RESUMEN
Recent evidence indicates that Gram-negative bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in indoor dust can evoke neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation, which is a key pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Escherichia coli is a ubiquitous bacterium present in indoor dust and secretes nanometer-sized vesicles into the extracellular milieu. In the current study, we evaluated the role of E. coli-derived EVs on the development of COPD, such as emphysema. E. coli EVs were prepared by sequential ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation. COPD phenotypes and immune responses were evaluated in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), IFN-γ-deficient, or IL-17A-deficient mice after airway exposure to E. coli EVs. The present study showed that indoor dust from a bed mattress harbors E. coli EVs. Airway exposure to E. coli EVs increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6. In addition, the repeated inhalation of E. coli EVs for 4 wk induced neutrophilic inflammation and emphysema, which are associated with enhanced elastase activity. Emphysema and elastase activity enhanced by E. coli EVs were reversed by the absence of IFN-γ or IL-17A genes. In addition, during the early period, lung inflammation is dependent on IL-17A and TNF-α, but not on IFN-γ, and also on TLR4. Moreover, the production of IFN-γ is eliminated by the absence of IL-17A, whereas IL-17A production is not abolished by IFN-γ absence. Taken together, the present data suggest that E. coli-derived EVs induce IL-17A-dependent neutrophilic inflammation and thereby emphysema, possibly via upregulation of elastase activity.
Asunto(s)
Micropartículas Derivadas de Células , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Enfisema Pulmonar/metabolismo , Enfisema Pulmonar/microbiología , Contaminación del Aire Interior , Animales , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/inmunología , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Polvo , Escherichia coli/inmunología , Espacio Extracelular , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , Macrófagos Alveolares/inmunología , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Fenotipo , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/inmunología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/metabolismo , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/microbiología , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMEN
Lily pollen was developed to express HBsAg by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A double prime-boost strategy combining parenteral and oral HBsAg boosters was found to increase antibody titer levels 10-fold, as compared to a single process of priming and boosting. Lily pollen may prove a tool for oral vaccine development.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/genética , Inmunización , Lilium/inmunología , Polen/inmunología , Administración Oral , Agrobacterium/genética , Animales , Expresión Génica , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , RatonesRESUMEN
In May 2004, 97 of 309 (31%) and 97 of 207 (47%) school students from geographically distant areas were affected by acute gastroenteritis during excursions to neighboring hotels. The two hotels were 300 m apart, on Jeju Island, South Korea. Several strains of norovirus, including both genogroup I and genogroup II viruses, were identified in stool samples from the students and food handlers and in groundwater from the hotels. Of these several strains of norovirus, the nucleotide sequences for one strain were identical for samples from the students, food handlers, and groundwater.