Comparison of Sense of Humor and Burnout in Surgeons and Internal Medicine Physicians.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate humor styles in surgeons and internists and investigate the association between humor and burnout. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of physicians in surgical and medicine departments was conducted, assessing sense of humor and burnout using the Humor Styles Questionnaire and the Emotional Exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel. RESULTS: For 131 surgeons and 72 internists, no differences in humor styles were found. A sense of personal accomplishment was more common among surgeons (P = 0.03) and rates of burnout were lower for surgeons (P = 0.02). Physicians with a higher-than-average score in affiliative and self-enhancing humor were less likely to suffer from burnout (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons and internists have similar styles of humor. Surgeons suffer less from burnout. Affiliative and self-enhancing humor styles are associated with reduced burnout.

The 4-hour target in the emergency department, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospitalization: A single center-retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The four-hour (4 h') rule in the emergency department (ED) is a performance-based measure introduced with the objective to improve the quality of care. We evaluated the association between time in the ED with in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay (LOS). METHODS: This was a retrospective study performed in one public hospital with over 100,000 ED referrals per year. Hospitalizations from the ED during 2017 were analyzed. We defined time in the ED as either: until a decision was made (DED); or total time in the ED (TED). In-hospital mortality and LOS were evaluated for patients with DED or TED within and beyond 4 h'. RESULTS: Compared to patients with TED or DED within 4 h', in-hospital mortality did not increase in patients with TED beyond 4 h' (2.8% vs. 3.1%, non-significant), or DED beyond 4 h' (2.1% vs. 3.2%, p < 0.001). LOS did increase in patients with either DED or TED beyond 4 h' (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality increased with increasing DED-TED intervals for patients hospitalized in the internal medicine departments: 3.7% (0-1 h'), 5.1% (1-2 h'), 5.7% (2-3 h'), and 7.1% (>3 h') (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital mortality was not associated with time in the ED beyond 4 h'. LOS, however, was increased in this group of patients. Decreased LOS observed in patients with time in the ED within 4 h', does not support patients' risk as a contributing factor leading to higher trends in mortality observed in this patient group. In-hospital mortality was associated with an increase in DED-TED intervals in patients hospitalized in the internal medicine departments.

[THE ROLE OF COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH END STAGE RENAL DISEASE].

INTRODUCTION: The number of dialysis patients is consistently growing and the dialysis population is aging. Of all age groups of dialysis patients, the higher prevalence rate is in the elderly group (aged 75 years and older). The elderly patients have a high rate of comorbidities. Chronic dialysis treatment is expected to prolong survival. Older age and comorbidities are among the most powerful prognostic factors for survival on chronic dialysis. Observational studies found that after adjustment for age and comorbidities, dialysis treatment does not confer survival advantage when compared to conservative management in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. Comprehensive conservative management is targeted for those patients who are not expected to benefit from chronic dialysis. The focus is on patients' preferences, specifically regarding issues of quality of life, and not necessarily on prolonging survival. For this process, shared decision-making is the recommended strategy. The rate of patients who opt for conservative management varies between countries. There is no data from Israel in this regard, but it is assumed that the conservative option is underutilized. There are different reasons for the current situation, factors that: depend on the caregivers' side, are patient dependent, relate to the health care system and available services and some cultural aspects. Addressing these gaps may require further collection of data, construction of needed services for conservative management and education of the caregivers and the patients.

[DIRECT ADMISSION OF STEMI PATIENTS TO THE CARDIAC CARE UNIT VERSUS ADMISSION VIA THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT FOR PRIMARY CORONARY INTERVENTION IMPROVES SHORT AND LONG-TERM SURVIVAL].

INTRODUCTION: Shortening door-to-balloon time intervals in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is necessary in order to limit myocardial damage. Direct admission to the cardiac care unit (CCU) facilitates this goal. We compared characteristics and short- and long-term mortality of PPCI-treated STEMI patients admitted directly to the CCU with those admitted via the emergency department (ED). METHODS: To compare 303 patients admitted directly to the CCU (42%) with 427 admitted via the ED (58%) included in the current registry comprising 730 consecutive PPCI-treated STEMI patients. RESULTS: Groups were similar regarding demographics, medical history and risk factors. Pain-to-CCU time was 151±164 minutes (median-94) for patients admitted directly and 242±226 minutes (160) for those admitted via the ED, while door-to-balloon intervals were 69±42 minutes (61) and 133±102 minutes (111), respectively. LVEF evaluated during admission (48.3±13% [47.5%] vs. 47.7±13.7% [47.5%]) and mean CK level (893±1157 [527] vs. 891±1255 [507], p=0.45) were similar between groups. Mortality was 4.2% vs. 10.3% at 30-days (p<0.002), 7.6% and 14.3% at one-year (p<0.01), reaching 12.2% and 21.9% at 3.9±2.3 years (median-3.5, p<0.004) among directly-admitted patients vs. those admitted via the ED, respectively. Long-term mortality was 4.1%, 9.4%, 21.4%, and 16% for pain-to-balloon quartiles of <140 min, 141-207 min, 208-330 min, and >330 mins, respectively (p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Direct admission of STEMI patients to the CCU for PPCI facilitated the attainment of guidelines-dictated door-to-balloon time intervals and yielded improved short- and long-term mortality. Longer pain-to-balloon time was associated with higher long-term mortality.

Adverse Drug Event Rate in Israeli Hospitals: Validation of an International Trigger Tool and an International Comparison Study.

BACKGROUND: Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hence, identifying and monitoring ADEs is of utmost importance. The Trigger Tool introduced by the Institute of Healthcare Improvement in the United States has been used in various countries worldwide, but has yet to be validated in Israel. OBJECTIVES: To validate the international Trigger Tool in Israel and to compare the results with those generated in various countries. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive correlative analysis surveying four general hospitals in Israel from different geographical regions was conducted. Patient medical charts (n=960) were screened for 17 established triggers and confirmed for the presence of an ADE. Trigger incidence was compared to the actual ADE rate. Further comparison among countries was conducted using published literature describing Trigger Tool validation in various countries. RESULTS: A total of 421 triggers in 279 hospitalizations were identified, of which 75 ADEs in 72 hospitalizations (7.5%) were confirmed. In addition, two ADEs were identified by chart review only. Mean positive predictive value was 17.81% and overall sensitivity was 97%. We found 1.54 ADEs for every 100 hospitalization days, 7.8 ADEs per 100 admissions, and 1.81 ADEs for every 1000 doses of medication. Of the 77 ADEs identified, 22.7% were defined as preventable. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the Trigger Tool validity in Israel as a standardized method. Further studies should evaluate between hospital and region differences in ADE rate, in particular for the preventable events.

The Impact of Mental Health Reform on Mental Illness Stigmas in Israel.

This study examined public perception of stigmas relating to mental illness six months after a reform, which integrated mental health care into primary care in Israel. The results reveal that the public feels uncomfortable seeking referral to mental health services through the public health system, with Arab Israelis and men expressing lower levels of comfort than did Jewish Israelis. The current reform has not solved the issue of public stigma regarding mental health care. The study suggests that the current reforms must be accompanied over time with appropriate public education regarding mental illness.

Associative stigma related to psychiatric nursing within the nursing profession.

This study deals with stigmas towards mental illness, individuals with mental illness, psychiatric nurses, and the role of psychiatric nursing within the nursing profession. Responses from 108 psychiatric nurses and 108 non-psychiatric nurses indicated that stigmas towards mental illness, individuals with mental illness, and the role of psychiatric nursing, are more prevalent among non-psychiatric nurses; associations between these stigmas were found among both psychiatric and non-psychiatric nurses. The findings suggest that both psychiatric and non-psychiatric nurses harbor associative stigma related to the practice of psychiatric nursing. Implications are discussed.

Removal of Contaminated Personal Protective Equipment With and Without Supervision. A Randomized Crossover Simulation-Based Study.

INTRODUCTION: Personal protective equipment (PPE) reduces the risk of pathogens reaching the skin and clothing of health care personnel. We hypothesize that doffing PPE following verbal instructions by a supervisor is more effective in reducing contamination compared with doffing without verbal instructions. Our primary aim was to determine contamination rates with and without supervised doffing. The secondary aim was to determine the number and localization of contaminated body sites and PPE removal times in both groups. METHODS: Staff members of Bnai Zion Medical Center participated in this single-center, randomized simulation study (NCT05008627). Using a crossover design, all participants donned and doffed the PPE twice, once under guidance from a trained supervisor and then independently without supervision (group A), or vice versa (group B). Participants were randomized to either group A or B using a computer-generated random allocation sequence. The PPE was "contaminated" with Glo Germ on the thorax, shoulders, arms, hands, legs, and face shield. After doffing the PPE, the participant was examined under ultraviolet light to detect traces of contamination. The following variables were collected: contamination rates, the number and localization of contaminated body sites, and PPE doffing time. RESULTS: Forty-nine staff members were included. In group A, the contamination rate was significantly lower (8% vs. 47%; χ2 = 17.19; p < 0.001). The sites most frequently contaminated were the neck and hands. Mean PPE doffing time under verbal instructions was significantly longer [mean (SD): 183.98 (3.63) vs. 68.43 (12.75) seconds, P < 0.001] compared with unsupervised doffing. CONCLUSIONS: In a simulated setting, PPE doffing following step-by-step verbal instructions from a trained supervisor reduces the rate of contamination but prolongs doffing time. These findings could have important implications for clinical practice and could further protect health care workers against contamination from emerging and high-consequence pathogens.

The relation between good communication skills on the part of the physician and patient satisfaction in a military setting.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between patients' view of the consultation and the assessment of an auditing physician on the same consultation. METHODS: A prospective study in military clinics was conducted. A board-certified family physician made a real-time semistructured assessment of the medical consultation. At the end of it, the patient was asked to fill in the Consultation Satisfaction Questionnaire. The degree of correlation between patients' satisfaction from consultation and the scores given by the auditing physician was evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve primary care physicians were evaluated. A total of 117 (76.5%) of 153 patients returned their questionnaires. A positive correlation was found between physician's communication skills and general satisfaction (r = 0.614), professional care (r = 0.367), and depth of relationship (r = 0.275) calculated from the Consultation Satisfaction Questionnaire. No correlation was found between patient satisfaction and other consultation skills. CONCLUSIONS: Good communication skills may enhance patient satisfaction. It may be advisable to investigate whether a training program to enhance the physician's communication skills can improve patient satisfaction.

A dynamic mass casualty incident at sea: lessons learned from the Mavi Marmara.

BACKGROUND: Mass casualty incidents (MCIs) represent one of the most difficult prehospital challenges faced by medical personnel. When they occur at sea, this challenge may be further complicated by isolation, distance, vessel structure, number of passengers, and limited evacuation means. METHODS: We describe our experience and lessons learned from a dynamic MCI in an austere environment at sea. RESULTS: Following an armed attack on navy operators boarding the MV Mavi Marmara, a vessel heading for Gaza, the Israel Defense Forces' medical teams triaged and cared for 62 casualties, among them 9 soldiers; 9 additional casualties were declared dead at the scene. The injured, including 10 triaged as severely wounded, were all evacuated to Israeli hospitals within several hours of the start of the event. Despite the austere conditions and the severity of injuries, all of the injured passengers were able to return to their home countries, and all soldiers returned to duty. Multiple issues were identified as requiring changes or heightened awareness so as to be better prepared for future events of this special nature. CONCLUSION: The primary lessons learned related to difficulties in functioning without effective communication, maintaining command and control, coordinating serial evacuation of casualties who were being triaged in parallel, planning for an event with lengthy evacuation times, resolving real-time ethical dilemmas, and preparing our providers mentally. As MCIs tend to be unexpected, preplanning, using preestablished manuals, and drilling for them may prove crucial in such extreme events. Importantly, the lessons learned from this event, with its unique synthesis of multiple contributing factors, remain relevant even in less austere settings.