The SAGES MASTERS program bariatric surgery pathway selects 10 seminal publications on revisional bariatrics.

BACKGROUND: The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Masters Program designated bariatric surgery as a clinical pathway. Among the tiers of the Masters Program, revisional bariatric surgery is the highest tier of "mastery" within the pathway. This article presents the top 10 seminal studies representing the current landscape of revisional bariatrics. METHODS: The literature was systematically searched and seminal articles designated by consensus agreement of the SAGES Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery committee using multiple criteria, including impact on the field, citation frequency, and expert opinion. Articles were reviewed by committee members and presented in summarized fashion. RESULTS: The top 10 papers are presented in grouped thematic categories covering the early evolution of revisional bariatrics, changing criteria for reoperative bariatric surgery, divergence of revision versus conversion bariatric surgery, and recent technologic innovations in revisional bariatric surgery. Each summary is presented with expert appraisal and commentary. CONCLUSION: These seminal papers represent a snapshot of the dynamic field of revisional bariatric surgery and emphasize the need to not only remain current with contemporary trends but also keep a patient-oriented perspective on patient and intervention selection for optimal success.

The SAGES MASTERS program presents the 10 seminal articles for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: One of the eight clinical pathways of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Masters Program is bariatric surgery which includes three anchoring procedures. For each anchoring procedure sentinel articles have been identified to enhance participant surgeon lifelong learning. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is one of the 3 anchoring procedures for the Bariatric Pathway. In this article we present the top 10 seminal articles regarding the RYGB which surgeons should be familiar with. METHODS: The literature was systematically searched to identify the most cited papers on RYGB. The SAGES Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery committee reviewed the most cited article list and using expert consensus selected the seminal articles that every bariatric surgeon should read. These articles were reviewed in detail by committee members and are presented here. RESULTS: The top 10 most cited sentinel papers on RYGB focus on operative safety, outcomes, surgical technique, and physiologic changes after the procedure. A summary of each paper is presented here, including expert appraisal and commentary. CONCLUSION: The seminal articles presented here have supported the widespread acceptance and use of the RYGB by bolstering the understanding of its mechanism of action and by demonstrating its safety and excellent patient outcomes. All bariatric surgeons should be familiar with these 10 landmark articles.

Long-Term Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Patients.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a rare neurological disorder, has limited effective long-term treatments. Bariatric surgery has shown short-term promise as a management strategy, but long-term efficacy has not been evaluated. We investigated IIH-related outcomes 4 to 16 years postsurgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional retrospective cohort study included Intracranial Hypertension Registry (IHR) participants with existing medical records that completed a bariatric surgery questionnaire at least 4 years postsurgery. Two physicians independently evaluated the IIH disease course at bariatric surgery and at the time of the questionnaire using detailed medical records. Determinations of improvements were based on within-participant comparisons between the 2 time points. IIH-related outcomes were then combined with bariatric surgery information and outcomes to assess the relationship between weight loss and alterations in IIH. RESULTS: Among participants that underwent bariatric surgery and met study criteria (n=30) the median body mass index (BMI) at the time of surgery was 45.0 [interquartile range (IQR): 39.8-47.0], dropped to a postsurgical nadir of 27.3 (IQR: 22.8-33.1), and rose to 33.4 (IQR: 29.9-41.7) at the time of the questionnaire. Improvements in the IIH disease course at time of the questionnaire occurred in 37% of participants. However, there was a notable association between durable weight loss and IIH improvement as 90% (9 of 10) of participants that attained and maintained a BMI of 30 or below displayed improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Attaining and maintaining a BMI of 30 or below was associated with long-term improvement in the IIH disease course, including improved disease management and amelioration of signs and symptoms of participants of the IHR.

International survey on complications of religious fasting after metabolic and bariatric surgery.

Religious fasting in Ramadan the 9th month of the lunar year is one of five pillars in Islam and is practiced for a full month every year. There may be risks with fasting in patients with a history of metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS). There is little published evidence on the possible complications during fasting and needs stronger recommendations and guidance to minimize them. An international survey was sent to surgeons to study the types of complications occurring during religious fasting in patients with history of MBS to evaluate the risk factors to manage and prepare more evidence-based recommendations. In total, 21 centers from 11 countries participated in this survey and reported a total of 132 patients with complications occurring during religious fasting after MBS. The mean age of patients with complications was 36.65 ± 3.48 years and mean BMI was 43.12 ± 6.86 kg/m2. Mean timing of complication occurring during fasting after MBS was 14.18 months. The most common complications were upper GI (gastrointestinal) symptoms including [gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), abdominal pain, and dyspepsia], marginal ulcers and dumping syndrome in 24% (32/132), 8.3% (11/132) and 23% (31/132) patients respectively. Surgical management was necessary in 4.5% of patients presenting with complications (6/132) patients due to perforated marginal or peptic ulcer in Single Anastomosis Duodenoileostomy with Sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S), one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), obstruction at Jejunojenostomy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (1/6) and acute cholecystitis (1/6). Patients after MBS should be advised about the risks while fasting including abdominal pain, dehydration, and peptic ulcer disease exacerbation, and a thorough review of their medications is warranted to minimize complications.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: outcomes at a military training center.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has gained support as a single-staged and stand-alone bariatric procedure. Reports of excess weight loss of 35 to 83 per cent, reduction in comorbidities, and decreased operative morbidity have garnered support for LSG. This study represents an initial outcome analysis of LSG performed solely at a military treatment center. This study is a retrospective analysis of all patients receiving LSG at Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center from September 2007 to December 2009. The patients were planned for a stand-alone procedure. One hundred and fifteen patients received LSG over this time period with a mean body mass index of 45.5 +/- 6.2 (range 35.1-58.3). The average age was 47.4 +/- 12.5 years. Diabetes mellitus was seen in 47 per cent and 68 per cent of patients had hypertension. The mean and median length of operation was 124 +/- 48 and 115.5 minutes. The mean percentage of excess weight loss was 16.6 +/- 6.40 per cent at 1 month, 31.5 +/- 7.6 per cent at 3 months, 41.2 +/- 13.9 per cent at 6 months, and 53.7 +/- 12.5 per cent at 1 year from surgery. One or more of patient's preoperative diabetic or hypertensive medications were improved postoperatively in 18.7 per cent and 16.3 per cent, respectively. Incidence of major complications occurred in 4.35 per cent of patients in this study to include four leaks (3.4%), one death (0.87%), and 10 readmissions. Midterm analysis of outcomes related to LSG as a single-stage bariatric procedure is promising as long-term outcome data is collected; the efficacy of this procedure as a sole bariatric procedure will continue to be borne out.

Association between weight loss and serum biomarkers with risk of incident cancer in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery cohort.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery reduces cancer risk in populations with obesity. It is unclear if weight loss alone or metabolic changes related to bariatric surgery cause this effect. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the relationship between surgical weight loss and serum biomarker changes with incident cancer in a bariatric surgery cohort. SETTING: Ten U.S. clinical facilities. METHODS: The Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery 2 (LABS-2) is a prospective multicenter cohort (n = 2458, 79% female, mean age = 46). We evaluated weight and serum biomarkers, measured preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively, as predictors for incident cancer. Associations were determined using Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for weight loss, age, sex, education, and smoking history. RESULTS: Over 8759 person-years of follow-up, 82 patients reported new cancer diagnosis (936 per 100,000 person-years, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 749-1156). Cancer risk was decreased by approximately 50% in participants with 20% to 34.9% total weight loss (TWL) compared with <20% TWL (hazard ratio [HR] = .49, 95%CI: .29-.83). Reduced cancer risk was observed with percent decrease from baseline for glucose (per 10%, HR = .94, 95%CI: .90-.99), proinsulin (per 20%, HR = .95, 95%CI: .93-.98), insulin (per 30%, HR = .97, 95%CI: .96-.99), and leptin (per 20%, HR = .81, 95%CI: .68-.97), and per 15% percent increase in ghrelin (HR = .94, 95%CI: .29-.83). CONCLUSIONS: After bariatric surgery, cancer risk is reduced >50% when weight loss exceeds 20% TWL compared with patients with <20% TWL. Weight loss alone may not explain the observed risk reduction, as improvements in diabetes, leptin, and ghrelin were associated with decreased cancer risk.

Weight loss and co-morbidity resolution between different races and ethnicities after gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that minorities and Hispanic ethnicities have disproportionally greater burden of morbid obesity in the United States. However, the majority of bariatric procedures are performed in the non-Hispanic white population. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the weight loss and remission of obesity-related co-morbidities based on race and ethnicity. SETTING: The Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery prospective, multicenter, observational study was used to collect patients from 10 different health centers across the United States. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospective, multicenter, observational study over a 5-year follow-up. RESULTS: All patients who underwent primary gastric bypass and provided racial/ethnic information were included in the study (n = 1695). Regardless of race or ethnicity, total weight loss was maintained over a 5-year follow-up, which included 87% of the original cohort. However, whites had on average 1.94% higher adjusted total weight loss compared with blacks (P < .0001). After adjusting for confounders there were no significant differences in resolution of co-morbidities, including diabetes. CONCLUSION: All patients regardless of race or ethnicity have significant and sustained total weight loss and resolution of co-morbidities after gastric bypass at 5-year follow-up.

Marijuana's Influence on Pain Scores, Initial Weight Loss, and Other Bariatric Surgical Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Pain management can be challenging following bariatric surgery, and patients with obesity tend to increase opioid use after undergoing surgery. This report quantifies marijuana (MJ) use and its relationship to pain and other surgery-related outcomes in a population from a state that has legalized MJ. METHODS: Data were collected for consecutive patients undergoing weight reduction surgeries between May 1, 2014 and July 31, 2015. Demographics, preoperative comorbidities, medications, and perioperative opioid use were analyzed. The primary outcome evaluated was inpatient opioid pain medication use quantified using natural log morphine equivalents. Secondary outcomes included percentage of total body weight loss after three months, postoperative complications, and changes in medical comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 434 patients, among whom 36 (8.3%) reported MJ use, comprised the study population. Perioperative opioid requirements were significantly higher in the MJ-user group (natural log morphine equivalents of 3.92 vs 3.52, p = 0.0015) despite lower subjective pain scores (3.70 vs 4.24, p = 0.07). MJ use did not affect percentage of 90-day total body weight loss, development of postoperative complications, or improvement in medical comorbidities. CONCLUSION: Perioperative opioid use was significantly higher in the MJ-user group despite lower subjective pain scores. The difference in opioid requirements suggests an interaction between MJ use and opioid tolerance or pain threshold. The percentage of total body weight loss, improvement in medical comorbidity, and incidence of postoperative complications at 90-day follow-up were not affected by MJ use in this cohort analysis.

Serum lactate and base deficit as predictors of mortality and morbidity.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether lactate levels and base deficits in critically ill surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients correlate and whether either measure is a significant indicator of mortality and morbidity. METHODS: A review was made of 137 SICU patients who had serial lactate and blood gas measurements. Patients were stratified by absolute lactate and base deficit values as well as time to lactate clearance. RESULTS: Initial and 24-hour lactate level was significantly elevated in nonsurvivors versus survivors (P = 0.002). Initial base deficit was not significantly different; 24-hour base deficit did achieve statistical significance (P = 0.02). Subgroup analysis among trauma patients (n = 36) and major abdominal surgery (n = 101) confirmed the significant correlation between lactate levels and survival. There was poor correlation between initial and 24-hour lactate and base deficit among all patients (r = -0.3 and -0.5). Mortality if lactate normalized within 24 hours was 10%, compared with 24% for >48 hours and 67% if lactate failed to normalize. Physical status at discharge was related to initial lactate (P = 0.05), as well as to lactate clearance time (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated initial and 24-hour lactate levels are significantly correlated with mortality and appear to be superior to corresponding base deficit levels. Lactate clearance time may be used to predict mortality and is associated with outcome at discharge. Initial base deficit is a poor predictor of mortality and did not correlate with lactate levels except in trauma nonsurvivors. In addition to being used as an endpoint for resuscitation, lactate may be predictive of certain morbidities and patient outcome at discharge.

Is routine ultrasound guidance for central line placement beneficial? A prospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Portable ultrasound devices have become more readily available in the intensive care unit setting, but their utility outside of controlled trials remains unproven. We sought to determine how the availability of ultrasound guidance affected the types and number of complications during central line placement. DESIGN: Review of a prospectively maintained database in a 20-bed combined intensive care unit. Procedure notes from all attempts at internal jugular vein access from 1996 to 2001 were recorded, and selected patient records were reviewed. Ultrasound guidance was available beginning in March 1998. RESULTS: From 1996 to 2001, there were 484 documented attempts at internal jugular central line placement. Most procedures (83%) were performed by first- or second-year residents. During this period, there were 47 complications for an overall complication rate of 10%. These included 1 pneumothorax (2%), 6 carotid punctures (13%), 2 hematomas (4%), and 34 unsuccessful attempts (72%). There was no significant difference in age, sex, body-mass index, or intubation status between those with and without complications or between the ultrasound and anatomic landmark groups. Ultrasound was used in 179 (37%) attempts. The overall complication rate with ultrasound was 11% versus 9% using anatomic landmarks (p = NS). The complication rate prior to the availability of ultrasound was 15 of 114 attempts (13%) versus 32 of 370 attempts (9%) after the introduction of ultrasound in our intensive care unit (p = NS). Analysis of the 370 procedures performed since ultrasound became available demonstrated a complication rate of 11% with ultrasound guidance versus 6% without (p = 0.09). There was no significant difference in complication rates by resident year group or department (surgery vs. other). However, procedures performed after-hours (1800 to 0800) were associated with a 15% complication rate versus 6% for procedures performed during the workday (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The availability and use of ultrasound guidance for central line placement by junior residents has not resulted in an improvement in procedure-related complications. The complication profile was not affected by ultrasound use, patient factors, or resident year in training. There was a higher complication rate associated with procedures performed at night that may be caused by resident fatigue or unavailability of senior supervision.

Laparoscopic management of duodenal obstruction resulting from superior mesenteric artery syndrome.

IMPORTANCE: Duodenal obstruction by compression from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) can be managed using minimally invasive techniques initially developed for bariatric patients requiring gastric bypass. OBSERVATIONS: This retrospective review evaluates 12 patients with SMA syndrome who were treated with laparoscopic enteric bypass. Technical considerations are presented in detail. The study group comprised 5 men and 7 women, with ages ranging from 21 to 65 years (mean, 36.8 years). Operative times ranged from 53 to 126 minutes (mean, 72.4 minutes). Mean length of hospital stay was 4.2 days (range, 3-7 days). Obstructive symptoms were improved or eliminated in 11 patients (92%). One patient required readmission for inadequate control of generalized abdominal pain. No patients in this series developed postoperative bowel obstruction, wound complications, or anastomotic leaks or died. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy is safe and effective and should be considered the optimal treatment for patients presenting with duodenal obstruction from SMA syndrome. Advances in minimally invasive surgery have demonstrated the safety and low morbidity of laparoscopically created enteric anastomoses. The shorter hospital stay, low morbidity, and high success of laparoscopic enteric bypass make this approach favorable to traditional open techniques.

Resident participation in index laparoscopic general surgical cases: impact of the learning environment on surgical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The NSQIP database enables measurement of postoperative outcomes across a spectrum of practice settings. This allows for observations about potential effects of resident participation in surgical care during training. STUDY DESIGN: We queried the NSQIP database for 6 index laparoscopic surgical procedures performed during 2005-2008. Selected procedures require varying skill level (eg, appendectomy, cholecystectomy, gastric bypass, fundoplication, colectomy, and inguinal hernia), and 79,720 cases were identified. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative outcomes for each procedure were tabulated. Operative and postoperative outcomes assessed included operative time, hospital length of stay, mortality, morbidity, and return to the operating room. Initial analysis compared cases done with a resident present with cases done without residents. Subset analysis was done to determine possible differences in outcomes based on the level of resident participating, divided into Junior (PGY1-2), Senior (PGY3-5), or Fellow (PGY>5). Groups were scrutinized for both clinical and statistical differences. RESULTS: Preoperative characteristics were similar between groups. Operative times were 20% to 47% longer with resident participation, with bigger differences seen in more basic procedures. Mortality and return to the operating room were not clinically different between the groups. Morbidity rates were higher in all procedures with resident participation. More senior residents were associated with longer operative times, without adverse impact on outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Resident participation increases operative times for laparoscopic surgery considerably. Morbidity is statistically higher with resident participation but differences are unlikely to be clinically significant. Resident participation is a surrogate for the learning environment. These findings provide impetus for additional development of training techniques that occur outside the operating room.

Comparison of staple-line leakage and hemorrhage in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with or without Seamguard.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has been recognized as a primary procedure for the surgical management of morbid obesity. Staple-line leaks and hemorrhage are two associated complications. Staple-line buttressing materials have been suggested to decrease these complications. When used during LSG, few published papers exist that compare the incidence of leak or hemorrhage to that of nonreinforced staple-lines. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of leak and hemorrhage in patients who did and did not receive reinforcement with Seamguard (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ). This is a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing LSG. All patients met National Institutes of Health criteria and each had an extensive preoperative evaluation. Data was collected from inpatient and outpatient medical records. Fifty-nine patients received reinforcement and 80 patients did not. There was no significant difference in mean body mass index, age, or gender make-up between the two groups. The overall incidence of leak was 3.60 per cent. The incidence was 3.39 per cent in patients who received reinforcement and 3.75 per cent in those who did not. This was not statistically significant. There was no incidence of staple-line hemorrhage in either group. There is no conclusive evidence that Seamguard reduces staple-line leakage or hemorrhage. Studies involving a larger number of patients are necessary before recommending staple-line reinforcement.