RESUMEN
PURPOSE: To assess the visual impact of Diffusion Optics Technology™ 0.2 DOT lenses (SightGlass Vision Inc.) designed for myopia control on primary gaze. DOT spectacle lenses contain light scattering elements that scatter light as it passes through the lens which, in turn, reduces retinal image contrast. METHODS: Fifty-one children (12.2 ± 1.3, range 10-14 years; 51% females) were randomly assigned to wear DOT spectacle (n = 27) or single vision lenses (n = 24) across six investigational sites in North America. Binocular high- and low-contrast distant visual acuities, near visual acuity, reading speed, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and glare were assessed in primary gaze after at least 3 years of wear, with the study 95% powered in all metrics to detect significant differences between the groups. RESULTS: Mean binocular distance high-contrast (-0.09 ± 0.02 vs. -0.08 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.81), low-contrast (0.05 ± 0.02 vs. 0.07 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.52) and near visual acuity with glare sources (-0.06 ± 0.03 vs. -0.09 ± 0.03 logMAR, p = 0.32) were similar for DOT and single vision lens wearers, respectively. Contrast sensitivity was similar between children wearing DOT or single vision lenses across 11 of the 16 spatial frequencies (p > 0.05). Mean stereopsis was similar (p = 0.30) with the DOT lenses (33.2 ± 12.5â³) and single vision lenses (38.1 ± 14.2â³). Functional reading speed metrics were similar in both study groups, as was the objectively measured head tilt during reading (p > 0.05). The mean halo radius was 0.56° ± 0.17° with the DOT lenses compared with 0.50° ± 0.12° with single vision lenses (p = 0.02), but the statistically significant difference was smaller than the non-inferiority bound of 0.4°. CONCLUSION: Diffusion optics technology lenses provide a clinically equivalent visual experience to a standard single vision lens.
RESUMEN
Purpose: To evaluate the impact on the lag of accommodation (LOA) in emmetropic children after short-term wear of full-field Diffusion Optics TechnologyTM (DOT) spectacle lenses, designed to modulate retinal contrast to control myopia progression. Patients and Methods: This was a single-visit, prospective, randomized, subject-masked study of emmetropes (ametropes ±1.00D or less in each meridian) with no history of myopia control treatment. Unaided logMAR visual acuity was measured, and ocular dominance was determined using the sighting method. In a randomized order, participants wore plano full-field contrast management (DOT) spectacles (no clear central aperture) or control spectacles (standard single vision spectacle lenses). Each participant was given 5 minutes for adaptation to the respective lenses before open field autorefraction measurements were taken at 6 meters and 40 cm. Ten measurements were taken for each eye. Data were evaluated from the right eye and the dominant eye separately. Results: A total of 30 participants (20 females and 10 males) with a mean age of 10.4 ± 2.8 (7 to 17) years completed the study. There was no significant difference in right eye mean LOA with contrast management spectacles 0.57 ± 0.39D versus control spectacles 0.62 ± 0.34D; Wilcoxon test, p = 0.37. For dominant eyes, LOA values were 0.60 ± 0.40D and 0.68 ± 0.33D with contrast management spectacles and control spectacles, respectively (p = 0.14). Additionally, no significant difference was observed in mean LOA between males and females or between age groups (7-11 years vs 12-17 years) for either right or dominant eyes with contrast management or control spectacles (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: Full-field contrast management spectacle lenses had no significant effect on LOA compared to standard single vision spectacle lenses, indicating no differential impact on accommodative response over the short period of lens wear tested.
RESUMEN
Understanding how ethanol actions on brain signal transduction and gene expression lead to excessive consumption and addiction could identify new treatments for alcohol dependence. We previously identified glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (Gsk3b) as a member of a highly ethanol-responsive gene network in mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Gsk3b has been implicated in dendritic function, synaptic plasticity and behavioral responses to other drugs of abuse. Here, we investigate Gsk3b in rodent models of ethanol consumption and as a risk factor for human alcohol dependence. Stereotactic viral vector gene delivery overexpression of Gsk3b in mouse mPFC increased 2-bottle choice ethanol consumption, which was blocked by lithium, a known GSK3B inhibitor. Further, Gsk3b overexpression increased anxiety-like behavior following abstinence from ethanol. Protein or mRNA expression studies following Gsk3b over-expression identified synaptojanin 2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor as potential downstream factors altering ethanol behaviors. Rat operant studies showed that selective pharmacologic inhibition of GSK3B with TDZD-8 dose-dependently decreased motivation to self-administer ethanol and sucrose and selectively blocked ethanol relapse-like behavior. In set-based and gene-wise genetic association analysis, a GSK3b-centric gene expression network had significant genetic associations, at a gene and network level, with risk for alcohol dependence in humans. These mutually reinforcing cross-species findings implicate GSK3B in neurobiological mechanisms controlling ethanol consumption, and as both a potential risk factor and therapeutic target for alcohol dependence.