Psychosocial adjustment mediates impacts of playmate positive support on body mass index and overweight risk in adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the mediation effects of psychosocial adjustment on the impact of playmate positive support throughout childhood and early adolescence (from age 54 months to 11 years) on later body mass index (BMI) and overweight risk in middle adolescence (age 15 years). STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study. METHODS: Among 844 children and their families, positive support between child-playmate dyads was repeatedly assessed from child's age 54 months to Grade 5. Long-term positive support between child-playmate dyads throughout childhood and early adolescence was prospectively linked to child's BMI and overweight/obesity status at age 15 years. The average scores of repeated assessments of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems from Grades 3 to 6 were used as mediators. RESULTS: Significant mediations of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems were observed on pathways from positive support between child-playmate dyads to later BMI and overweight/obesity status at age 15 years. The observed mediations were mainly sustained with pronounced magnitudes in girls, but not in boys. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated a significant mediating role of psychosocial adjustment. Future research efforts are highly encouraged to replicate our findings and further explore this underlying mediation mechanism.

Sustained Posttransplantation Diabetes Is Associated With Long-Term Major Cardiovascular Events Following Liver Transplantation.

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death among liver transplant (LT) recipients. With a rising burden of posttransplantation metabolic disease, increases in cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality may reduce life expectancy after LT. It is unknown if the risk of long-term major cardiovascular events (MCEs) differs among LT recipients with varying diabetic states. We performed a retrospective cohort study of LT recipients from 2003 through 2013 to compare the incidence of MCEs among patients (1) without diabetes, (2) with pretransplantation diabetes, (3) with de novo transient posttransplantation diabetes, and (4) with de novo sustained posttransplantation diabetes. We analyzed 994 eligible patients (39% without diabetes, 24% with pretransplantation diabetes, 16% with transient posttransplantation diabetes, and 20% with sustained posttransplantation diabetes). Median follow-up was 54.7 months. Overall, 12% of patients experienced a MCE. After adjustment for demographic and clinical variables, sustained posttransplantation diabetes was the only state associated with a significantly increased risk of MCEs (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.95, 95% confidence interval 1.20-3.18). Patients with sustained posttransplantation diabetes mellitus had a 13% and 27% cumulative incidence of MCEs at 5 and 10 years, respectively. While pretransplantation diabetes has traditionally been associated with cardiovascular disease, the long-term risk of MCEs is greatest in LT recipients with sustained posttransplantation diabetes mellitus.

Application of peripherally inserted central catheter in acute myeloid leukaemia patients undergoing induction chemotherapy.

Increasingly, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) are applied in patients with haematological malignancies. The feasibility and safety of PICC for induction chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) remain unclear. Medical records of 89 newly diagnosed adult de novo AML patients, who achieved complete remission, were retrospectively reviewed (PICC group, n = 43; intravenous [IV] line group, n = 46). Patients' clinical characteristics and the number of blind punctures for blood sampling were compared between these two groups, and risk factors associated with bacteraemia were identified by univariate analysis. Patients in the PICC group experienced significantly fewer blind punctures than those in the IV line group (3.3 ± 3.6 vs. 14.4 ± 6.0; p = .000); 20.9% of PICC patients had bacteraemia, compared with 23.9% in the IV line group (p = .803). Most patients (76.7%) removed their PICC because treatment was completed. PICC increased the quality of life in AML patients undergoing chemotherapy induction by reducing the number of blind blood punctures required. Bacteraemia in PICC patients was comparable to that in IV line patients. PICC is, therefore, a feasible and safe central venous device for use in AML patients.

Isomorphic coalescence of aster cores formed in vitro from microtubules and kinesin motors.

We report fluorescence microscopy studies of the formation of aster-like structures emerging from a cellular element-based active system and a novel analysis of the aster condensation. The system consists of rhodamine labeled microtubules which are dynamically coupled by functionalized kinesin motor proteins cross-linked via streptavidin-coated quantum dots (QDs). The aster-shaped objects contain core structures. The cores are aggregates of the QD-motor protein complexes, and result from the dynamic condensation of sub-clusters that are connected to each other randomly. The structural specificity of the aster core reflects a configuration of the initial connectivity between sub-clusters. Detailed image analysis allows us to extract a novel correlation between the condensation speed and the sub-cluster separation. The size of the core is scaled down during the condensation process, following a power law dependence on the distance between sub-clusters. The exponent of the power law is close to two, as expected from a geometric model. This single exponent common to all the contractile lines implies that there exists a time regime during which an isomorphic contraction of the aster core continues during the condensation process. We analyze the observed contraction by using a model system with potential applicability in a wide range of emergent phenomena in randomly coupled active networks, which are prevalent in the cellular environment.

Recurrent trichosporonosis with central nervous system involvement in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient.

Trichosporon is an ubiquitous yeast that has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen in the immunocompromised host. We describe a case of invasive trichosporonosis in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) recipient while on caspofungin antifungal prophylaxis. She developed disseminated trichosporonosis in the pre-engraftment period and was successfully treated with voriconazole. She later developed 2 further episodes of invasive trichosporonosis involving the central nervous system. This case highlights the challenges of managing trichosporonosis in allo-HSCT recipients and suggests the need for lifelong therapy in some patients.

Understanding the core-halo relation of quantum wave dark matter from 3D simulations.

We examine the nonlinear structure of gravitationally collapsed objects that form in our simulations of wavelike cold dark matter, described by the Schrödinger-Poisson (SP) equation with a particle mass ∼10(-22) eV. A distinct gravitationally self-bound solitonic core is found at the center of every halo, with a profile quite different from cores modeled in the warm or self-interacting dark matter scenarios. Furthermore, we show that each solitonic core is surrounded by an extended halo composed of large fluctuating dark matter granules which modulate the halo density on a scale comparable to the diameter of the solitonic core. The scaling symmetry of the SP equation and the uncertainty principle tightly relate the core mass to the halo specific energy, which, in the context of cosmological structure formation, leads to a simple scaling between core mass (Mc) and halo mass (Mh), Mc∝a(-1/2)Mh(1/3), where a is the cosmic scale factor. We verify this scaling relation by (i) examining the internal structure of a statistical sample of virialized halos that form in our 3D cosmological simulations and by (ii) merging multiple solitons to create individual virialized objects. Sufficient simulation resolution is achieved by adaptive mesh refinement and graphic processing units acceleration. From this scaling relation, present dwarf satellite galaxies are predicted to have kiloparsec-sized cores and a minimum mass of ∼10(8)M⊙, capable of solving the small-scale controversies in the cold dark matter model. Moreover, galaxies of 2×10(12)M⊙ at z=8 should have massive solitonic cores of ∼2×10(9)M⊙ within ∼60 pc. Such cores can provide a favorable local environment for funneling the gas that leads to the prompt formation of early stellar spheroids and quasars.

Experimental validation of a novel compact focusing scheme for future energy-frontier linear lepton colliders.

A novel scheme for the focusing of high-energy leptons in future linear colliders was proposed in 2001 [P. Raimondi and A. Seryi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3779 (2001)]. This scheme has many advantageous properties over previously studied focusing schemes, including being significantly shorter for a given energy and having a significantly better energy bandwidth. Experimental results from the ATF2 accelerator at KEK are presented that validate the operating principle of such a scheme by demonstrating the demagnification of a 1.3 GeV electron beam down to below 65 nm in height using an energy-scaled version of the compact focusing optics designed for the ILC collider.

Live births from urine derived cells.

Here we report urine-derived cell (UDC) culture and subsequent use for cloning which resulted in the successful development of cloned canine pups, which have remained healthy into adulthood. Bovine UDCs were used in vitro to establish comparative differences between cell sources. UDCs were chosen as a readily available and noninvasive source for obtaining cells. We analyzed the viability of cells stored in urine over time and could consistently culture cells which had remained in urine for 48hrs. Cells were shown to be viable and capable of being transfected with plasmids. Although primarily of epithelial origin, cells were found from multiple lineages, indicating that they enter the urine from more than one source. Held in urine, at 4°C, the majority of cells maintained their membrane integrity for several days. When compared to in vitro fertilization (IVF) derived embryos or those from traditional SCNT, UDC derived embryos did not differ in total cell number or in the number of DNA breaks, measured by TUNEL stain. These results indicate that viable cells can be obtained from multiple species' urine, capable of being used to produce live offspring at a comparable rate to other cell sources, evidenced by a 25% pregnancy rate and 2 live births with no losses in the canine UDC cloning trial. This represents a noninvasive means to recover the breeding capacity of genetically important or infertile animals. Obtaining cells in this way may provide source material for human and animal studies where cells are utilized.

Risk of hepatitis B reactivation and the role of novel agents and stem-cell transplantation in multiple myeloma patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study is to analyse the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its incidence of reactivation among multiple myeloma (MM) patients treated in the era of novel therapy in an endemic Asian setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 2000 to 2008, 273 patients with newly diagnosed MM were screened for the presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and HBV core antibody. HBV-infected patients were prospectively followed for reactivation with serial monitoring of serum alanine transferase and HBV DNA load. The patterns of HBV reactivation in relation to treatment received, exposure to high-dose therapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation (HDT/ASCT) and novel agents were studied. RESULTS: The prevalence of HBV infection was 5.5%. Three cases of HBV reactivation despite lamivudine prophylaxis were reported. Two patients reactivated 3-5 months after HDT/ASCT while receiving thalidomide maintenance and one reactivated 3 years after HDT/ASCT and shortly after bortezomib salvage therapy. Emergence of a mutant HBV strain was documented in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Use of prophylaxis may reduce but will not preclude HBV reactivation. Highest risk occurs during immune reconstitution phase of HDT/ASCT. The role of immunomodulatory agents in HBV reactivation needs to be further elucidated. Separate HBV prophylaxis and surveillance guidelines ought to be developed for patients with MM.

Malignancy-associated chylothorax: a 20-year study of 18 patients from a single institution.

Malignancy-associated chylothorax is a rare manifestation with uncertain characteristics and clinical significance. We segregated 18 patients into malignant lymphoma (n= 11) and solid malignancy (n= 7) groups to analyse the characteristics, treatment response and prognostic value of malignancy-associated chylothorax. Diagnosis of chylothorax was confirmed by a triglyceride concentration of >110 mg/dL or by the presence of chylomicrons in the pleural effusion. Concentrations of glucose, protein and lactate dehydrogenase did not differ significantly between the malignant lymphoma and solid malignancy groups. Although not statistically significant (P= 0.25), 90.9% malignant lymphoma patients and 57.1% solid malignancy patients had exudates. The cytology diagnostic rate in the malignant lymphoma and solid malignancy groups was 20.0% and 33.3% respectively (P > 0.99). After chemotherapy, six malignant lymphoma patients achieved complete remission, with simultaneous chylothorax disappearance. The overall survival rate at 12 and 24 months in the malignant lymphoma group was 54.5% and 36.4% respectively, while that in the solid malignancy group was 35.7% and 0% respectively. Malignant lymphoma was the chief cause of chylothorax in our cohort. Effective lymphoma treatment, lacking supplementary interventions, is essential for treating chylothorax in malignant lymphoma patients. Chylothorax indicates extremely limited life expectancy for solid malignancy patients.

A Unifying Framework for Understanding Biological Structures and Functions Across Levels of Biological Organization.

The relationship between structure and function is a major constituent of the rules of life. Structures and functions occur across all levels of biological organization. Current efforts to integrate conceptual frameworks and approaches to address new and old questions promise to allow a more holistic and robust understanding of how different biological functions are achieved across levels of biological organization. Here, we provide unifying and generalizable definitions of both structure and function that can be applied across all levels of biological organization. However, we find differences in the nature of structures at the organismal level and below as compared to above the level of the organism. We term these intrinsic and emergent structures, respectively. Intrinsic structures are directly under selection, contributing to the overall performance (fitness) of the individual organism. Emergent structures involve interactions among aggregations of organisms and are not directly under selection. Given this distinction, we argue that while the functions of many intrinsic structures remain unknown, functions of emergent structures are the result of the aggregate of processes of individual organisms. We then provide a detailed and unified framework of the structure-function relationship for intrinsic structures to explore how their unknown functions can be defined. We provide examples of how these scalable definitions applied to intrinsic structures provide a framework to address questions on structure-function relationships that can be approached simultaneously from all subdisciplines of biology. We propose that this will produce a more holistic and robust understanding of how different biological functions are achieved across levels of biological organization.

Novel HLA class I and II alleles identified during routine registry typing in 2010.

Twenty-one novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II alleles are described: seven HLA-A alleles, five HLA-C alleles, five HLA-B alleles and four HLA-DRB1 alleles. Seventeen (∼81%) of the 21 novel alleles are single nucleotide substitution variants when compared with their most homologous allele. Nine of these single nucleotide variants cause an amino acid substitution, while eight are silent substitutions. The remaining novel alleles differ from their most similar allele by two to three nucleotide substitutions. One novel HLA-C locus allele encodes an amino acid change at codon 10 that previously has not been reported to be polymorphic for this locus. Some of the new alleles encode novel codons and unique amino acid changes at polymorphic positions in the HLA-A (codons 24 and 156) and HLA-B (codons 40 and 115) loci.

Toxicity data for preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy with oxaliplatin and continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil for locally advanced esophageal cancer.

The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to characterize the feasibility and tolerability of oxaliplatin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) given concurrently with radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. Between July 2005 and March 2009, 15 patients with clinical stage T3/T4 and/or N1/M1a lower esophageal or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma were treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy using oxaliplatin every 2 weeks and continuous infusion 5-FU. The main treatment-related toxicities were oral mucositis and dysphagia. During the first 2 weeks of treatment, 20% of patients presented with grade 1-2 oral mucositis, and one patient developed grade 1 dysphagia. In weeks 3-4, 53% of the patients experienced grade 1-2 mucositis, and 40% experienced grade 1-2 dysphagia. One patient only experienced grade 3 mucositis in week 4. Three patients (20%) had grade 3-4 dysphagia in weeks 3-4 and were continued on intravenous fluids and pain medications. During the last 2 weeks of chemoradiotherapy, 53% of patients reported grade 1-2 oral mucositis, mostly grade 1 and 73% of patients experienced grade 1-2 dysphagia and 26% patients experienced grade 3-4 dysphagia. Other toxicities included fatigue, nausea, neuropathy, and diarrhea. Only one patient experienced > 10% weight loss. The whole group was treated with aggressive supportive care during radiotherapy. Five (33%) patients achieved a pathological complete response. No patients developed locoregional failure. Sixty percent of the patients developed distant metastases and the 2-year disease-free survival was 53%. The median survival was 3.2 years with the 2-year overall survival of 73%. Preoperative oxaliplatin/5-FU-based chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer is feasible, but associated with substantial gastrointestinal toxicity. A careful attention to nutrition and hydration throughout the course of therapy is required.

Blastocyst formation, embryo transfer and breed comparison in the first reported large scale cloning of camels.

Cloning, through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), has the potential for a large expansion of genetically favorable traits in a population in a relatively short term. In the present study we aimed to produce multiple cloned camels from racing, show and dairy exemplars. We compared several parameters including oocyte source, donor cell and breed differences, transfer methods, embryo formation and pregnancy rates and maintenance following SCNT. We successfully achieved 47 pregnancies, 28 births and 19 cloned offspring who are at present healthy and have developed normally. Here we report cloned camels from surgical embryo transfer and correlate blastocyst formation rates with the ability to achieve pregnancies. We found no difference in the parameters affecting production of clones by camel breed, and show clear differences on oocyte source in cloning outcomes. Taken together we demonstrate that large scale cloning of camels is possible and that further improvements can be achieved.

Establishment and characterization of embryonic stem-like cells from porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts.

This study was aimed to establish embryonic stem (ES)-like cells from blastocysts derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pig. Somatic cells isolated from both day-30 fetus and neonatal cloned piglet were used for donor cells. A total of 60 blastocysts (46 and 14 derived from fetal and neonatal fibroblast donor cells, respectively) were seeded onto a mitotically inactive mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) monolayer and two ES-like cell lines, one from each donor cell type, were established. They remained undifferentiated over more than 52 (fetal fibroblast-derived) and 48 (neonatal fibroblast-derived) passages, while retaining alkaline phosphatase activity and reactivity with ES specific markers Oct-4, stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), SSEA-4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81. These ES-like cells maintained normal diploid karyotype throughout subculture and successfully differentiated into embryoid bodies that expressed three germ layer-specific genes (ectoderm: beta-III tubulin; endoderm: amylase; and mesoderm: enolase) after culture in leukemia inhibitory factor-free medium. Microsatellite analysis confirmed that they were genetically identical to its donor cells. Combined with gene targeting, our results may contribute to developing an efficient method for producing transgenic pigs for various purposes.

Contamination of Salmonella Schwarzengrund cells in chicken meat from traditional marketplaces in Taiwan and comparison of their antibiograms with those of the human isolates.

Salmonella Schwarzengrund is one of the infective Salmonella serotypes for humans and food animals, such as poultry and swine. Because consumption of foods containing salmonellae due to cross contamination or inadequate cooking may lead to human salmonellosis, in this report, the prevalence of Salmonella Schwarzengrund contamination in chicken meat samples purchased from different traditional marketplaces in Taiwan between 2000 and 2006 was investigated. In addition, 228 Salmonella Schwarzengrund strains isolated from these chicken meat samples and 30 human isolates obtained between 2004 and 2006 were compared for their antimicrobial susceptibility. Results showed that the prevalence of Salmonella Schwarzengrund contamination in raw chicken meat samples was 30.5%. Of all of the Salmonella isolates from chicken meat, Salmonella Schwarzengrund accounted for 39.3%. On the other hand, of the total Salmonella strains isolates from humans between 2004 and 2006, Salmonella Schwarzengrund accounted for 2.8%. All these chicken meat isolates and human isolates were multidrug-resistant and demonstrated high resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. For gentamicin and kanamycin, however, the resistance gradually declined. The antibiogram study may indicate the abuse of some antibiotics for both humans and chickens. Also, transmission of Salmonella Schwarzengrund strains between humans and food of animal origin is possible.

Demetylation of the sex-determining region Y gene promoter and incidence of disorder of sex development in cloned dog males.

Canine cloning is occasionally accompanied by abnormal sexual development. Some male donor cells produce cloned pups with female external genitalia and complete male gonadal dysgenesis, which is classified as an XY disorder of sex development (XY DSD). In this study, we examine the potential of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, to reduce the phenotypic abnormality XY DSD in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)- derived pups. We used a 9-year-old normal male German Shepherd dog as a cell donor. Donor cells were treated with 10 nM 5-aza-dC for 4 days before being used for SCNT. At the same stage of cell development, significantly lower levels of DNA methylation of the sex-determining region Y (SRY) promoter was observed in the treated donor cells compared to that in the untreated cells (95.2% versus 53.3% on day 4 for the control and treated groups, respectively). No significant differences were observed in the control or treatment groups concerning fusion rate, pregnancy rate (30 days or entire period), the number of pups, or the incidence of XY DSD. However, more XY DSD dogs were observed in the control group (31.25%) than in the treatment group (14.29%). Hypermethylation of the SRY promoter was observed in the XY DSD cloned pups in both the treatment (84.8%) and control groups (91.1 ± 1.4%) compared to the methylation level in the phenotypically normal male pups of the treatment (23.2 ± 20.9%) and control groups (39.1 ± 20.1%). These results suggest that 5-aza-dC treatment of donor cells can reduce the methylation level of the SRY promoter in donor cells, and thus, 5-aza-dC is advantageous for reducing the incidence of XY DSD in canine cloning.