Bionic reconstruction to restore hand function after brachial plexus injury: a case series of three patients.

BACKGROUND: Brachial plexus injuries can permanently impair hand function, yet present surgical reconstruction provides only poor results. Here, we present for the first time bionic reconstruction; a combined technique of selective nerve and muscle transfers, elective amputation, and prosthetic rehabilitation to regain hand function. METHODS: Between April 2011, and May 2014, three patients with global brachial plexus injury including lower root avulsions underwent bionic reconstruction. Treatment occurred in two stages; first, to identify and create useful electromyographic signals for prosthetic control, and second, to amputate the hand and replace it with a mechatronic prosthesis. Before amputation, the patients had a specifically tailored rehabilitation programme to enhance electromyographic signals and cognitive control of the prosthesis. Final prosthetic fitting was applied as early as 6 weeks after amputation. FINDINGS: Bionic reconstruction successfully enabled prosthetic hand use in all three patients. After 3 months, mean Action Research Arm Test score increased from 5·3 (SD 4·73) to 30·7 (14·0). Mean Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure score improved from 9·3 (SD 1·5) to 65·3 (SD 19·4). Mean Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score improved from 46·5 (SD 18·7) to 11·7 (SD 8·42). INTERPRETATION: For patients with global brachial plexus injury with lower root avulsions, who have no alternative treatment, bionic reconstruction offers a means to restore hand function. FUNDING: Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development, Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research & Economy, and European Research Council Advanced Grant DEMOVE.

Effects of a multidisciplinary programme on postural stability in patients with chronic recurrent low back pain: preliminary findings.

PURPOSE: This longitudinal study investigated the effects of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme on postural stability in patients with low back pain. While the consequences of such rehabilitation programme have been described for pain, mobility, strength, and functional disability, the effects on postural stability have not been examined so far. METHODS: Thirty-four patients suffering from chronic low back pain were included to participate in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme. We assessed postural stability, pain, strength of the lumbar extensor muscles, and functional disability. The examinations were performed before the intervention, after 20 training sessions ("half-way point"), and at the end of the rehabilitation programme. RESULTS: All outcome measures improved significantly from baseline to the first follow-up evaluation and remained constant until completion of the rehabilitation programme. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation programme may improve postural stability, muscle strength, pain, and functional disability in patients with chronic low back pain.

Reliability, validity, sensitivity and internal consistency of the ICF based Basic Mobility Scale for measuring the mobility of patients with musculoskeletal problems in the acute hospital setting: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of mobility is important in the acute care setting. Existing tests suffer from limitations. The aim of the study was to examine the inter-rater reliability, the validity, the sensitivity to change, and the internal consistency of an ICF based scale. METHODS: In a prospective study inpatients in the acute care setting with restricted mobility aged above 50 years assigned to rehabilitative treatment were included. Assessment of subscales of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and the ICF based Basic Mobility Scale (BMS) were performed at admission and before discharge. Furthermore pain, length of stay in hospital, and post-discharge residential status were recorded. Inter-rater reliability, criterion-concurrent validity, sensitivity to change, and internal consistency were calculated. Furthermore, floor and ceiling effects were determined. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-five patients (79 women/46 men) were included. The BMS showed an excellent inter-rater reliability for the total BMS (ICC BMS: 0.85 (95 % CI: 0.81-0.88). The criterion-concurrent validity was high to excellent (Spearman correlation coefficient: -0.91 in correlation to FIM) and the internal consistency was good (Cronbach's alpha 0.88). The BMS proved to be sensitive to improvements in mobility (Wilcoxon's signed rank test: p < 0.0001; The effect size for the BMS was 1.075 and the standardized response mean 1.10. At admission, the BMS was less vulnerable to floor effects. CONCLUSIONS: The BMS may be used as a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of mobility in the acute care setting. It is easy to apply, sensitive to change during the hospital stay and not vulnerable to floor and ceiling effects.

Optimizing stimulation parameters in functional electrical stimulation of denervated muscles: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: To counteract denervation atrophy long-term electrical stimulation with a high number of muscle contractions has to be applied. This may lead to discomfort of the patient and negative side effects like burns. A functional effective muscle contraction induced by the lowest possible stimulation intensity is desirable. In clinical practice a selective stimulation of denervated muscles with triangular pulses is used. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of polarity and pulse duration on the stimulation intensity of triangular pulses in denervated muscles in patients with peripheral nerve lesions. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with denervated extensor digitorum communis muscle and twenty-four patients with denervated tibialis anterior muscle due to peripheral nerve lesions were included. Four different combinations of triangular pulses with various duration and polarity were delivered randomly to the denervated muscles. The threshold intensity to induce a functional effective muscle contraction was noted. One-way within subject ANOVA was used to assess changes in intensity. An alpha level of p less than or equal to 0.05 was the criterion for statistical significance. RESULTS: Patients with a denervated tibialis anterior muscle presented significant lower intensities inducing a functional effective muscle contraction in favor of the stimulation with a duration of 200 ms and a polarity with the cathode proximally applied. No significant differences could be shown between the different stimulation protocols in case of denervated extensor digitorum communis muscle. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend electrical stimulation of the denervated tibialis anterior muscle with triangular current with a duration of 200 ms and a polarity with the cathode proximally applied.

Long-term effects of an outpatient rehabilitation program in patients with chronic recurrent low back pain.

PURPOSE: This longitudinal study investigated long-term effects of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program consisting of resistance and sensorimotor training, patient education, and stress management over 6 months in patients with chronic low back pain. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with chronic recurrent low back pain performed a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. We assessed pain-free lumbar spine range of motion (ROM), strength of the lumbar extensor muscles, and pain by visual analog scale (VAS). Furthermore, the Roland-Morris (RM) questionnaire and SF-36 were used. The examinations were performed before and after rehabilitation, and a long-term follow-up was performed after 18 months. RESULTS: All outcome measurements (ROM, VAS, RM, muscle strength, and SF-36 scores) improved significantly from baseline to the post-rehabilitation evaluation. These improvements were found to persist until a follow-up evaluation 18 months after cessation of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the results of former studies evaluating the short-term effects of multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs. In addition, our data demonstrate that well-balanced outpatient rehabilitation programs may induce persistent improvements in muscle strength, pain, function and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain.

Do kinaesthetic tapes affect plantarflexor muscle performance?

This study aimed to examine the effects of application of kinaesthetic tapes on plantarflexor muscle performance. We hypothesised that taping of the triceps surae muscle would improve plantarflexor muscle strength and endurance with no significant effect on drop jump performance. Using a repeated-measures design, all performance measures were obtained in 24 volunteers on two separate occasions: without tapes and after application of kinaesthetic tapes. Performance tests included measurements of isometric plantarflexor muscle strength and the associated electromyographic activity of the gastrocnemius muscle, an isokinetic fatigue resistance test (30 contractions at 180° · s(-1)) and assessments of drop jump performance. The taping-intervention was associated with an increase in gastrocnemius electromyographic activity. However, significant increases in isometric strength were only found at fully dorsiflexed ankle positions (+12% at -20°). Strength gains were negatively correlated to baseline strength (r = -.58). The intervention did not affect the results of the isokinetic fatigue and drop jump tests. The application of kinaesthetic tapes over the triceps surae muscle promotes an increase in isometric strength and gastrocnemius muscle activity. Our data suggest that these effects are joint-angle dependent and more prominent in weaker individuals. By contrast, the taping-intervention improves neither drop jump performance nor muscular endurance.

Correlation of functional recovery with the course of electrophysiological parameters after free muscle transfer for reconstruction of the smile in irreversible facial palsy.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine whether processes of denervation and reinnervation, as measured by electrodiagnostic methods, correlate with clinical function, as measured by three-dimensional (3D) video analysis and whether electrodiagnostic data can serve as a prognostic indicator. METHODS: Eighteen patients with facial palsy were investigated by 3D video analysis, needle electromyography, and electrical muscle testing at 6, 12, and 18 months after free muscle transplantation for smile reconstruction. RESULTS: Electrophysiological parameters determined 6 months postoperatively correlated significantly with the index of dynamic symmetry 12 and 18 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Processes of reinnervation can be detected earlier by electrophysiological analysis than by quantified clinical analysis. Pathological spontaneous activity alone and combined assessment with motor unit action potentials in the early postoperative stage are strong prognostic indicators.

Rheumatoid arthritis in remission : Decreased myostatin and increased serum levels of periostin.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with disturbances in muscle and bone metabolism. AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether endocrine regulators of myogenesis and bone metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in remission differed from unaffected healthy controls. An additional point was whether these were associated with patients' health-related functioning or particular bodily functions of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). METHODS: Bone turnover and the markers for muscle, i.e. myostatin (MSTN), follistatin (FSTN), growth differentiation factor (GDF-15) and for bone, i.e. sclerostin (SOST), dickkopf 1 (Dkk1), periostin (PSTN) metabolism were determined in 24 female RA patients and matched healthy controls. The chair rising test (CRT), timed up and go test (TUG), 6 min walking test, maximum hand grip and back extensor strength tests were used to assess patients' health-related functions. Additionally, bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and the hip region was measured. RESULTS: For the bone turnover markers no differences were observed between patients and controls. In contrast, the markers MSTN and Dkk1 were significantly lower and FSTN and PSTN significantly higher in patients than controls. Patients performed worse in the CRT and TUG. Some correlations reflected associations between these endocrine factors and physical function. CONCLUSION: Anti-inflammatory therapy may be responsible for the positive effect on endocrine factors influencing myogenesis. Elevation of PSTN probably reflects the increased risk of fragility fractures in RA patients.

Interrater Repeatability of Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity of the Ulnar Nerve.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to obtain data on interrater repeatability of the motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of the ulnar nerve of different segments, ulnar distal motor latency (DML), and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes. DESIGN: Twenty-four healthy volunteers were examined in consecutive order. Ulnar motor NCV of different segments, ulnar DML, and CMAP amplitudes were determined. Based on a randomization list of various combinations and sequences, 1 of 3 examiners performed the first measurement. A second examiner repeated the evaluation within half an hour. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the first and second measurements for all parameters. For the ulnar motor NCV of the different segments, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0.38 to 0.51, and the coefficient of repeatability (CR) ranged from 8.0 to 11.6 m/s. For the ulnar DML, the ICC was 0.44, and the CR was 0.49 millisecond. For the CMAP amplitudes at the different stimulation sites, the ICC ranged from 0.53 to 0.76, and the CR ranged from 1.5 to 2.3 mV. CONCLUSIONS: A moderate amount of interrater variability of the ulnar motor NCV must be taken into account. Compared with the CMAP amplitudes, the interrater repeatability of the ulnar motor NCV is poorer.

Elective amputation and bionic substitution restore functional hand use after critical soft tissue injuries.

Critical soft tissue injuries may lead to a non-functional and insensate limb. In these cases standard reconstructive techniques will not suffice to provide a useful outcome, and solutions outside the biological arena must be considered and offered to these patients. We propose a concept which, after all reconstructive options have been exhausted, involves an elective amputation along with a bionic substitution, implementing an actuated prosthetic hand via a structured tech-neuro-rehabilitation program. Here, three patients are presented in whom this concept has been successfully applied after mutilating hand injuries. Clinical tests conducted before, during and after the procedure, evaluating both functional and psychometric parameters, document the benefits of this approach. Additionally, in one of the patients, we show the possibility of implementing a highly functional and natural control of an advanced prosthesis providing both proportional and simultaneous movements of the wrist and hand for completing tasks of daily living with substantially less compensatory movements compared to the traditional systems. It is concluded that the proposed procedure is a viable solution for re-gaining highly functional hand use following critical soft tissue injuries when existing surgical measures fail. Our results are clinically applicable and can be extended to institutions with similar resources.

Identification of relevant ICF categories by patients in the acute hospital.

PURPOSE: To describe functioning and health of patients in the acute hospital and to identify the most common problems using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). METHODS: Cross-sectional survey in a convenience sample of neurological, musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary patients requiring rehabilitation in the acute hospital. The second level categories of the ICF were used to collect information on patients' problems. For the ICF components Body Functions, Body Structures and Activities and Participation absolute and relative frequencies of impairments/limitations in the study population were reported. For the component Environmental Factors absolute and relative frequencies of perceived barriers or facilitators were reported. RESULTS: The mean age in the sample was 57.6 years with a median age of 60.5, 49% of the patients were female. In 101 patients with neurological conditions, 115 ICF categories had a prevalence of 30% and more: 32 categories of Body Functions, 13 categories of Body Structures, 32 categories of Activities and Participation and 38 categories of Environmental Factors. In 105 patients with cardiopulmonary conditions, 80 categories had a prevalence of 30% and more: 36 categories of Body Functions, eight categories of Body Structures, 10 categories of Activities and Participation and 26 categories of Environmental Factors. In 90 patients with musculoskeletal conditions, 61 categories had a prevalence of 30% and more: 14 categories of Body Functions, five categories of Body Structures, 16 categories of Activities and Participation and 26 categories of Environmental Factors. CONCLUSION: This study is a first step towards the development of ICF Core Sets for patients in the acute hospital.

A surface EMG test tool to measure proportional prosthetic control.

In upper limb amputees, prosthetic control training is recommended before and after fitting. During rehabilitation, the focus is on selective proportional control signals. For functional monitoring, many different tests are available. None can be used in the early phase of training. However, an early assessment is needed to judge if a patient has the potential to control a certain prosthetic set-up. This early analysis will determine if further training is needed or if other strategies would be more appropriate. Presented here is a tool that is capable of predicting achievable function in voluntary EMG control. This tool is applicable to individual muscle groups to support preparation of training and fitting. In four of five patients, the sEMG test tool accurately predicted the suitability for further myoelectric training based on SHAP outcome measures. (P1: "Poor" function in the sEMG test tool corresponded to 54/100 in the SHAP test; P2: Good: 85; P3: Good: 81; P4: Average: 78). One patient scored well during sEMG testing, but was unmotivated during SHAP testing. (Good: 50) Therefore, the surface EMG test tool may predict achievable control skills to a high extent, validated with the SHAP, but requires further clinical testing to validate this technique.

ICF Core Sets for depression.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the results of the consensus process integrating evidence from preliminary studies to develop the first version of a Comprehensive ICF Core Set and a Brief ICF Core Set for depression. METHODS: A formal decision-making and consensus process integrating evidence gathered from preliminary studies was followed. Preliminary studies included a Delphi exercise, a systematic review and an empirical data collection. After receiving training in the ICF and based on these preliminary studies, relevant ICF categories were identified in a formal consensus process by international experts from different backgrounds. RESULTS: The preliminary studies identified a set of 323 ICF categories at the second, third and fourth ICF levels with 163 categories on body functions, 22 on body structures, 91 on activities and participation and 47 on environmental factors. Twenty experts attended the consensus conference on depression. Altogether 121 categories (89 second-level and 32 third-level categories) were included in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set with 45 categories from the component body functions, 48 from activities and participation and 28 from environmental factors. The Brief ICF Core Set included a total of 31 categories with 9 on body functions, 12 on activities and participation and 10 on environmental factors. CONCLUSION: A formal consensus process integrating evidence and expert opinion based on the ICF framework and classification led to the definition of ICF Core Sets for depression. Both the Comprehensive ICF Core Set and the Brief ICF Core Set were defined.

Is suprascapular neuropathy common in high-performance beach volleyball players? A retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pain in the shoulder is a common problem in overhead sports and at times goes along with atrophy of the supra- and infraspinatus muscles. A neuropathy of the suprascapular nerve is one possible reason. The aim of the study was to examine the suprascapular nerve in Austrian high-performance beach volleyball players. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 18 high-performance beach volleyball players were included. An electrophysiological examination was performed consecutively. Nerve conduction studies of the suprascapular nerve were performed bilaterally. Needle electromyography was done for the infraspinatus muscle of the dominant arm. Additionally, pain and muscle atrophy were evaluated. RESULTS: No acute or chronic neurogenic changes in the infraspinatus muscle were seen in any player, although atrophy of the suprascapularis innervated muscles was present in five players. CONCLUSIONS: A lesion of the suprascapular nerve could not be shown in any of the players. Therefore, a biomechanical cause has to be considered for the clinical symptoms in the present study population.

Acute injuries and overuse syndromes in sport climbing and bouldering in Austria: a descriptive epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: The increasing popularity of climbing activities is associated with a rise in the number of respective injuries and overuse syndromes. However, a comprehensive scrutiny of the incidence, kind and severity of climbing-related ailments in Austria is so far outstanding. We aimed to evaluate injuries and overuse syndromes in sport climbing and bouldering in Austria and to investigate whether the injury incidence differs between specific groups of climbers. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional self-report study. METHODS: A self-report questionnaire to assess (a) demographic and anthropometric characteristics, (b) climbing experience and skill level, and (c) detailed information on climbing-related injuries was made available in climbing halls and on the Internet. Data from 193 climbers (133 males and 60 females; age 30.4 ± 8.1 years; average climbing experience 9.3 ± 7.7 years) were acquired. RESULTS: A total of 374 injuries were reported by 130 participants (67.4 %). The single most common differential diagnoses, accounting for 56.7 % of all injuries, were strains and ruptures of annular ligaments of the fingers, lateral epicondylitis of the elbow, and sprains or fractures of the ankle joint. The odds for strains of the annular ligaments and lateral epicondylitis were greater in men and increased with older age and higher exposure to climbing stress. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first comprehensive study investigating climbing-related injuries in Austria. The incidence and kind of the ailments reported confirm results of previous studies. Moreover, our results suggest that the risk to suffer climbing-related overuse syndromes, but not acute injuries, is dependent on sex, age, and exposure to climbing stress.

Determinants of satisfaction with individual health in male and female patients with chronic low back pain.

OBJECTIVE: To examine health satisfaction and its predictors in subjects with and without chronic low back pain. SUBJECTS: Data for subjects aged 15-64 years were sourced from an Austrian representative population-based nationwide survey including 6,194 men and 6,183 women. METHODS: Health satisfaction and its determinants were assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). RESULTS: Prevalence of chronic low back pain was 8.0% (range 7.6-8.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI)) in men and 8.8% (range 8.5-9.2%) in women. The proportion of men, with and without chronic low back pain, who were dissatisfied with their health was 22.5% and 5.7% (p < 0.001), respectively, and in women 28.3% and 5.4% (p < 0.001), respectively. In subjects with chronic low back pain a multi-variate analysis revealed "not needing medical treatment to function in daily life" with odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) of 6.3 (2.6-15.3) and 4.2 (2.1-8.5) as the strongest predictor for health satisfaction in men and women, respectively. In men additionally "satisfaction with one's sex life" and "satisfaction with work capacity", OR: 6.6 (2.9-14.8) and 3.7 (1.5-9.3)were predictors for health satisfaction. In women, however "satisfaction with living conditions" OR: 3.7 (1.7-7.9) was an additional predictor. CONCLUSION: Important determinants for health satisfaction are aspects of life such as independence and managing daily activities. These aspects can be influenced by existing therapy options.

Functional electrical stimulation combined with botulinum toxin type A to improve hand function in children with spastic hemiparesis - a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Children with spastic hemiparesis frequently present with impaired hand function due to paresis, spasticity, and disturbed motor control. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation in combination with botulinum toxin type A in these children. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, observer-blinded pilot study. SUBJECTS: Children with impaired hand function. INTERVENTIONS: Either a combined treatment group (functional electrical stimulation and botulinum toxin type A) or a botulinum toxin type A group alone. Botulinum toxin type A was injected into arm muscles according to the patient's clinical requirements. Functional electrical stimulation of the wrist and finger extensor muscles was started after five to six days. Patients were given a stimulation device and asked to use it at home twice daily for 15 min, for a total period of three months. MAIN MEASURES: Active and passive range of motion, muscle tone, muscle strength, and functional tests for children. RESULTS: Six children aged between 7 and 17 years with spastic hemiparesis were enrolled. In both groups, active and passive range of motion, muscle tone, and muscle strength improved after three and six months compared to baseline data. The functional score was improved only in the group that received combined treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Combined treatment with functional electrical stimulation and botulinum toxin type A is a promising treatment option to improve upper limb function in children with spastic hemiparesis.

Electrotherapy for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a review.

OBJECTIVE: To review different types of electrotherapy for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. METHODS: A structured search of the electronic database MEDLINE was performed from the time of its initiation to July 2009. Articles in English and German were selected. RESULTS: The efficacy of different types of electrotherapy for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been evaluated in 15 studies; the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation are consistent. The beneficial effects of prolonged use have been reported in three large studies and one small study. The effects of frequency-modulated electromagnetic neural stimulation were assessed in one large study, and a significant reduction in pain was reported. Treatment with pulsed and static electromagnetic fields has been investigated in two small and three large studies, and analgesic benefits have been reported. In one large study focusing on pulsed electromagnetic fields, no beneficial effect on pain was registered. Only small studies were found concerning other types of electrotherapy, such as pulsed-dose electrical stimulation, high-frequency external muscle stimulation or high-tone external muscle stimulation. The conclusions drawn in these articles are diverse. Shortcomings and problems, including a poor study design, were observed in some. CONCLUSION: Further randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies comprising larger sample sizes, a longer duration of treatment, and longer follow-up assessments are required.

Vocational rehabilitation: an educational review.

The aim of this review is to describe aspects of vocational rehabilitation relevant for a physician aiming to become a specialist in physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM). The review discusses the epidemiology of incapacity for work, the major patient groups in vocational rehabilitation (musculoskeletal and psychiatric diagnoses comprise approximately 50-70% of the patients), the influence of different kinds of environmental and individual risk factors on work resumption (such as the legal framework, application of the law, resources for rehabilitation and its effectiveness, the degree of co-operation between vocational rehabilitation agencies, economic factors/labour market situation, medical and personal factors). The review describes different models of vocational rehabilitation, the effectiveness of various vocational rehabilitation programmes on work resumption or sick leave (where strong evidence is reported for multi-modal rehabilitation programmes for patients with long-lasting musculoskeletal pain). Finally, there are sections about the PRM physician's history-taking in vocational rehabilitation (using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)), and report writing with a structure where ICF body functions and activity limitations are reported separately.

Interexaminer repeatability of antidromic ulnar sensory nerve conduction velocity measurements.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the interexaminer repeatability of the ulnar antidromic sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV). DESIGN: Test-retest design. Based on a randomization list of various combinations and sequences from 2 of a total of 3 examiners, the measurement was repeated within half an hour by a second examiner blinded to the results of the first examiner. SETTING: Outpatient department. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four consecutive healthy subjects (mean age, 38 y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the coefficient of repeatability (CR) were determined for the below elbow to wrist (BE-to-W), above elbow to below elbow (AE-to-BE), and axilla to above elbow (AX-to-AE) segments. RESULTS: The ICC was .42 for the BE-to-W, .15 for the AE-to-BE, and -.05 for the AX-to-AE segment. The CR was 12.2m/s for the BE-to-W, 16.2m/s for the AE-to-BE, and 21.4m/s for the AX-to-AE segment. CONCLUSIONS: During the assessment of the antidromic sensory NCV of the ulnar nerve, a moderate amount of interexaminer variability must be taken into account for the BE-to-W segment. More proximally, an extremely large amount of interexaminer variability must be taken into account. This calls into question the usefulness of the antidromic ulnar sensory NCV for the AX-to-AE and AE-to-BE segments.