Modified Oblique Lobenhoffer (MOL) approach for posterolateral and posteromedial column access in tibial plateau fractures: a detailed cadaveric anatomical study.

BACKGROUND: Tibial plateau fractures involving posteromedial (PM) and posterolateral (PL) columns are complex injuries that require an appropriate approach. The management of the PL column in these cases can be controversial, and limitations using deep posteromedial interval approaches have been referenced. In this paper, a modification of the Lobenhoffer approach, designed to optimize the access to the PL column, is described in detail. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of this approach in a cadaveric anatomical study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, five fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were used for detailed anatomical study surrounding the approach. Relationships with cutaneous and deep neurovascular structures were evaluated. The exposure area of the PL and PM columns using this approach was assessed. RESULTS: The cadaveric study showed safe and adequate exposure. Oblique skin and fascia incision just medial to the posterior midline was safe to protect the medial sural cutaneous nerve and the small saphenous vein. Elevation of the popliteus and tibialis posterior muscles offered safe protection of the anterior tibial artery and popliteal neurovascular bundle during retractor placement. Adequate full proximal exposure of the PM and PL columns, including the posterolateral lateral (PLL) and posterolateral central (PLC) segments, was obtained in all specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The Modified Oblique Lobenhoffer (MOL) approach can be a feasible option to access PL and PM columns in tibial plateau fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Increased subtalar rotational motion in patients with symptomatic ankle instability under load and stress conditions.

PURPOSE: Differentiating subtalar and ankle instability in the clinical setting is challenging. This study aims to analyze the rotational laxity of the subtalar joint bilaterally in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic ankle instability under simulated load and stress-induced position of the subtalar joint. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted using an adjustable load device (ALD). Patients with chronic ankle instability and healthy volunteers were included. Each subject underwent a CT scan under mechanical stress and simulated weight-bearing conditions, maintaining maximum eversion and inversion hindfoot positions. The images were obtained in a single model, allowing calculations of the motion vector as well as the helical axis. The helical axis was defined by a rotation angle and a translation distance. RESULTS: A total of 72 feet were included in the study. Thirty-one patients with unilateral symptoms and five healthy controls were selected, defining two groups: symptomatic (n = 31) and asymptomatic (n = 41). An absolute difference of 4.6º (95%CI 2-11.1) rotation angle was found on the helical axis of the symptomatic vs. asymptomatic group (p = 0.001). No significant differences were detected in the translation distance (n.s.) between the groups. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between the rotation angle and translation distance through the helical axis in the asymptomatic group (r = 0.397, p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic ankle instability suspected of having subtalar joint instability showed a wider subtalar range of laxity in terms of rotation about the helical axis. Furthermore, differences in kinematics between symptomatic and asymptomatic hindfeet was demonstrated when both feet were compared. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Intraoperative checking of the first ray rotation and sesamoid position through sonographic assistance.

INTRODUCTION: Hallux valgus (HV) deformity affects the orientation of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint in three planes. Displacement in the coronal plane results in axial rotation of the first metatarsal, with progressive subluxation of the first MTP joint. Multiple techniques have been described to correct the malrotation itself. However, none of them have checked intraoperatively the final position of the first metatarsal head and sesamoids previous to the fixation of the Lapidus procedure or first metatarsal bone osteotomies. The aim of this article is to describe a novel technique to check the first ray rotation and sesamoids position through sonographic assistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Before fixation of the Lapidus procedure, with the ankle in maximal dorsiflexion, the surgeon takes the linear ultrasound probe and places it on the sole to visualize the sesamoids, which should be viewed at the same level, with the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) centered between both. Once the ideal position of the head of the first ray has been achieved, temporary fixation with K-wires is performed over the first TMT joint and M1-M2 joint for further sonographic verification of the sesamoids beneath the first metatarsal head. The height of the sesamoids relative to the second metatarsal head should be checked by sonographic control too. RESULTS: Four patients were included. Three females and one male. Their mean age was 76.4 years (R 61-72). Their mean BMI was 29 (R 27.5-32.24). The mean IMA (intermetatarsal angle) was 18.2 (R 17.2-19) degrees and the mean MPA (metatarsophalangeal angle) was 50 (R 36-63) degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic assistance, is a widely available, inexpensive, and comparative imaging technique that can guide the first ray rotation and sesamoids position in HV surgery, theoretically improving radiological outcomes.

Hindfoot motion through helical axis image-based on dynamic CT scan using an original simulated weightbearing device.

BACKGROUND: Determining the treatment of subtalar joint (STJ) instability requires a better understanding of the biomechanical principles underlying the condition and, a proper diagnosis. This study aimed to analyze "in vivo" the range of motion of the subtalar joint (STJ) measured on two (2D) and three dimensions (3D) image-based on CT Scan using an original device that maintains a simulated weightbearing. The secondary goal was to correlate the 2D and 3D measurement. METHODS: An observational study was conducted, using an original Dynamic Simulated Weightbearing Device. Asymptomatic ankles were included. Each subject underwent a CT scan under mechanical stress and simulated weightbearing conditions, maintaining maximum eversion and inversion hindfoot positions. The images were obtained, combining both inversion and eversion positions in a single model, which allows for to calculation of the motion vector as well as the helical axis. The helical axis (rotation angle and translation distance), subtalar tilt, anterior drawer, and, subtalar and calcaneocuboid uncoverage were the determinations. RESULTS: Forty asymptomatic ankles were included. The average range of motion of the STJ amounts to 31.5° ± 9.1° of rotation and 1.56 ± 0.8 mm of translation distance. The anterior drawer and subtalar uncoverage variables were statistically significantly related to each other (r = 0.57; P = 0.00001). However, these 2-D measured variables were not related to kinematic measures of rotation through the helical axis (3D) (p = 0.14; p = 0.19) CONCLUSIONS: The average range of motion of the STJ amounts to 31.5° ± 9.1° of rotation and 1.56 ± 0.8 mm of translation distance. We found no significant correlation between 2D and 3D measurements. In our opinion, the rotation angle and translation distance should be considered the most accurate measurements and should be calculated on every STJ instability for comparison with the asymptomatic population LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Observational study.

Periprosthetic Hip Fractures With a Loose Stem: Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Versus Stem Revision.

BACKGROUND: It is recommended revision for periprosthetic hip fractures (PPHF) with a loose stem. However, several authors have argued that under certain conditions, this fracture could be treated using osteosynthesis. The aim is to compare stem revision versus internal fixation in the treatment of PPHF with a loose stem. METHODS: All patients with PPHF with a loose stem treated by osteosynthesis and stem revision between January 2009 and January 2019 were included. We assessed hospital stay, American Society of Anesthesiologists, Charlson comorbidity index, surgery time, blood transfusion, complications, reoperation rate, first-year mortality, radiological, and functional results. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients were included (40 osteosyntheses and 17 stem revision), with an average follow-up time of 3.1 years. Their mean age was 78.47 years (R 45-92). In the osteosynthesis group, fewer patients required blood transfusion (32.5% vs. 70.6%), surgical times were shorter (108 minutes vs. 169 minutes), and the cost was lower, both in terms of total cost (€14,239.07 vs. €21,498.45 and operating room cost (€5014.63 vs. €8203.34). No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of complications, reoperation rate, or functional outcomes. CONCLUSION: Compared with stem revision, osteosynthesis requires less surgery time, has a lower need for blood transfusions, and a reduced hospital cost. Stem revision remains the treatment of choice in PPHF with a loose stem, but in V-B2 fractures in elderly patients with low functional demand, high anesthetic risk (American Society of Anesthesiologists ≥3), and many comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity index ≥5) in whom anatomic reconstruction is possible, osteosynthesis can be a viable option. EVIDENCE LEVEL: Historical cohorts. Level III.

"Safe incision" in calcaneal sliding osteotomies reduces the incidence of sural nerve injury.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether application of the so-called safe incision when performing calcaneal sliding osteotomies reduces the risk of sural nerve injury. METHODS: Patients who underwent either medial or lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomies between 2010 and 2018 were analysed retrospectively. A thorough neurological examination was performed, and the location of the surgical wound and the type of wound closure were recorded. The European Foot and Ankle Surgery (EFAS) score and 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12) were also documented. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients were included, of which 20 (35.1%) had a sural nerve injury. Five patients had a neurapraxia (8.8%), while 15 patients had a permanent injury (26.3%). Respecting the "safe incision" decreased sural nerve injury (p = 0.02). The type of osteotomy and closure was not significant. No significant differences were found in the functional tests between the different techniques, or between patients who presented sural nerve injury and those who did not. CONCLUSION: Sural nerve injury after calcaneal sliding osteotomies is higher than previously reported in the scientific literature, with an incidence of 35.1% (20/57 patients). Respecting the so-called safe zone (oblique incision that runs through the point that is > 1/3 of the distance from the tip of the lateral malleolus to the posteroinferior margin of the calcaneus) clearly decreases the incidence of sural nerve injury. Finally, the majority of patients remained asymptomatic despite the neurological injury.

Functional results and quality of life after joint preserving or sacrificing surgery in Charcot-Marie-Tooth foot deformities.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to assess the functional results, quality of life, and complications in two groups of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) patients according to the type of surgical operations, joint preserving, or joint sacrificing surgery. METHODS: Fifty-two feet in forty-six patients with CMT who had undergone surgical deformity correction were divided into two groups based on the main surgical procedure for the correction: Class I (joint preserving surgery) and class II (joint sacrificing surgery). Foot ankle disability index (FADI) and short form 12 version 2 (SF12V2) were documented pre-operative and 12 months post-operative. The complications of both groups were monitored with a mean follow-up time of 20.5 months (range, 13-71.5). RESULTS: After surgical treatment, FADI scores showed differences (p=0.005) between both groups. The functional improvement was 29 (20-46; p<0.001) in class I and 10 (2-36; p=0.001) in class II. The patients in both groups acquired a better quality of life as demonstrated in physical component summary of SF12 but without statistically difference. Three feet needed reintervention in class I (two for cavovarus recurrence and one for hallux flexus) at the end of follow-up. In contrast, five feet needed a new operation for cavovarus recurrence, claw toes recurrence, and ankle osteoarthritis after the progression of the condition. DISCUSSION: An early surgical intervention to neutralize the deforming forces in CMT patients could be a useful strategy to delay or prevent the need for extensive reconstruction and potential future complications. CONCLUSION: Based on the type of surgical intervention in CMT patients, the joint preserving surgery in addition to soft tissue balancing procedures obtained better functional outcomes and lower rate of complications when compared to the group of joint sacrificing surgery.

Debridement and hinged motion distraction is superior to debridement alone in patients with ankle osteoarthritis: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare complication rates and postoperative outcomes in patients with ankle debridement alone vs. debridement and hinged ankle distraction arthroplasty. METHODS: A total of 50 patients with posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis (OA) with a mean age of 40.0 ± 8.5 years were included into this prospective randomized study: 25 patients in ankle debridement alone group and 25 patients in debridement and hinged ankle distraction group. The mean follow-up was 46 ± 12 months (range 36-78 months). The clinical and radiographic outcomes were evaluated at the 6-month and 3-year follow-up using the visual analog scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score, SF-36 quality of life score, and van Dijk OA classification. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to calculate the 3-year and 5-year survival rates. RESULTS: Both patient groups experienced significant pain relief, functional improvement, and improvement in quality of life postoperatively. In total, 26 major secondary procedures were performed. The overall survival rates in the debridement and ankle distraction group were 19 of 25 (74%) and 15 of 25 (59%) at 3 years and 5 years, respectively. The overall survival rates in the ankle debridement alone group were 12 of 25 (49%) and 9 of 25 (34%) at 3 years and 5 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated comparable postoperative functional outcome and quality of life. However, rate of postoperative revision surgery was substantially higher in ankle debridement alone group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Randomized controlled study, Level I.

Increased rates of delayed union after percutaneous Akin osteotomy.

BACKGROUND: Akin osteotomy is a well-known surgical procedure in forefoot surgery. When performing percutaneously, we have found a lot of delayed unions on follow up X-rays. The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of delayed union when performing a percutaneous Akin osteotomy. METHODS: We report a series of 26 cases who underwent minimally invasive (percutaneous) Akin osteotomy. The mean follow-up duration was 17.6 (range 12 to 24) months. We analys-24) months. We analyzed the time to fusion using standard weight bearing radiographs. All the procedures were uneventful and we had only two skin burns that healed without sequelae. RESULTS: All the procedures were uneventful and we had only two skin burns that healed without sequelae. The average time to fusion in our series was 4.69 months (2-11): seventeen of the 26 osteotomies (65.4%) were considered radiographically healed at an average time of 2,94 months (2-5), whereas 9 patients (34.6%) sustained a delayed-union and healed at an average of 8 months (7-11). CONCLUSIONS: Despite few intraoperative complications and satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes, our data suggest that a delayed union after Akin osteotomy is very common in the daily practice when performing it through a minimally invasive technique.

Short intramedullary wiring for displaced metaphyseal fractures of the radius in children.

There is still debate about the proper treatment of completely displaced metaphyseal fractures of the distal radius in children. Although historically these fractures were treated by closed reduction and casting, some authors have reported that up to 25% of these injuries re-displaced early in the cast despite good initial reduction. Since 2000 we have used closed reduction and percutaneous stabilisation with a short intramedullary wire, using a percutaneous technique, in children with completely displaced metaphyseal fractures of the distal radius. We retrospectively analysed the records of 100 children who were treated in our departments during a six-year period (2000-2005). Of these, 45 had early re-displacement of their fractures after an initial conservative treatment. Our results suggest that closed reduction and short intramedullary wiring of these injuries allows adequate stabilization, maintains the alignment in the cast, reduces the need for follow-up radiographs, with a low rate of infections and complications, while healing occurs.

Hybrid-Total Ankle Arthroplasty (H-TAA) for Failed Talar Component in Mobile-Bearing Total Ankle Arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Revision Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) surgery due to TAA aseptic loosening is increasing. It is possible to exchange the talar component and inlay to another system for isolated talar component loosening in a primary mobile-bearing TAA: Hybrid-Total Ankle Arthroplasty (H-TAA). The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of the revision surgery of an isolated aseptic talar component loosening in a mobile-bearing three-component TAA with a H-TAA solution. METHODS: In this prospective case study, nine patients (six women, three men; mean age 59.8 years; range 41-80 years) with symptomatic isolated aseptic loosening of the talar component of a mobile-bearing TAA were treated with an isolated talar component and inlay substitution. In all nine cases, a hybrid TAA revision surgery was performed by implanting a VANTAGE TAA talar and insert component (Flatcut talar component: six cases, standard talar component: three cases). The patients were reviewed with the pain score (VAS Pain Score 0-10), Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion (DF/PF) Range of Motion (ROM; degrees), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle/Hindfoot Score (0-100 points), Sports Frequency Score (Level 0-4), and subjective Patients' Satisfaction Score (0-10 points). RESULTS: The average Pain score improved significantly from preoperative 6.7 points to postoperative 1.1 points (p < 0.001). Average Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion ROM values increased significantly post-surgery: 21.7° preoperative to 45.6° postoperative (p < 0.001). The postoperative AOFAS scores were significantly greater than the preoperative values: 47.7 points preoperative, 92.3 points postoperative (p < 0.001). The sports activity improved from preoperative to postoperative where, preoperative, none of the patients were able to perform sports. Postoperative, eight patients were able to be sports-active again. The overall average postoperative level of sports activity was 1.4. The postoperative average patient's satisfaction was 9.3 points. CONCLUSIONS: In painful talar component aseptic loosening of a three-component mobile-bearing TAA, H-TAA is a good surgical solution for reducing pain, restoring ankle function, and improving patients' life quality.

Osteosynthesis versus revision arthroplasty in Vancouver B2 periprosthetic hip fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Several studies comparing osteosynthesis and stem revision in Vancouver B2 (VB2) periprosthetic hip fractures (PPHF) have been published. This work aims to be the first systematic review and meta-analysis to include only studies involving statistical comparison between the two techniques. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched from inception to October 2021 for studies involving a comparison between VB2 treated by osteosynthesis versus revision arthroplasty. The effect size (ES) was calculated using Cohen´s d index. RESULTS: From 17 published studies selected, a total of 856 patients were recruited (363 osteosynthesis / 493 revision arthroplasty). The pooled ES estimates for the Parker mobility score were 1.03 (95% CI, 0.22-1.84; I2 = 87.7%) for ORIF surgery, and 0.54 (95% CI, - 0.10-1.17; I2 = 83%) for revision surgery. The pooled ES estimates for the operative time, reintervention, complications, hospital stay and needing for blood transfusion were significant lower in ORIF than in revision surgery. There were no differences in first-year mortality between groups. There was a higher proportion of ASA > 3 patients in the ORIF group. CONCLUSION: Osteosynthesis versus revision arthroplasty has a shorter operative time, less need for blood transfusion, fewer complications and reoperation rate and shorter hospital stay. Nonetheless, similar results were found for functional tests and first-year mortality. These results support the use of osteosynthesis in selected patients (low functional demand, multiple comorbidities, and high anesthetic risk). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

The Classic Three-Month Post-Operative Adaptation Phase in Foot and Ankle Surgery-An Expert Perspective.

Foot and ankle disorders are a common reason for orthopedic surgical intervention. After surgery, specific precautions such as partial weight bearing or complete unloading, and the use of walking aids, coupled with a period of rest, are usually implemented to ensure the surgical outcome. However, when these aids are discontinued and the patients resume load increase and normal daily activities, they may enter a transitional phase characterized by inflammation, swelling, and pain. We call this phenomenon the "classic three-month post-operative adaptation phase" (POAP). It is essential to differentiate this physiological transition phase from other conditions, such as from the immediate post-surgical inflammation, complex pain regional syndrome, or an infection. The objective of this expert opinion is to describe and raise medical awareness of this evidence-based phenomenon, which we commonly observe in our daily practice.

Precision and Accuracy of Radiological Bone Age Assessment in Children among Different Ethnic Groups: A Systematic Review.

AIM: The aim was to identify, evaluate, and summarize the findings of relevant individual studies on the precision and accuracy of radiological BA assessment procedures among children from different ethnic groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative systematic review was carried out following the MOOSE statement and previously registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023449512). A search was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed) (n = 561), the Cochrane Library (n = 261), CINAHL (n = 103), Web of Science (WOS) (n = 181), and institutional repositories (n = 37) using MeSH and free terms combined with the Booleans "AND" and "OR". NOS and ROBINS-E were used to assess the methodological quality and the risk of bias of the included studies, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 51 articles (n = 20,100) on radiological BA assessment procedures were precise in terms of intra-observer and inter-observer reliability for all ethnic groups. In Caucasian and Hispanic children, the Greulich-Pyle Atlas (GPA) was accurate at all ages, but in youths, Tanner-Whitehouse radius-ulna-short bones 3 (TW3-RUS) could be an alternative. In Asian and Arab subjects, GPA and Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3) overestimated the BA in adolescents near adulthood. In African youths, GPA overestimated the BA while TW3 was more accurate. CONCLUSION: GPA and TW3 radiological BA assessment procedures are both precise but their accuracy in estimating CA among children of different ethnic groups can be altered by racial bias.

Ethical Dilemmas with Regard to Elderly Patients with Hip Fracture: The Problem of Nonagenarians and Centenarians.

Hip fracture is the most feared complication of osteoporosis, producing up to 30% mortality at the first year. With the aging of society, it is increasingly common to deal with ethical dilemmas that involve decision making in the elderly patient with a hip fracture. The objectives of the present work are to describe the main bioethical dilemmas in this group of patients and their relationship with surgical delay. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study that studied an elderly population admitted to a University Hospital with a diagnosis of hip fracture. In total, 415 patients were analyzed. The majority received surgical treatment, a correct application of the principles of justice, non-maleficence and beneficence is verified, but a possible violation of the principle of autonomy is confirmed. Based on the results of this study, the elderly population may somehow lose their principle of autonomy when they enter a hospital due to a hip fracture. On the other hand, the so-called ageism due to ignorance can influence the surgical delay and therefore the mortality of these patients.

Tibiotalocalcaneal nailing for osteoporotic ankle fractures in the frail patient: a narrative review with a clinical score proposal for the decision-making process.

Osteoporotic ankle fractures result from mechanical forces that would not ordinarily result in fracture, known as 'low-energy' trauma, such as those equivalent to a fall from a standing height or less. Osteoporotic ankle fractures in frail patients are becoming more and more frequent in daily practice and represent a therapeutic challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. The main problems with frail patients are the poor condition of the soft tissues around the ankle, dependence for activities of daily living and high comorbidity. The decision to operate on these patients is complex because conservative treatment is poorly tolerated in unstable fractures and conventional open reduction and internal fixation is associated with a high rate of complications. The authors conducted a narrative review of the literature on primary tibiotalocalcaneal nailing of ankle fractures in frail patients and categorized the different factors to consider when treatment is indicated for this conditon. Difficulty of ambulation, age over 65 years old, deteriorated baseline state and instability of the fracture were the most frequently considered factors. Finally, the authors propose an easy and quick clinical scoring system to help in the decision-making process, although further comparative studies are required to explore its validity.

New Sub-Classification of Vancouver B2 Periprosthetic Hip Fractures According to Fracture Pattern.

INTRODUCTION: There is currently a debate on whether all Vancouver type B2 (V-B2) periprosthetic hip fractures (PPHF) should be revised. Vancouver classification takes into account fracture location, implant stability and bone stock, but it does not distinguish between fracture patterns. The aim of our work was to study the different fracture patterns of V-B2 PPHF and to analyze if there is any pattern that presents lower osteosynthesis failure rates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients with V-B2 PPHF treated by osteosynthesis between January 2009 and January 2019 were included in the study. Using the Gruen system the proximal femur was divided into 3 zones. The lateral zone (Gruen 1±2±3), medial zone (Gruen 5±6±7), and distal zone (Gruen 4±3±5) were analysed and it was determined whether each of the 3 zones was fractured. RESULTS: 56 patients were included in the study. Their mean age was 79 years (R 45 - 92). The chosen treatment was: 39 Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), 10 Stem revision and 7 nonoperatively treatment. In ORIF group, no implant complications (0/24) were found in patients with a single fractured zone, while 5 implant complications (5/15) were discovered in patients with two or more fractured areas; this difference was significant (p=0.0147). All patients treated by stem revision had a fracture that involved two or more zones. In the nonoperatively group, the fracture pattern did not influence the treatment because of all of them had a very precarious functional and medical situation. CONCLUSIONS: V-B2 PPHF treated via ORIF affecting only one zone (medial, lateral, or distal) have a lower risk of complication than those affecting two or more zones. We propose a sub-classification of Vancouver B2 type fractures: B2.1 (1 fractured zone) and B2.2 (≥2 fractured zones). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Historical cohorts. Level III.

Treatment algorithm in Vancouver B2 periprosthetic hip fractures: osteosynthesis vs revision arthroplasty.

There is currently a debate on whether all Vancouver B2 periprosthetic hip fractures should be revised. The aim of our work was to establish a decision-making algorithm that helps to decide whether open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or revision arthroplasty (RA) should be performed in these patients. Relative indications in favour of ORIF are low-medium functional demand (Parker mobility score (PMS) <5), high anaesthetic risk (American Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA) ≥ 3), many comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) ≥ 5), 1 zone fractured (VB2.1), anatomical reconstruction possible, and no prior loosening (hip pain). Relative indications in favour of RA are high functional demand (PMS ≥6), low anaesthetic risk (ASA< 3), few comorbidities (CCI<5), fracture ≥ 2 zones (VB2.2), comminuted fractures, and prior loosening (hip pain). In cemented stems, those fractures with fully intact cement-bone interface, no stem subsidence into the cementraliser, cement mantle anatomically reducible, and some partial stem-cement attachment can be safely treated with ORIF.

Ankle osteoarthritis: comprehensive review and treatment algorithm proposal.

Ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is much less frequent than knee or hip OA, but it can be equally disabling, greatly affecting the quality of life of the patients. Approximately 80% of ankle OA is post-traumatic, mainly secondary to malleolar fractures, being another of the main causes untreated in chronic instability. The average age of the patient affected by ankle OA is around 50 years, being therefore active patients and in working age who seek to maintain mobility and remain active. The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the conservative, medical, and surgical treatment of ankle OA. Initial conservative treatment is effective and should be attempted in any stage of OA. From a pharmacological point of view, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and intra-articular infiltrations can produce temporary relief of symptoms. After the failure of conservative-medical treatment, two large groups of surgical treatment have been described: joint-preserving and joint-sacrificing procedures. In the early stages, only periarticular osteotomies have enough evidence to recommend in ankle OA with malalignment. Both ankle arthrodesis and ankle replacement can produce satisfactory functional results if correctly indicated in the final stages of the disease. Finally, the authors propose a global treatment algorithm that can aid in the decision-making process.

Joint-Preserving Surgery in Varus Ankle Osteoarthritis.

Ankle deformity is a disabling condition especially if concomitant with osteoarthritis (OA). Varus ankle OA is one of the most common ankle OA deformities. This deformity usually leads to unequal load distribution in the ankle joint and decreases joint contact surface area, leading to a progressive degenerative arthritic situation. Varus ankle OA might have multiple causative factors, which might present as a single isolated factor or encompassed together in a single patient. The etiologies can be classified as post-traumatic (e.g., after fractures and lateral ligament instability), degenerative, systemic, neuromuscular, congenital, and others. Treatment options are determined by the degree of the deformity and analyzing the pathology, which range from the conservative treatments up to surgical interventions. Surgical treatment of the varus ankle OA can be classified into two categories, joint-preserving surgery (JPS) and joint-sacrificing surgery (JSS) as total ankle arthroplasty and ankle arthrodesis. JPS is a valuable treatment option in varus ankle OA, which should not be neglected since it has showed a promising result, optimizing biomechanics and improving the survivorship of the ankle joint.