Effect of empagliflozin on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: the EMPA-ICD trial.

BACKGROUND: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death with type 2 diabetes; however, their effect on arrhythmias is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of empagliflozin on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A total of 150 patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (ICD/CRT-D) were randomized to once-daily empagliflozin or placebo for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in the number of ventricular arrhythmias from the 24 weeks before to the 24 weeks during treatment. Secondary endpoints included the change in the number of appropriate device discharges and other values. RESULTS: In the empagliflozin group, the number of ventricular arrhythmias recorded by ICD/CRT-D decreased by 1.69 during treatment compared to before treatment, while in the placebo group, the number increased by 1.79. The coefficient for the between-group difference was - 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 1.29 to - 0.86; P < 0.001). The change in the number of appropriate device discharges during and before treatment was 0.06 in the empagliflozin group and 0.27 in the placebo group, with no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.204). Empagliflozin was associated with an increase in blood ketones and hematocrit and a decrease in blood brain natriuretic peptide and body weight. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes treated with ICD/CRT-D, empagliflozin reduces the number of ventricular arrhythmias compared with placebo. Trial registration jRCTs031180120.

External Validation of the HELT-E2S2 Score in Japanese Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation　- A Pooled Analysis of the RAFFINE and SAKURA Registries.

BACKGROUND: The HELT-E2S2score, which assigns 1 point to Hypertension, Elderly aged 75-84 years, Low body mass index <18.5 kg/m2, and Type of atrial fibrillation (AF: persistent/permanent), and 2 points to Extreme Elderly aged ≥85 years and previous Stroke, has been proposed as a new risk stratification for strokes in Japanese AF patients, but has not yet undergone external validation.Methods and Results: We evaluated the prognostic performance of the HELT-E2S2score for stroke risk stratification using 2 large-scale registries in Japanese AF patients (n=7,020). During 23,241 person-years of follow-up (mean follow-up 1,208±450 days), 287 ischemic stroke events occurred. The C-statistic using the HELT-E2S2score was 0.661 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.629-0.692), which was numerically higher than with the CHADS2score (0.644, 95% CI 0.613-0.675; P=0.15 vs. HELT-E2S2) or CHA2DS2-VASc score (0.650, 95% CI, 0.619-0.680; P=0.37 vs. HELT-E2S2). In the SAKURA AF Registry, the C-statistic of the HELT-E2S2score was consistently higher than the CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc scores across all 3 types of facilities comprising university hospitals, general hospitals, and clinics. However, in the RAFFINE Study, its superiority was only observed in general hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The HELT-E2S2score demonstrated potential value for risk stratification, particularly in a super-aged society such as Japan. However, its superiority over the CHADS2or CHA2DS2-VASc scores may vary across different hospital settings.

Effect of Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure With Mid-Range or Preserved Ejection Fraction　- Pooled Analysis of the AF Frontier Ablation Registry and Hokuriku-Plus AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: A recent randomized trial demonstrated that catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF) is associated with a reduction in death or heart failure. However, the effect of catheter ablation for AF in patients with heart failure with mid-range or preserved EF is unclear.Methods and Results: We screened 899 AF patients (72.4% male, mean age 68.4 years) with heart failure and left ventricular EF ≥40% from 2 Japanese multicenter AF registries: the Atrial Fibrillation registry to Follow the long-teRm Outcomes and use of aNTIcoagulants aftER Ablation (AF Frontier Ablation Registry) as the ablation group (525 patients who underwent ablation) and the Hokuriku-Plus AF Registry as the medical therapy group (374 patients who did not undergo ablation). Propensity score matching was performed in these 2 registries to yield 106 matched patient pairs. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure. At 24.6 months, the ablation group had a significantly lower incidence of the primary endpoint (hazard ratio 0.32; 95% confidence interval 0.13-0.70; P=0.004) than the medical therapy group. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with medical therapy, catheter ablation for AF in patients with heart failure and mid-range or preserved EF was associated with a significantly lower incidence of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure.

Trend in Age at the Initial Pacemaker Implantation in Patients With Bradyarrhythmia　- A 50-Year Analysis (1970-2019) in Japan.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether the age of patients undergoing pacemaker implantation is increasing.Methods and Results: This study retrospectively reviewed the consecutive cases of 3,582 patients who underwent an initial pacemaker implantation at our hospitals because of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias between 1970 and 2019. The exclusion criteria were: patients with AV block due to cardiac surgery or AV junction ablation, and patients aged <20 years. The patients were divided into 5×10-year groups: those treated in the 1970s (1970-1979), 1980s (1980-1989), 1990s (1990-1999), 2000s (2000-2009), and 2010s (2010-2019). A total of 3,395 patients satisfied the study criteria. The average age at which the patients underwent a first pacemaker implantation increased across the 10-year periods: 63.7±13.2 years in the 1970s, 66.2±12.6 years (1980s), 69.1±12.4 years (1990s), 72.0±11.1 years (2000s), and 75.8±10.0 years (2010s) and advanced significantly in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s compared to the 1970s (all P<0.001). The ratio of patients aged ≥80 and ≥90 years increased from 10.6% and 0% in the 1970 s to 38.2% (P<0.001) and 5.2% (P= 0.017) in the 2010s, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The average age at initial pacemaker implantation increased by 12.1 years over the last 50 years in Japan. In particular, the ratios of ≥80 and ≥90 years as the patients age increased significantly.

Different Determinants of the Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation and Adverse Clinical Events in the Mid-Term Period After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether there are differences in the clinical factors between atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence and adverse clinical events (AEs), including stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), major bleeding, and death, after AF ablation.Methods and Results:We examined the data from a retrospective multicenter Japanese registry conducted at 24 cardiovascular centers between 2011 and 2017. Of the 3,451 patients (74.1% men; 63.3±10.3 years) who underwent AF ablation, 1,046 (30.3%) had AF recurrence and 224 (6.5%) suffered AEs (51 strokes/TIAs, 71 major bleeding events, and 36 deaths) over a median follow-up of 20.7 months. After multivariate adjustment, female sex, persistent and long-lasting persistent AF (vs. paroxysmal AF), and stepwise increased left atrial diameter (LAd) quartiles were significantly associated with post-ablation recurrences. A multivariate analysis revealed that an age ≥75 years (vs. <65 years), body weight <50 kg, diabetes, vascular disease, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction <40% (vs. ≥50%), Lad ≥44 mm (vs. <36 mm), and creatinine clearance <50 mL/min were independently associated with AE incidences, but not with recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: This study disclosed different determinants of post-ablation recurrence and AEs. Female sex, persistent AF, and enlarged LAd were determinants of post-ablation recurrence, whereas an old age, comorbidities, and LV and renal dysfunction rather than post-ablation recurrence were AEs determinants. These findings will help determine ablation indications and post-ablation management.

Impact of sinus rhythm maintenance on major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: insights from AF frontier ablation registry.

The impact of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) on cardiovascular events and mortality is controversial. We investigated the impact of sinus rhythm maintenance on major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after AF ablation from a Japanese multicenter cohort of AF ablation. We investigated 3326 consecutive patients (25.8% female, mean age 63.3 ± 10.3 years) who underwent catheter ablation for AF from the atrial fibrillation registry to follow the long-term outcomes and use of anti coagulants after ablation (AF frontier ablation registry). The primary endpoint was a composite of stroke, transient ischemic attack, cardiovascular events, and all-cause death. During a mean follow-up of 24.0 months, 2339 (70.3%) patients were free from AF after catheter ablation, and the primary composite endpoint occurred in 144 (4.3%) patients. The AF nonrecurrence group had a significantly lower incidence of the primary endpoint (1.8 per 100 person-years) compared with the AF recurrence group (3.0 per 100 person-years, p = 0.003). The multivariate analysis revealed that freedom from AF (hazard ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.44-0.86, p = 0.005) was independently associated with the incidence of the composite event. In the multicenter cohort of AF ablation, sinus rhythm maintenance after catheter ablation was independently associated with lower rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events.

Comparison of primary and secondary stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: Results from the RAFFINE registry.

OBJECTIVES: Clinical outcome data of primary and secondary prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) after the introduction of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) therapy are limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A subgroup analysis of the RAFFINE registry, an observational, multicenter, prospective registry of Japanese patients with AF, was performed. Incidence rates of stroke or systemic embolism, all-cause death, major bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage were compared between patients with and without a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). RESULTS: Of 3,706 NVAF patients at baseline, 557 (15.0%) had a history of ischemic stroke or TIA (secondary prevention group), and 3,149 (85.0%) had no history of ischemic stroke or TIA (primary prevention group). The proportion of patients receiving oral anticoagulants was 87.2% (42.5% warfarin, 44.7% DOACs). The secondary prevention group had higher rates of stroke or systemic embolism (2.6% vs 1.0%/year, p<0.001), all-cause death (3.6% vs 2.4%/year, p<0.01), and major bleeding (2.0% vs 1.3%/year, p<0.01), and similar rates of intracranial hemorrhage (0.6% vs 0.5%/year, p=0.66) compared with the primary prevention group. A Cox proportional hazards model showed that a history of ischemic stroke or TIA was independently associated with an increased risk of stroke or systemic embolism (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.57 - 3.15; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a contemporary cohort of NVAF patients, a history of ischemic stroke or TIA was still an independent predictor of stroke or systemic embolism, despite advances in anticoagulation therapy.

Deep insight into cardiac dysfunction in children and young adults with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome using speckle tracking imaging.

Although ventricular pre-excitation via accessory pathways (APs) causes cardiac dysfunction in children and young adults with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, the underlying cardiac dysfunction mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to characterize cardiac dysfunction and clarify sensitive cardiac dysfunction indicators in WPW syndrome patients classified by the APs location with a layer-specific strain analysis. Twenty-four patients with WPW syndrome with a mean age of 14.1 years (6.9-21.6 years) (11 cases: type A with a left-sided AP [WA group], 13 cases: type B with a right-sided AP [WB group]), and 37 age-matched normal controls (N group) were examined. We measured the left ventricle (LV), base-, mid-, and apical-level of circumferential strain (CS), and longitudinal strain (LS) using a layer-specific strain with speckle tracking imaging. Dyssynchrony was also measured based on the timing of the radial strain at each segment. Peak endomyocardial base- and mid-level of CS was lower in both the WA and WB groups compared to the N group. Peak mid-myocardial and epimyocardial base-level of CS and peak mid-myocardial mid-level of CS were lower only in the WB group compared to the N group. Peak LS in all three layers was lower only in the WB group compared to the N group. There was a significant difference between the patient and normal groups for the dyssynchrony index only at the base-level, and there was no significant difference between the groups for LV ejection fraction (EF). Layer-specific strain decreased in more sites in the WB group despite the normal EF value. Layer-specific strains are sensitive indicators for the detection of the early stages of cardiac dysfunction.

Clinical outcomes of ablation versus non-ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation in Japan: analysis of pooled data from the AF Frontier Ablation Registry and SAKURA AF Registry.

Whether ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is, in terms of clinical outcomes, beneficial for Japanese patients has not been clarified. Drawing data from 2 Japanese AF registries (AF Frontier Ablation Registry and SAKURA AF Registry), we compared the incidence of clinically relevant events (CREs), including stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), major bleeding, cardiovascular events, and death, between patients who underwent ablation (n = 3451) and those who did not (n = 2930). We also compared propensity-score matched patients (n = 1414 in each group). In propensity-scored patients who underwent ablation and those who did not, mean follow-up times were 27.2 and 35.8 months, respectively. Annualized rates for stroke/TIA (1.04 vs. 1.06%), major bleeding (1.44 vs. 1.20%), cardiovascular events (2.15 vs. 2.49%) were similar (P = 0.96, 0.39, and 0.35, respectively), but annualized death rates were lower in the ablation group than in the non-ablation group (0.75 vs.1.28%, P = 0.028). After multivariate adjustment, the risk of CREs was statistically equivalent between the ablation and non-ablation groups (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71-1.11), but it was significantly low among patients who underwent ablation for paroxysmal AF (HR 0.68 [vs. persistent AF], 95% CI 0.49-0.94) and had a CHA2DS2-VASc score < 3 (HR 0.66 [vs. CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 3], 95% CI 0.43-0.98]). The 2-year risk reduction achieved by ablation may be small among Japanese patients, but AF ablation may benefit those with paroxysmal AF and a CHA2DS2-VASc score < 3.

A Case of J Wave Syndrome Due to Severe Hypercalcemia with Ventricular Fibrillation Storm and Successful Treatment of Isoproterenol Infusion.

A case of J wave syndrome with ventricular fibrillation (VF) storm and severe hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism is presented. VF storm subsided with an isoproterenol infusion. Prominent J waves and a Brugada-like electrocardiogram pattern disappeared after parathyroidectomy. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia was not induced during an electrophysiological study. The patient remained asymptomatic up to the 12-month follow-up.

Clinical Outcomes of Off-Label Underdosing of Direct Oral Anticoagulants After Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are sometimes prescribed at off-label under-doses for patients who have undergone ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). This practice may be an attempt to balance the risk of bleeding against that of stroke or AF recurrence.We examined outcomes of 1163 patients who continued use of a DOAC after ablation. The patients were enrolled in a large (3530 patients) multicenter registry in Japan. The study patients were classified as 749 (64.4%) appropriate standard-dose DOAC users, 216 (18.6%) off-label under-dose DOAC users, and 198 (17.0%) appropriate low-dose DOAC users.Age and CHA2DS2-VASc scores differed significantly between DOAC dosing regimens, with patients given an appropriate standard-dose being significantly younger (63.3 ± 9.4 versus 64.8 ± 9.5 versus 73.2 ± 6.8 years, P < 0.0001) and lower (2.1 ± 1.5 versus 2.4 ± 1.6 versus 3.4 ± 1.4, P < 0.0001) than those given an off-label under-dose or an appropriate low-dose. During the median 19.0-month follow-up period, the AF recurrence rate was similar between the appropriate standard-dose and off-label under-dose groups but relatively low in the appropriate low-dose group (42.5% versus 41.2% versus 35.4%, P = 0.08). Annualized rates of thromboembolic events, major bleeding, and death from any cause were 0.47%, 0.70%, and 0.23% in the off-label under-dose group, while those rates were 0.74%, 0.73%, and 0.65% in the appropriate standard-dose, and 1.58%, 2.12%, and 1.57% in the appropriate low-dose groups.In conclusion, the clinical adverse event rates for patients on an off-label under-dose DOAC regimen after ablation, predicated on careful patient evaluations, was not high as seen with that of patients on a standard DOAC dosing regimen.

Current Status and Clinical Outcomes of Oral Anticoagulant Discontinuation After Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Japan　- Findings From the AF Frontier Ablation Registry.

BACKGROUND: The safety of discontinuing oral anticoagulant (OAC) after ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) in Japanese patients has not been clarified.Methods and Results:A study based on the Atrial Fibrillation registry to Follow the long-teRm Outcomes and use of aNTIcoagulants aftER Ablation (AF Frontier Ablation Registry) was conducted. Data were collected from 3,451 consecutive patients (74.1% men; age, 63.3±10.3 years) who had undergone AF ablation at any of 24 cardiovascular centers in Japan between August 2011 and July 2017. During a 20.7-month follow-up period, OAC therapy was discontinued in 1,836 (53.2%) patients; 51 patients (1.5%) suffered a stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), 71 (2.1%) suffered major bleeding, and 36 (1.0%) died. Patients in whom OAC therapy was discontinued were significantly younger than those in whom OACs were continued, and their CHA2DS2-VASc scores were significantly lower. The incidences of stroke/TIA, major bleeding, and death were significantly lower among these patients. Upon multivariate adjustment, stroke events were independently associated with relatively high baseline CHA2DS2-VASc scores but not with OAC status. CONCLUSIONS: Although the incidences of stroke/TIA, major bleeding, and death were relatively low among patients for whom OAC therapy was discontinued, stroke/TIA occurrence was strongly associated with a high baseline stroke risk rather than with OAC status. Thus, discontinuation of OAC therapy requires careful consideration, especially in patients with a high baseline stroke risk.

Low circulating coenzyme Q10 during acute phase is associated with inflammation, malnutrition, and in-hospital mortality in patients admitted to the coronary care unit.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has a potential role in the prevention and treatment of heart failure through improved cellular bioenergetics. In addition, it has antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and vasodilatory effects that may be beneficial. Although critical illness in intensive care unit is associated with decreased circulating CoQ10 levels, the clinical significance of CoQ10 levels during acute phase in the patients of cardiovascular disease remains unclear. We enrolled 257 consecutive cardiovascular patients admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU). Serum CoQ10 levels were measured after an overnight fast within 24 h of admission. We examined the comparison of serum CoQ10 levels between survivors and in-hospital mortalities in patients with cardiovascular disease. Serum CoQ10 levels during the acute phase in patients admitted to the CCU had similar independent of the diagnosis. CoQ10 levels were significantly lower in patients with in-hospital mortalities than in survivors (0.43 ± 0.19 vs. 0.55 ± 0.35 mg/L, P = 0.04). In patients admitted to the CCU, CoQ10 levels were negatively associated with age and C-reactive protein levels, and positively associated with body mass index, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Low CoQ10 levels correlated with low diastolic blood pressure. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that low CoQ10 levels were an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. Low serum CoQ10 levels during acute phase are significantly associated with cardiovascular risk and in-hospital mortality in patients admitted to the CCU.

Bradyarrhythmias may induce central sleep apnea in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea.

The relationship between central sleep apnea (CSA) and bradyarrhythmia remains unclear. We report the case of a 70-year-old man with severe obstructive sleep apnea and bradyarrhythmia due to sick sinus syndrome in whom concomitant CSA was alleviated after pacemaker implantation.

Electrophysiological and Histopathological Characteristics of Ventricular Tachycardia Associated With Primary Cardiac Tumors.

BACKGROUND: Ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with primary cardiac tumors (PCTs) originating from the ventricles is rare, but lethal, in young patients. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to clarify the mechanisms underlying primary cardiac tumor-related ventricular tachycardia (PCT-VT) and establish a therapeutic strategy for this form of VT. METHODS: Among 67 patients who underwent surgery for VT at our institute between 1981 and 2020, 4 patients aged 1 to 34 years, including 3 males, showed PCT-VT (fibroma, 2; lipoma, 1; and hamartoma, 1), which was investigated using a combination of intraoperative electroanatomical mapping and histopathological studies. RESULTS: All 4 patients developed electrical storms of sustained VTs refractory to multiple drugs and repetitive endocardial ablations. The VT mechanism was re-entry, and intraoperative electroanatomical mapping showed a centrifugal activation pattern originating from the border between the tumor and healthy myocardium, where fractionated potentials were detected during sinus rhythm. Histopathological studies of serial sections of specimens acquired from these areas revealed tumor infiltration into the surrounding myocardium with cell disorganization, exhibiting myocardial disarray. Several myocardia entrapped in the tumor edges contributed to the development and sustainment of re-entrant VT activation. In the 2 patients in whom complete resection was unfeasible, encircling cryoablation to entirely isolate the unresectable tumor was effective in suppressing VT occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism underlying PCT-VT involves re-entry localized at the tumor edges. Myocardial disarray associated with tumor infiltration is a substrate for this form of VT. Cryoablation along the border between the tumor and myocardium is a promising therapeutic option for unresectable PCT-VT.

Multicenter prospective observational study to clarify the current status and clinical outcome in Japanese patients who have an indication for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) (TRANSITION JAPAN-ICD/WCD study): Rationale and design of a prospective, multicenter, observational, comparative study.

Background: Despite the positive impact of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and wearable cardioverter defibrillators (WCDs) on prognosis, their implantation is often withheld especially in Japanese heart failure patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) who have not experienced ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) for uncertain reasons. Recent advancements in heart failure (HF) medications have significantly improved the prognosis for HFrEF. Given this context, a critical reassessment of the treatment and prognosis of ICDs and WCDs is essential, as it has the potential to reshape awareness and treatment strategies for these patients. Methods: We are initiating a prospective multicenter observational study for HFrEF patients eligible for ICD in primary and secondary prevention, and WCD, regardless of device use, including all consenting patients. Study subjects are to be enrolled from 31 participant hospitals located throughout Japan from April 1, 2023, to December 31, 2024, and each will be followed up for 1 year or more. The planned sample size is 651 cases. The primary endpoint is the rate of cardiac implantable electronic device implementation. Other endpoints include the incidence of VT/VF and sudden death, all-cause mortality, and HF hospitalization, other events. We will collect clinical background information plus each patient's symptoms, Clinical Frailty Scale score, laboratory test results, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters, and serial changes will also be secondary endpoints. Results: Not applicable. Conclusion: This study offers invaluable insights into understanding the role of ICD/WCD in Japanese HF patients in the new era of HF medication.

Predicting new-onset heart failure hospitalization of patients with atrial fibrillation: development and external validations of a risk score.

AIM: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a well-known risk factor for heart failure (HF). We sought to develop and externally validate a risk model for new-onset HF admission in patients with AF and those without a history of HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using two multicentre, prospective, observational AF registries, RAFFINE (2857 patients, derivation cohort) and SAKURA (2516 patients without a history of HF, validation cohort), we developed a risk model by selecting variables with regularized regression and weighing coefficients by Cox regression with the derivation cohort. External validity testing was used for the validation cohort. Overall, 148 (5.2%) and 104 (4.1%) patients in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively, developed HF during median follow-ups of 1396 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1078-1820) and 1168 (IQR: 844-1309) days, respectively. In the derivation cohort, age, haemoglobin, serum creatinine, and log-transformed brain natriuretic peptide were identified as potential risk factors for HF development. The risk model showed good discrimination and calibration in both derivations (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-0.84]; Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = 0.257) and validation cohorts (AUC: 0.78 [95%CI 0.74-0.83]; Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = 0.475). CONCLUSION: The novel risk model with four readily available clinical characteristics and biomarkers performed well in predicting new-onset HF admission in patients with AF.

Phenotyping of atrial fibrillation with cluster analysis and external validation.

OBJECTIVES: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a heterogeneous condition. We performed a cluster analysis in a cohort of patients with AF and assessed the prognostic implication of the identified cluster phenotypes. METHODS: We used two multicentre, prospective, observational registries of AF: the SAKURA AF registry (Real World Survey of Atrial Fibrillation Patients Treated with Warfarin and Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants) (n=3055, derivation cohort) and the RAFFINE registry (Registry of Japanese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Focused on anticoagulant therapy in New Era) (n=3852, validation cohort). Cluster analysis was performed by the K-prototype method with 14 clinical variables. The endpoints were all-cause mortality and composite cardiovascular events. RESULTS: The analysis subclassified derivation cohort patients into five clusters. Cluster 1 (n=414, 13.6%) was characterised by younger men with a low prevalence of comorbidities; cluster 2 (n=1003, 32.8%) by a high prevalence of hypertension; cluster 3 (n=517, 16.9%) by older patients without hypertension; cluster 4 (n=652, 21.3%) by the oldest patients, who were mainly female and with a high prevalence of heart failure history; and cluster 5 (n=469, 15.3%) by older patients with high prevalence of diabetes and ischaemic heart disease. During follow-up, the risk of all-cause mortality and composite cardiovascular events increased across clusters (log-rank p<0.001, p<0.001). Similar results were found in the external validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Machine learning-based cluster analysis identified five different phenotypes of AF with unique clinical characteristics and different clinical outcomes. The use of these phenotypes may help identify high-risk patients with AF.

Impact of atrial fibrillation type (paroxysmal vs. non-paroxysmal) on long-term clinical outcomes: The RAFFINE registry subanalysis.

BACKGROUND: The type of atrial fibrillation (AF) (paroxysmal or non-paroxysmal) is important in determining its therapeutic management. However, the prognostic impact of AF type on the incidence of cardiovascular events remains uncertain. METHODS: We investigated patients with AF who were selected from an observational, multicenter, prospective registry (RAFFINE) comprising 4 university hospitals and 50 general hospitals/clinics in Japan between 2013 and 2015. In this subanalysis study, patients were divided into two groups according to their AF pattern at the time of enrollment. The primary outcome was the composite of death, ischemic stroke, and heart-failure-related hospitalization. RESULTS: Among 3845 patients, 1472 (38.3 %) and 2373 (61.7 %) had paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal type AF, respectively. Patients with non-paroxysmal AF were older and had higher CHADS2 score and prevalence of comorbidities. During median follow-up of 3.7 years, 681 (17.7 %) primary endpoints were identified. Cumulative incidences of the primary endpoint were significantly higher in the non-paroxysmal AF group; however, rates of bleeding events were not significantly different between the groups. Multivariate Cox hazard analysis showed that non-paroxysmal AF had significantly higher risk of cardiovascular events compared with paroxysmal AF (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95 % confidence interval, 1.17-1.64; p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Non-paroxysmal AF was significantly associated with cardiovascular events. Long-term clinical outcomes might be improved if transition from paroxysmal to non-paroxysmal AF can be prevented.

Symptomatic periesophageal vagal nerve injury by different energy sources during atrial fibrillation ablation.

Background: Symptomatic gastric hypomotility (SGH) is a rare but major complication of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, but data on this are scarce. Objective: We compared the clinical course of SGH occurring with different energy sources. Methods: This multicenter study retrospectively collected the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with SGH after AF ablation. Results: The data of 93 patients (67.0 ± 11.2 years, 68 men, 52 paroxysmal AF) with SGH after AF ablation were collected from 23 cardiovascular centers. Left atrial (LA) ablation sets included pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone, a PVI plus a roof-line, and an LA posterior wall isolation in 42 (45.2%), 11 (11.8%), and 40 (43.0%) patients, respectively. LA ablation was performed by radiofrequency ablation, cryoballoon ablation, or both in 38 (40.8%), 38 (40.8%), and 17 (18.3%) patients, respectively. SGH diagnoses were confirmed at 2 (1-4) days post-procedure, and 28 (30.1%) patients required re-hospitalizations. Fasting was required in 81 (92.0%) patients for 4 (2.5-5) days; the total hospitalization duration was 11 [7-19.8] days. After conservative treatment, symptoms disappeared in 22.3% of patients at 1 month, 48.9% at 2 months, 57.6% at 3 months, 84.6% at 6 months, and 89.7% at 12 months, however, one patient required surgery after radiofrequency ablation. Symptoms persisted for >1-year post-procedure in 7 patients. The outcomes were similar regardless of the energy source and LA lesion set. Conclusions: The clinical course of SGH was similar regardless of the energy source. The diagnosis was often delayed, and most recovered within 6 months, yet could persist for over 1 year in 10%.