely include myocarditis and pericarditis. This work principally aimed at defining a realistic temporal relationship between vaccination and myocarditis/pericarditis development. METHODS: All relevant cases reported from week 52/2020 through week 41/2021 in the VAERS database were retrieved and analyzed for licensed vaccines. These included BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and AD26.COV2·S. Incidence rates were calculated using the corresponding administered vaccine doses as denominators. Additionally, analyzed parameters included demographics, dose series, hospitalization length and outcome. RESULTS: Overall, 2016 myocarditis and 1380 pericarditis cases, (4.96/106 and 3.40/106 administered vaccine doses, respectively), were recorded. Most myocarditis cases occurred following BNT162b2 (5.60/106 doses) in males <30 years. Pericarditis affected predominantly males <40, both sexes >40 years, and was most common post AD26.COV2·S (4.78/106 doses). Hospitalization was required for 40.3% and 27.2% of myocarditis and pericarditis cases, respectively. A bimodal pattern was found for both myocarditis and pericarditis, with two peaks that coincided temporally, but were reversed in intensity. The first peak was recorded 1-3 days post-vaccination and was more pronounced in myocarditis, while the second was recorded 15-30 days post-vaccination and was more intense in pericarditis. CONCLUSIONS: Myocarditis/pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination is rare and depicts a bimodal pattern.
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COVID-19 , Miocarditis , Pericarditis , Ad26COVS1 , Vacuna BNT162 , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Miocarditis/complicaciones , Miocarditis/etiología , Pericarditis/diagnóstico , Pericarditis/epidemiología , Pericarditis/etiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacunación/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The aim of this study was the development of an efficient "green" extraction method of Nannochloropsis oculata to produce antioxidant extracts and nutritious residual biomass. Twenty-one extraction methods were evaluated by measuring the reactivity with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent: ultrasonication or maceration at different temperatures with different organic solvents, extraction at different pH values, enzyme-assisted extraction, encapsulation with ß-cyclodextrin, and the use of natural deep eutectic solvents. Ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol or betaine: 1,2-propanediol in a molar ratio of 2:5 (BP) had optimal extractive capacity. Both extracts were evaluated with antioxidant assays and the ethanol extract exhibited significantly higher (at least twofold) values. The determination of carotenoids by LC-MS and HPLC-DAD revealed the dominance of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin and their fourfold higher concentrations in the ethanol extract. The 1H-NMR characterization of the ethanol extract confirmed the results of the colorimetric and chromatographic assays. The microalgal biomass was characterized before and after the extraction in terms of humidity, ash, carbohydrates, proteins, chlorophyll-a, carotenoids, and lipids; the identity and content of the latter were determined with gas chromatography. BP caused a smaller depletion of the lipids from the biomass compared to ethanol, but proteins, carbohydrates, and ash were at a higher content in the biomass obtained after ethanol extraction, whereas the biomass was dry and easy to handle. Although further optimization may take place for the scale-up of those procedures, our study paves the way for a green strategy for the valorization of microalgae in cosmetics without generating waste, since the remaining biomass can be used for aquafeed.
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Royal jelly is a yellowish-white substance with a gel texture that is secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of young worker bees. It consists mainly of water (50-56%), proteins (18%), carbohydrates (15%), lipids (3-6%), minerals (1.5%), and vitamins, and has many beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and anti-aging. Royal jelly has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine, cosmetics and as a functional food due to its high nutritional value. The main bioactive substances are royalactin, and 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). Other important bioactive molecules with antioxidant and photoprotective skin activity are polyphenols. However, they present difficulties in extraction and in use as they are unstable physicochemically, and a higher temperature causes color change and component degradation. In the present study, a new encapsulation and delivery system consisting of liposomes and cyclodextrins incorporating royal jelly has been developed. The new delivery system aims to the elimination of the stability disadvantages of royal jelly's sensitive component 10-HDA, but also to the controlled release of its ingredients and, more particularly, 10-HDA, for an enhanced bioactivity in cosmeceutical applications.
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OBJECTIVES: The novel mRNA vaccines proved to be safe and effective in averting severe COVID-19. Vaccine-related complications recorded by pharmacovigilance systems, such as 'EudraVigilance' in Europe and 'VAERS' in the United States (US), rarely include myocarditis and pericarditis. Given the novelty of the platform and the increasing global-scale vaccine production needs, we assessed their reporting rates comparatively across continents. METHODS: Data of myocarditis and pericarditis cases post COVID-19 vaccination reported from week 52/2020 (December 21 to 27, 2020) to week 40/2021 (October 4 to 10, 2021) were collected for mRNA vaccines from EudraVigilance and VAERS. The corresponding administered vaccine doses were used as denominators to estimate reporting rates for comparison purposes. Cross-tabulation analysis was employed to compare the reporting rates of mRNA vaccines-associated myocarditis and pericarditis between EudraVigilance and VAERS. RESULTS: Low reporting rates of myocarditis (7.64/million vaccine doses) and pericarditis (5.32/million) were found, with higher rates of both disorders in EudraVigilance compared to VAERS; these differences were more pronounced post-mRNA-1273 (5-6-fold, p=0.000 for myocarditis and p<0.001 for pericarditis) than post-BNT162b2 vaccination (1.5-2-fold, p<0.001 for both conditions). Most myocarditis cases occurred in males <30 years. Pericarditis affected predominantly males <40 and both sexes >40 years. The extremely rare fatalities related to myocarditis (0.102/million) or pericarditis (0.017/million) were also higher in EudraVigilance versus VAERS. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the underlying causes of the observed differences could provide guidance for the enhanced quality of mRNA vaccines that would also foster vaccine acceptance.