Development and Standardization of a Test for Pragmatic Language Skills in Egyptian Arabic: The Egyptian Arabic Pragmatic Language Test (EAPLT).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to standardize an Egyptian Arabic Pragmatic Language Test (EAPLT) using linguistically and socially suitable questions and pictures in order to be able to address specific deficits in this language domain. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Questions and pictures were designed for the EAPLT to assess 3 pragmatic language subsets: pragmatic skills, functions, and factors. Ten expert phoniatricians were asked to review the EAPLT and complete a questionnaire to assess the validity of the test items. The EAPLT was applied in 120 typically developing Arabic-speaking Egyptian children (64 females and 56 males) randomly selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria in the age range between 2 years, 1 month, 1 day and 9 years, 12 months, 31 days. Children's scores were used to calculate the means and standard deviations and the 5th and 95th percentiles to determine the age of the pragmatic skills acquisition. RESULTS: All experts have mostly agreed that the EAPLT gives a general idea about children's pragmatic language development. Test-retest reliability analysis proved the high reliability and internal consistency of the EAPLT subsets. A statistically significant correlation was found between the test subsets and age. CONCLUSION: The EAPLT is a valid and reliable Egyptian Arabic test that can be applied in order to detect a pragmatic language delay.

Videokymographic Visualization of Phonasthenia: A Nonorganic Voice Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Phonasthenia is a voice disorder where the larynx looks essentially normal and dysphonia is not heard but felt by the patient. This study aims to use videokymography (VKG) to detect any abnormalities in the vibratory pattern in phonasthenia and to find out whether or not these abnormalities change after vocal loading. METHODS: Thirty-seven phonasthenic patients and 31 normal subjects participated in a detailed protocol, including analysis of subjective complaints and videokymographic quasi-objective parameters (baseline) followed by loading their voices through prolonged loud reading for 45 min. A second evaluation (experimental) was done after loading. RESULTS: Before vocal loading, patients had significantly more symptoms in all questionnaire questions and higher maximum width difference in VKG than controls. When pre- and postloading values were compared, both groups experienced more symptoms after loading (significant in most of the questions), while the pre- and post-VKG parameters did not show significant differences neither in patients nor controls. On comparing their percent change, the only statistically significant difference between the 2 groups was a greater change in the total score of the questionnaire in the control group. CONCLUSION: Patients had more vocal fatigue symptoms and more amplitude asymmetry between left and right vocal folds than normal subjects.

Patterns of velopharyngeal closure during speech in individuals with normal habitual resonance: A nasoendoscopic analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Velopharyngeal valve closure is essential for adequate speech intelligibility as well as for other activities. The variations in the contribution of different components of the velopharyngeal port walls produce different closure patterns. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to identify the prevalence of the different velopharyngeal closure patterns in Arabic-speaking individuals with no perceived hypernasality or velopharyngeal dysfunction. METHODS: After verification of selection criteria, 100 subjects with age range between 15 and 60 years underwent nasoendoscopic examination and both the extent of movement of the different velopharyngeal walls as well as closure pattern were observed. RESULTS: Almost all participants had grade 4 (full range) velar mobility, most participants had grade 3 lateral pharyngeal wall movement, and none showed any observable posterior pharyngeal wall movement. Coronal closure pattern was the most frequent (75%) among participants followed by circular pattern (25%). There was no statistically significant difference between both genders in the extent of velar and lateral pharyngeal wall movements, yet the frequency of closure patterns differed statistically significantly between males and females. CONCLUSION: Coronal pattern was the most prevalent type of velopharyngeal closure in subjects with normal habitual resonance, of both sexes, yet it occurred more frequently in males.

Use of local mitomycin C in enhancing laryngeal healing after laser cordotomy: a prospective controlled study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of intraoperative application of mitomycin C in prevention of glottic restenosis after posterior transverse CO2 laser cordotomy (PTLC) for patients with post-thyroidectomy bilateral vocal fold paralysis. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with an impaired airway because of bilateral vocal fold paralysis were treated with PTLC. Patients were divided into groups: the mitomycin C group (13 patients) had PTLC and topical mitomycin C; and the control group (12 patients) had PTLC only. RESULTS: No patients in the mitomycin C group developed glottic granulation or laryngeal scarring, whereas 5 of 12 patients in the control group developed granulation (p = .014) and 2 of 12 patients had laryngeal scarring (p = .28). Ten of 13 patients in the mitomycin C group ended up with mild dyspnea with no limitation to normal everyday activities whereas only a third of the control group achieved this outcome (p = .05). CONCLUSION: The use of topical mitomycin C has been shown to decrease postoperative laryngeal granulation, scarring, restenosis, and the need for revision surgery.