[Mechanism and clinical progress of molecular targeted cancer therapy].

Molecular target-based cancer therapy is playing a more and more important role in cancer therapy because of its high specificity, good tolerance and so on. There are different kinds of molecular targeted drugs such as monoclonal antibodies and small molecular kinase inhibitors, and more than 50 drugs have been approved since 1997. When the first monoclonal antibody, rituximab, was on the market. The development of molecular target-based cancer therapeutics has become the main approach. Based on this, we summarized the drugs approved by FDA and introduced their mechanism of actions and clinical applications. In order to incorporate most molecular targeted drugs and describe clearly various characteristics, we divided them into four categories: drugs related to EGFR, drugs related to antiangiogenesis, drugs related to specific antigen and other targeted drugs. The purpose of this review is to provide a current status of this field and discover the main problems in the molecular targeted therapy.

Fault Detectability of Asynchronous Switched Boolean Networks: A Set Reachability Approach.

This article addresses the fault detectability problem of asynchronous switched Boolean networks, which is focused on whether occurrence of the faults would have an impact on the outputs of the considered network. By applying the semi-tensor product method, the asynchronous switching scheme of the considered system is converted into multiple switching signals. Based on them, an augmented system is established to transform the fault detectability issue of the original system into a set reachability problem. Moreover, some criteria for the fault detectability of the asynchronous switched Boolean control networks are also proposed. Additionally, two algorithms are given to design feasible control sequences after explicitly analyzing the considered augmented system. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate the significance of the obtained theoretical results.

A Distributed Lyapunov-Based Redesign Approach for Heterogeneous Uncertain Agents With Cooperation-Competition Interactions.

A swarming behavior problem is investigated in this article for heterogeneous uncertain agents with cooperation-competition interactions. In such a problem, the agents are described by second-order continuous systems with different intrinsic nonlinear terms, which satisfies the "linearity-in-parameters" condition, and the agents' models are coupled together through a distributed protocol containing the information of competitive neighbors. Then, for four different types of cooperation-competition networks, a distributed Lyapunov-based redesign approach is proposed for the heterogeneous uncertain agents, where the distributed controller and the estimation laws of unknown parameters are obtained. Under their joint actions, the heterogeneous uncertain multiagent system can achieve distributed stabilization for structurally unbalanced networks and output bipartite consensus for structurally balanced networks. In particular, the concept of coherent networks is proposed for structurally unbalanced directed networks, which is beneficial to the design of distributed controllers. Finally, four illustrative examples are given to show the effectiveness of the designed distributed controller.

[Effects of Continuous Straw Returning with Chemical Fertilizer on the Carbon Pool and Crop Yield of Rice-Rape Rotation Soils].

According to the positioning experiment of straw returning in the continuous field 7a, the effects of straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer on soil total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), labile organic carbon (LOC), carbon pool management index (CPMI), and crop yield in farmland soil profiles (0-20, 20-50, and 50-80 cm) in the Chaohu Lake area were studied. There were four treatments:no straw returning+no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (F), straw returning+conventional fertilization (SF1), and straw returning+80% conventional fertilization (SF2). The changes in soil total organic carbon and component content, CPMI, and rape rice yield in different soil layers were analyzed. Taking CK as a reference, conventional fertilization and straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer increased the content of total organic carbon and components in the soil vertical profile, and the content of total organic carbon and components in different soil layers decreased gradually with the increase in soil depth. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, compared with that in the F treatment, the SF1 and SF2 treatments significantly increased the contents of TOC, DOC, POC, and LOC by 14.23%-28.97%, 7.86%-27.01%, 16.46%-24.24%, and 5.89%-6.64%, respectively (P<0.05). In the 20-50 cm soil layer, the contents of TOC and LOC in SF1 were significantly increased by 9.43% and 8.34%, respectively, compared with those in the F treatment (P<0.05), and the contents of DOC and POC in SF2 were significantly increased by 17.51% and 65.83% compared with those in the F treatment (P<0.05). In the 50-80 cm soil layer, there was no significant difference in the contents of total organic carbon and components among the treatments. The effect of straw returning and chemical fertilizer on the soil carbon pool management index was significant. SF1 significantly improved the CPMI of the 0-50 cm soil layer compared with that in the F treatment, whereas the CPMI of the F treatment was the largest in the 50-80 cm soil layer; however, there was no significant difference among all treatments. Straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer had a significant effect on crop yield, and the yield of the SF1 treatment was the highest; compared with that of the F treatment, the rice, rape, and annual yields were significantly increased by 6.19%, 7.67%, and 6.54%, respectively (P<0.05). In general, straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer was of great significance to improve the soil carbon pool, soil fertility, and crop yield in the Chaohu Lake area.

Distributed Stabilization of Multiple Heterogeneous Agents in the Strong-Weak Competition Network: A Switched System Approach.

The distributed stabilization problem is studied in this article for a group of heterogeneous second-order agents in the strong-weak competition network containing three kinds of relationships among agents: 1) cooperation; 2) strong competition; and 3) weak competition. The entire network satisfies the structural balance condition which can be partitioned into two subnetworks, while the strong and weak competitions are alternate actions on the agents from different subnetworks. To stabilize such heterogeneous networked systems in a distributed way, the switched system approach is developed and utilized in this article, where it is revealed that distributed stabilization can be achieved provided that the ratio on the activating periods of strong and weak competition is chosen appropriately. As an extension, a periodical switching law is taken into account to simplify the design process, where the periodical competition function is introduced correspondingly and several effective sufficient conditions are attained. Finally, the derived analytical results are demonstrated by performing numerical simulations.

[Effects of Straw Returning with Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Structure in Rice-Rape Rotation].

Straw returning is an effective technique for improving soil fertility and maintaining crop productivity in agro-ecosystems. The effects of straw returning, when combined with chemical fertilizer, on soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and microbial community were explored in rice-rape rotation farmland in the Chaohu Area. We carried out a 4-year field experiment (2016-2020) and set up four treatments (no straw+no fertilization, CK; conventional fertilization, F; straw returning+conventional fertilization, SF; and straw returning+conventional fertilization minus 20%, SDF) to explore the key environmental factors affecting soil enzyme activity and microbial and fungal communities. The results showed that straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer could improve soil nutrient content, with the SF treatment resulting in the highest soil nutrient content. Compared with F, the SF treatment significantly increased the organic matter (OM) and total phosphorus (TP) content of the soil, by 7.94% and 24.07%, respectively, in rice seasons (P<0.05), while the alkaline nitrogen (AN) content was significantly increased by 13.62% in rape seasons (P<0.05). Compared with F, the SF treatment also significantly increased soil phosphatase and urease, by 28.54% and 24.13% in rice seasons and 38.97% and 30.70% in rape seasons, respectively (P<0.05). Compared with F, SDF treatments significantly increased urease activity by 20.31% in rice seasons and 24.33% in rape seasons (P<0.05). The results indicated that straw returning increased both the Chao1 and Shannon indices of soil bacteria in rice seasons, whereas decreased these indices in rape seasons. However, the Chao1 and Shannon index of the fungal community increased after straw returning. In terms of microbial community structure, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in SF and SDF treatments increased by 8.22% and 7.88% in rice seasons and 18.53% and 5.68% in rape seasons, respectively, compared with the F treatment. Compared with F, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi in SF and SDF treatments increased by 12.00% and 11.25% in rice seasons and 15.02% and 8.43% in rape seasons, respectively. Compared with F, the relative abundance of Basidiomycota in SF and SDF treatments in rice seasons increased by 70% and 43.42% (P<0.05), respectively, while ascomycetes in rape seasons increased by 69.79% and 43.72% (P<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer can improve soil nutrient content. Soil urease and phosphatase were more sensitive to straw returning. The compositional changes in the bacterial community of the soil were mainly affected by soil TP and available phosphorus (AP), whereas OM, AN, and pH were the main environmental factors causing changes in the fungal community composition. Consequently, straw returning can improve soil fertility and maintain ecosystem health.

[Sustained Effects of Remediation Materials on Soil Copper Remediation Under Oil-Rice Rotation].

In this study, a continuous rape-rice rotation plot experiment was conducted over three years. Repair materials were continuously applied in the first two years, and no repair materials were applied in the second year. The repair effects of hydroxyapatite, lime, biochar, bio-organic fertilizer, and nano-materials on copper contaminated soil and the enrichment of copper in different parts of rape and rice were investigated. The results show that hydroxyapatite, lime, and nanomaterials can significantly increase soil pH, and different restoration materials can effectively inhibit the movement of soil copper. The effective copper treatment with lime restoration soil had the largest decrease. The four seasons of continuous application of restoration materials were 38.9%, 34.9%, 27.88%, and 29.04%, respectively, and the subsequent effect of lime passivation of effective copper was better than other restoration materials. The application of the repair material significantly reduced the copper content in edible parts of rape and rice. In the four seasons of application of the repair material, the maximum copper content in edible parts of different crops decreased by 46.03%, 22.2%, 29.44%, and 31.71%, respectively. Due to the application effect of the repair material, the copper content in the edible part of the two season crops, without the repair material, did not exceed the national food safety limit. With the use of different repair materials, the yields of rapeseed and rice were improved. This test can provide some theoretical basis and technical support for soil improvement in copper-contaminated areas.

Finite-Time Coordination Behavior of Multiple Euler-Lagrange Systems in Cooperation-Competition Networks.

In this paper, the finite-time coordination behavior of multiple Euler-Lagrange systems in cooperation-competition networks is investigated, where the coupling weights can be either positive or negative. Then, two auxiliary variables about the information exchange among agents are designed, and the finite-time distributed protocol is proposed based on the auxiliary variables and the property of the Euler-Lagrange system. By combining the approach of adding a power integrator with the homogeneous domination method, it is shown that finite-time bipartite consensus can be achieved if the cooperation-competition network is structurally balanced and the parameters of the distributed protocol are chosen appropriately; otherwise, finite-time distributed stabilization can be achieved. Furthermore, from the perspective of network decomposition, the finite-time coordination behavior is further considered, and some sufficient conditions about the cooperation subnetwork and the competition subnetwork are obtained. As an extension, finite-time coordination behavior only with partial state information of the neighbors is discussed, and some similar results are obtained. Finally, four numerical examples are shown for illustration.

Swarming Behavior of Multiple Euler-Lagrange Systems With Cooperation-Competition Interactions: An Auxiliary System Approach.

In this paper, the swarming behavior of multiple Euler-Lagrange systems with cooperation-competition interactions is investigated, where the agents can cooperate or compete with each other and the parameters of the systems are uncertain. The distributed stabilization problem is first studied, by introducing an auxiliary system to each agent, where the common assumption that the cooperation-competition network satisfies the digon sign-symmetry condition is removed. Based on the input-output property of the auxiliary system, it is found that distributed stabilization can be achieved provided that the cooperation subnetwork is strongly connected and the parameters of the auxiliary system are chosen appropriately. Furthermore, as an extension, a distributed consensus tracking problem of the considered multiagent systems is discussed, where the concept of equi-competition is introduced and a new pinning control strategy is proposed based on the designed auxiliary system. Finally, illustrative examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.

Social Synchrony on Complex Networks.

Social synchrony (SS) is an emergent phenomenon in human society. People often mimic others which, over time, can result in large groups behaving similarly. Drawing from prior empirical studies of SS in online communities, here we propose a discrete network model of SS based on four attributes: 1) depth of action; 2) breadth of impact, i.e., a large number of actions are performed with a large group of people involved; 3) heterogeneity of role, i.e., people of higher degree play more important roles; and 4) lastly, emergence of phenomenon, i.e., it is far from random. We analyze our model both analytically and with simulations, and find good agreement between the two. We find this model can well explain the four characters of SS, and thus hope it can help researchers better understand human collective behavior.