The impact of brain lesions on health-related quality of life in patients with WHO CNS grade 3 or 4 glioma: a lesion-function and resting-state fMRI analysis.

PURPOSE: In glioma patients, tumor development and multimodality therapy are associated with changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It is largely unknown how different types and locations of tumor- and treatment-related brain lesions, as well as their relationship to white matter tracts and functional brain networks, affect HRQoL. METHODS: In 121 patients with pretreated gliomas of WHO CNS grades 3 or 4, structural MRI, O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) PET, resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and self-reported HRQoL questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30/BN20) were obtained. Resection cavities, T1-enhancing lesions, T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, and lesions with pathologically increased FET uptake were delineated. Effects of tumor lateralization, involvement of white matter tracts or resting-state network nodes by different types of lesions and within-network rs-fMRI connectivity were analyzed in terms of their interaction with HRQoL scores. RESULTS: Right hemisphere gliomas were associated with significantly less favorable outcomes in physical, role, emotional and social functioning, compared with left-sided tumors. Most functional HRQoL scores correlated significantly with right-sided white-matter tracts involvement by T2/FLAIR hyperintensities and with loss of within-network functional connectivity of right-sided nodes. Tumors of the left hemisphere caused significantly more communication deficits. CONCLUSION: In pretreated high-grade gliomas, right hemisphere lesions are associated with reduced HRQoL scores in most functional domains except communication ability, compared to tumors of the left hemisphere. These relationships are mainly observed for T2/FLAIR lesions involving structural and functional networks in the right hemisphere. The data suggest that sparing the right hemisphere from treatment-related tissue damage may improve HRQoL in glioma patients.

Static FET PET radiomics for the differentiation of treatment-related changes from glioma progression.

PURPOSE: To investigate the potential of radiomics applied to static clinical PET data using the tracer O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) to differentiate treatment-related changes (TRC) from tumor progression (TP) in patients with gliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-one (151) patients with histologically confirmed gliomas and post-therapeutic progressive MRI findings according to the response assessment in neuro-oncology criteria underwent a dynamic amino acid PET scan using the tracer O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET). Thereof, 124 patients were investigated on a stand-alone PET scanner (data used for model development and validation), and 27 patients on a hybrid PET/MRI scanner (data used for model testing). Mean and maximum tumor to brain ratios (TBRmean, TBRmax) were calculated using the PET data from 20 to 40 min after tracer injection. Logistic regression models were evaluated for the FET PET parameters TBRmean, TBRmax, and for radiomics features of the tumor areas as well as combinations thereof to differentiate between TP and TRC. The best performing models in the validation dataset were finally applied to the test dataset. The diagnostic performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients (25%) were diagnosed with TRC, and 114 (75%) with TP. The logistic regression model comprising the conventional FET PET parameters TBRmean and TBRmax resulted in an AUC of 0.78 in both the validation (sensitivity, 64%; specificity, 80%) and the test dataset (sensitivity, 64%; specificity, 80%). The model combining the conventional FET PET parameters and two radiomics features yielded the best diagnostic performance in the validation dataset (AUC, 0.92; sensitivity, 91%; specificity, 80%) and demonstrated its generalizability in the independent test dataset (AUC, 0.85; sensitivity, 81%; specificity, 70%). CONCLUSION: The developed radiomics classifier allows the differentiation between TRC and TP in pretreated gliomas based on routinely acquired static FET PET scans with a high diagnostic accuracy.

Radiomics in neuro-oncology: Basics, workflow, and applications.

Over the last years, the amount, variety, and complexity of neuroimaging data acquired in patients with brain tumors for routine clinical purposes and the resulting number of imaging parameters have substantially increased. Consequently, a timely and cost-effective evaluation of imaging data is hardly feasible without the support of methods from the field of artificial intelligence (AI). AI can facilitate and shorten various time-consuming steps in the image processing workflow, e.g., tumor segmentation, thereby optimizing productivity. Besides, the automated and computer-based analysis of imaging data may help to increase data comparability as it is independent of the experience level of the evaluating clinician. Importantly, AI offers the potential to extract new features from the routinely acquired neuroimages of brain tumor patients. In combination with patient data such as survival, molecular markers, or genomics, mathematical models can be generated that allow, for example, the prediction of treatment response or prognosis, as well as the noninvasive assessment of molecular markers. The subdiscipline of AI dealing with the computation, identification, and extraction of image features, as well as the generation of prognostic or predictive mathematical models, is termed radiomics. This review article summarizes the basics, the current workflow, and methods used in radiomics with a focus on feature-based radiomics in neuro-oncology and provides selected examples of its clinical application.

18F-Fluorothymidine PET is an early and superior predictor of progression-free survival following chemoimmunotherapy of diffuse large B cell lymphoma: a multicenter study.

PURPOSE: To determine whether interim 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine (iFLT) PET/CT is a superior predictor of progression-free survival (PFS) compared with interim 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (iFDG) PET/CT in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) or rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (R-EPOCH). METHODS: Ninety-two prospectively enrolled patients with DLBCL underwent both FLT-PET/CT and FDG-PET/CT 18-24 days after two cycles of R-CHOP/R-EPOCH. Deauville-criteria, PERCIST1.0, standardized uptake value (SUV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and metabolic tumor volume were used to interpret iFDG-PET/CT while dichotomous visual interpretation was used to interpret iFLT-PET/CT and the results were compared with the 3- and 5-year PFS. RESULTS: iFLT-PET/CT was negative in 67 (73%) and positive in 25 (27%) patients. iFDG-PET/CT by Deauville criteria was negative (Deauville scores [DS] of 1-3) in 53 (58%) and positive (DS = 4-5) in 39 (42%) patients. Of the 67 iFLT-PET/CT-negative patients, 7 (10.4%) progressed at a median of 14.1 months whereas 14/25 (56.0%) iFLT-PET/CT-positive patients progressed at a median of 7.8 months (P < .0001). Of the 53 Deauville-negative patients, 9 (17.0%) progressed at a median of 14.1 months whereas 12/39 (30.8%) Deauville-positive patients progressed at a median of 5.6 months (P = .11). In multivariate analysis, including iFLT-PET/CT, PERCIST, interim TLG, and interim SUVmax, only iFLT-PET/CT was an independent predictor for 3- and 5-year PFS (P < .0001 and P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with DLBCL given R-CHOP/R-EPOCH, iFLT-PET/CT is a superior independent predictor of outcome compared with iFDG-PET/CT.

Induction of Contralateral Hepatic Hypertrophy by Unilobar Yttrium-90 Transarterial Radioembolization versus Portal Vein Embolization: An Animal Study.

PURPOSE: To compare hepatic hypertrophy in the contralateral lobe achieved by unilobar transarterial radioembolization (TARE) versus portal vein embolization (PVE) in a swine model. METHODS: After an escalation study to determine the optimum dose to achieve hypertrophy after unilobar TARE in 4 animals, 16 pigs were treated by TARE (yttrium-90 resin microspheres) or PVE (lipiodol/n-butyl cyanoacrylate). Liver volume was calculated based on CT before treatment and during 6 months of follow-up. Independent t-test (P < .05) was used to compare hypertrophy. The relationship between hypertrophy after TARE and absorbed dose was calculated using the Pearson correlation. RESULTS: At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, a significantly higher degree of future liver remnant hypertrophy was observed in the PVE group versus the TARE group, with a median volume gain of 31% (interquartile range [IQR]: 16%-66%) for PVE versus 23% (IQR: 6%-36%) for TARE after 2 weeks and 51% (IQR: 47%-69%) for PVE versus 29% (IQR: 20%-50%) for TARE after 4 weeks. After 3 and 6 months, hypertrophy converged without a statistically significant difference, with a volume gain of 103% (IQR: 86%-119%) for PVE versus 82% (IQR: 70%-96%) for TARE after 3 months and 115% (IQR: 70%-46%) for PVE versus 86% (IQR: 58%-111%) for TARE after 6 months. A strong correlation was observed between radiation dose (median 162 Gy, IQR: 139-175) and hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS: PVE resulted in rapid hypertrophy within 1 month of the procedure, followed by a plateau, whereas TARE resulted in comparable hypertrophy by 3-6 months. TARE-induced hypertrophy correlated with radiation absorbed dose.

Evaluation of new endodontic tooth models in clinical education from the perspective of students and demonstrators.

BACKGROUND: The quality of root canal treatments performed by undergraduate students is often unsatisfactory questioning the current methods of teaching. Based on treatment errors made by students participating the endodontic courses at RWTH Aachen University (Germany), new radiopaque artificial root canal treatment models (DRSK RCT; incisor, premolar, molar) were designed and developed. The aim of the study was to evaluate these models by groups of students and demonstrators. METHODS: A total number of 60 students and seven demonstrators from a single institution (RWTH Aachen) participated in this study. They performed endodontic treatments on either initial versions of the DRSK RCT or modified versions. The initial versions were evaluated by students (n = 25) and demonstrators (n = 7). The obtained questionnaire was conducted as 7-point Likert-Scale covering the topics material properties, feeling while performing exercises and perception of its closeness to reality via 19 items (students) and 21 items (demonstrators). According to the evaluations several alterations were applied to the DRSK RCT, the whole study was repeated and evaluated by different students (n = 35) and the same demonstrators (n = 7). Additionally, the demonstrators blindly evaluated the quality of root canal treatments performed by the students (n = 35) on the modified DRSK RCT. Comparisons between the initial versions and the modified versions were calculated using Chi-squared tests. RESULTS: Students as well as demonstrators positively evaluated both variants of the DRSK RCT with especially high ratings in the overall evaluation. Students' rating of the pulp anatomy significantly increased from 5.4 ± 1.1 (mean ± SD) to 5.9 ± 0.9 (mean ± SD; p < 0.05) for the modified model. Likewise, students felt that the ability to flare root canals improved after alterations have been applied. Ratings significantly increased from 4.8 ± 1.6 (mean ± SD) to 5.6 ± 1.0 (mean ± SD; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the DRSK RCT is a promising candidate to be used as an alternative to extracted teeth or as an additional tool for improving dental education. However, some limitations of our analysis have to be considered.

Bolus infusion scheme for the adjustment of steady state [11C]Flumazenil levels in the grey matter and in the blood plasma for neuroreceptor imaging.

The use of hybrid PET/MR imaging facilitates the simultaneous investigation of challenge-related changes in ligand binding to neuroreceptors using PET, while concurrently measuring neuroactivation or blood flow with MRI. Having attained a steady state of the PET radiotracer using a bolus-infusion protocol, it is possible to observe alterations in ligand neuroreceptor binding through changes in distribution volumes. Here, we present an iterative procedure for establishing an administration scheme to obtain steady state [11C]flumazenil concentrations in grey matter in the human brain. In order to achieve a steady state in the shortest possible time, the bolus infusion ratio from a previous examination was adapted to fit the subsequent examination. 17 male volunteers were included in the study. Boli and infusions with different weightings were given to the subjects and were characterised by kbol values from 74 â€‹min down to 42 â€‹min. Metabolite analysis was used to ascertain the value of unmetabolised flumazenil in the plasma, and PET imaging was used to assess its binding in the grey matter. The flumazenil time-activity curves (TACs) in the brain were decomposed into activity contributions from pure grey and white matter and analysed for 12 â€‹vol of interest (VOIs). The curves highlighted a large variability in metabolic rates between the subjects, with kbol â€‹= â€‹54.3 â€‹min being a reliable value to provide flumazenil equilibrium conditions in the majority of the VOIs and cases. The distribution volume of flumazenil in all 12 VOIs was determined.

Lower [18F]fallypride binding to dopamine D2/3 receptors in frontal brain areas in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a positron emission tomography study.

BACKGROUND: The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is caused by a deletion on chromosome 22 locus q11.2. This copy number variant results in haplo-insufficiency of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, and is associated with a significant increase in the risk for developing cognitive impairments and psychosis. The COMT gene encodes an enzyme that primarily modulates clearance of dopamine (DA) from the synaptic cleft, especially in the prefrontal cortical areas. Consequently, extracellular DA levels may be increased in prefrontal brain areas in 22q11DS, which may underlie the well-documented susceptibility for cognitive impairments and psychosis in affected individuals. This study aims to examine DA D2/3 receptor binding in frontal brain regions in adults with 22q11DS, as a proxy of frontal DA levels. METHODS: The study was performed in 14 non-psychotic, relatively high functioning adults with 22q11DS and 16 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs), who underwent DA D2/3 receptor [18F]fallypride PET imaging. Frontal binding potential (BPND) was used as the main outcome measure. RESULTS: BPND was significantly lower in adults with 22q11DS compared with HCs in the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus. After Bonferroni correction significance remained for the anterior cingulate gyrus. There were no between-group differences in BPND in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to demonstrate lower frontal D2/3 receptor binding in adults with 22q11DS. It suggests that a 22q11.2 deletion affects frontal dopaminergic neurotransmission.

68Ga-PSMA PET/CT for monitoring response to 177Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT for monitoring response to 177Lu-617 PSMA radioligand therapy in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). METHODS: Patients from the University Hospital Bonn and the University Hospital Aachen were retrospectively reviewed for this study. We included 48 patients with mCRPC who were treated with 177Lu-PSMA-617 and whose records included 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging before the first and after the third or fourth treatment cycle. A treatment response based on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT was defined according to a modified version of the PERCIST criteria. A decline in PSA level of ≥50% was considered the reference standard. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and ROC curves were calculated, and patient survival times in relation to the PET results were also analysed. RESULTS: 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT had a sensitivity of about 85% and a specificity of between 55% and 65%. The negative and positive predictive values ranged between 70% and 78%. The fitted ROC area was 0.70. The survival time was about 19.6 months in patients with a treatment response, while nonresponders had a survival time of about 15.9 months. However, this difference between the groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT could be a useful tool for the evaluation of response to 177Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy within a theranostic framework.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen radioligand therapy of prostate cancer.

Defining an optimal therapeutic approach in metastatic castration-resistance prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients in advanced stages is still challenging in routine clinical practice. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted radionuclide therapy with ß- or α-emitters such as 177-Lutethium (177Lu) or 225-Actinium (225A) has been a main focus at multiple academic research centers in the last few years. This review article provides an overview of PSMA characteristics, clinical performance, safety and toxicity of PSMA targeted ß- or α-radiation therapy.

Diffusion-weighted MRI Is Superior to PET/CT in Predicting Survival of Patients Undergoing 90Y Radioembolization of Hepatic Metastases.

Purpose To determine the relationship between diffusion-weighted (DW) liver MR images obtained 4-6 weeks after lobar yttrium 90 (90Y) treatment and overall survival in comparison with PET/CT or established oncologic factors known to affect survival. Materials and Methods The institutional review board approved this prospective intraindividual comparative study in 36 consecutive patients (25 women) with liver-dominant metastases (20 colorectal, 14 breast, two other) (mean age, 60 years ± 10 [standard deviation]) who underwent fluorine 18 (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT and DW MRI before and 4-6 weeks after 90Y radioembolization. DW MRI response was defined as a mean minimal apparent diffusion coefficient increase of more than 30%; PET/CT response was defined as a mean maximal standardized uptake value decrease of more than 30%. Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test, and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to compare patient survival as a function of imaging and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) response, pretreatment Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) (0 vs 1), hepatic tumor load (<25% vs ≥25%), and presence versus absence of extrahepatic disease. Results Thirty-five of the 36 patients were observed until death (median survival, 36 weeks). Response was observed with PET/CT in 18 of 36 patients (50%). Median survival was 39 weeks in patients who responded to PET/CT versus 27 weeks in those who did not (P = .60). Response was observed with DW MRI in 24 of 36 patients (67%). Median survival was 53 weeks in DW MRI responders versus 20 weeks in nonresponders (P = .01). At multivariable analysis, DW MRI response was the only independent predictor of survival (P < .01). Response based on RECIST parameters, ECOG PS, hepatic tumor load, and presence of extrahepatic metastases did not correlate with survival. Conclusion In patients with hepatic metastases undergoing 90Y radioembolization, prediction of response to therapy with DW MRI was superior to that with PET/CT and established oncologic factors.

EANM guideline for radionuclide therapy with radium-223 of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Radium Ra-223 dichloride (radium-223, Xofigo®) is a targeted alpha therapy approved for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with symptomatic bone metastases and no known visceral metastatic disease. Radium-223 is the first targeted alpha therapy in this indication providing a new treatment option, with evidence of a significant survival benefit, both in overall survival and in the time to the first symptomatic skeletal-related event. The skeleton is the most common metastatic site in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Bone metastases are a clinically significant cause of morbidity and mortality, often resulting in bone pain, pathologic fracture, or spinal cord compression necessitating treatment. Radium-223 is selectively accumulated in the bone, specifically in areas of high bone turnover, by forming complexes with the mineral hydroxyapatite (the inorganic matrix of the bone). The alpha radiation generated during the radioactive decay of radium-223 produces a palliative anti-tumour effect on the bone metastases. The purpose of this guideline is to assist nuclear medicine specialists in evaluating patients who might be candidates for treatment using radium-223, planning and performing this treatment, understanding and evaluating its consequences, and improving patient management during therapy and follow-up.

Intact striatal dopaminergic modulation of reward learning and daily-life reward-oriented behavior in first-degree relatives of individuals with psychotic disorder.

BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in reward learning in psychotic disorders have been proposed to be linked to dysregulated subcortical dopaminergic (DA) neurotransmission, which in turn is a suspected mechanism for predisposition to psychosis. We therefore explored the striatal dopaminergic modulation of reward processing and its behavioral correlates in individuals at familial risk for psychosis. METHODS: We performed a DA D2/3 receptor [18F]fallypride positron emission tomography scan during a probabilistic reinforcement learning task in 16 healthy first-degree relatives of patients with psychosis and 16 healthy volunteers, followed by a 6-day ecological momentary assessment study capturing reward-oriented behavior in the everyday life. RESULTS: We detected significant reward-induced DA release in bilateral caudate, putamen and ventral striatum of both groups, with no group differences in its magnitude nor spatial extent. In both groups alike, greater extent of reward-induced DA release in all regions of interest was associated with better performance in the task, as well as in greater tendency to be engaged in reward-oriented behavior in the daily life. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest intact striatal dopaminergic modulation of reinforcement learning and reward-oriented behavior in individuals with familial predisposition to psychosis. Furthermore, this study points towards a key link between striatal reward-related DA release and pursuit of ecologically relevant rewards.

Imaging of amino acid transport in brain tumours: Positron emission tomography with O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET).

The assessment of cerebral gliomas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent structural images but cannot solve all diagnostic problems satisfactorily. The differentiation of tumour tissue from non-neoplastic changes may be difficult especially in the post-treatment phase. In recent years, positron emission tomography (PET) using radiolabelled amino acids has gained considerable interest as an additional tool to improve the diagnosis of cerebral gliomas and brain metastases. A key step for this advancement was the development of the F-18 labelled amino acid O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) which has spread rapidly in the last decade and replaced carbon-11 labelled amino acid tracers such as 11C-methyl-L-methionine (MET) in many centres in Europe. FET can be produced with high efficiency and distributed in a satellite concept like 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). Furthermore, FET exhibits favourable properties such as high in vivo stability, high tumour to background contrast and tissue specific tracer kinetics, which provides additional information for tumour grading or differential diagnosis. The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) working group - an international effort to develop new standardized response criteria for clinical trials in brain tumours - has recently recommended the additional use of amino acid PET imaging for brain tumour management. FET PET can provide important diagnostic information in crucial situations such as the definition of biopsy site, the delineation of cerebral gliomas for therapy planning, sensitive monitoring of treatment response and an improved differentiation of tumour recurrence from treatment-related changes. In this article the basic information, methodological aspects and the actual status of clinical application of FET PET are reviewed.

An unusual agent for an unusual localization of infective endocarditis.

We report on a 32-year-old male patient with acute left-hemispheric stroke caused by embolism due to infective endocarditis affected from the HACEK group. Additionally, atypical findings from the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) which showed fluttering structures belonging to the papillary muscle could be proven as infectious agents with the help of a glucose positron emission tomography (PET) scan. TEE controls showed increasing vegetation involving the mitral valve so that surgery became necessary. The current work reflects, in detail, the emergent clinical course of this young patient, suffering from both an unusual localization and an infrequent cause of endocarditis and focuses on an actual view to the literature.

MAOA-VNTR polymorphism modulates context-dependent dopamine release and aggressive behavior in males.

A recent [(18)F]FDOPA-PET study reports negative correlations between dopamine synthesis rates and aggressive behavior. Since dopamine is among the substrates for monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), this investigation examines whether functional allelic variants of the MAOA tandem repeat (VNTR) promotor polymorphism, which is known to modulate aggressive behavior, influences dopamine release and aggression in response to violent visual stimuli. We selected from a genetic prescreening sample, strictly case-matched groups of 2×12 healthy male subjects with VNTRs predictive of high (MAOA-High) and low (MAOA-Low) MAOA expression. Subjects underwent pairs of PET sessions (dopamine D2/3 ligand [(18)F]DMFP) while viewing a movie of neutral content, versus violent content. Directly afterwards, aggressive behavior was assessed by the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP). Finally, PET data of 23 participants and behavioral data of 22 participants were analyzed due to post hoc exclusion criteria. In the genetic prescreening sample MAOA-Low carriers had significantly increased scores on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. In the PET-study-group, aggressive behavior under the emotional neutral condition was significantly higher in the MAOA-Low group. Interestingly, the two MAOA-groups showed inverse dopaminergic and behavioral reactions to the violent movie: The MAOA-High group showed higher dopamine release and increased aggression after the violent movie; MAOA-Low subjects showed decreases in aggressive behavior and no consistent dopamine release. These results indicate a possible impact of the MAOA-promotor polymorphism on the neurobiological modulation of aggressive behavior. However, the data do not support approaches stating that MAOA-Low fosters aggression by a simple pro-dopaminergic mechanism.

[(68)Ga]PSMA-HBED uptake mimicking lymph node metastasis in coeliac ganglia: an important pitfall in clinical practice.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of seemingly pathological retroperitoneal uptake in the location of the coeliac ganglia in patients undergoing [(68)Ga]PSMA-HBED PET/CT. METHODS: The study included 85 men with prostate cancer referred for [(68)Ga]PSMA-HBED PET/CT. The PET/CT scans were evaluated for the local finding in the prostate and the presence of lymph node metastases, distant metastases and coeliac ganglia. The corresponding standardized uptake values (SUV) were determined. SUVmax to background uptake (gluteal muscle SUVmean) ratios were calculated for the ganglia and lymph node metastases. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the ganglia. RESULTS: In 76 of the 85 patients (89.4%) at least one ganglion with tracer uptake was found. For the ganglia, SUVmax and SUVmax to background SUVmean ratios were 2.97 ± 0.88 and 7.98 ± 2.84 (range 1.57-6.38 and 2.83-30.6), respectively, and 82.8% of all ganglia showed an uptake ratio of >5.0. For lymph node metastases, SUVmax and SUVmax to background SUVmean ratios were 8.5 ± 7.0 and 23.31 ± 22.23 (range 2.06-35.9 and 5.25-115.8), respectively. In 35 patients (41.2%), no lymph node metastases were found but tracer uptake was seen in the ganglia. Immunohistochemistry confirmed strong PSMA expression in the ganglia. CONCLUSION: Coeliac ganglia show a relevant [(68)Ga]PSMA-HBED uptake in most patients and may mimic lymph node metastases.

Thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology: molecular imaging with 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) is more cost-effective than the Afirma gene expression classifier.

PURPOSE: To compare the cost-effectiveness of (99m)Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) thyroid scintigraphy and the Afirma gene expression classifier for the assessment of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. METHODS: A decision tree model was used. Costs were calculated from the perspective of the German health insurance system. The robustness of the results was assessed with probabilistic sensitivity analyses using a Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS: Life expectancy was 34.3 years (estimated costs per patient €1,459 - €2,224) for the MIBI scan and 34.1 years (estimated costs €3,560 - €4,071) for the molecular test. These results were confirmed by the Monte Carlo simulation. CONCLUSION: MIBI thyroid scintigraphy is more cost-effective than the gene expression classifier.

Apparently Benign 131I Adrenal Uptake.

ABSTRACT: A 60-year-old man suffering from papillary thyroid cancer (pT2 pN0(0/21) cM0) underwent diagnostic 131I whole-body scintigraphy with recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone for follow-up after thyroidectomy and adjuvant 131I therapy with 4.2 GBq. A focal uptake of radioiodine was found in the right adrenal gland, which had not been seen on the initial posttherapeutic images; therefore, an adrenal metastasis was suspected. However, the diagnostic workup including contrast-enhanced MRI as well as endocrine laboratory tests indicated a benign etiology showcasing a very rare case of false-positive radioiodine uptake in the adrenal gland. The imaging follow-up after 1 year showed no significant changes.