RESUMEN
[reaction in text] A convergent asymmetric synthesis of (-)-ratjadone (1) has been achieved, confirming the assignments of stereochemistry for the naturally occurring antifungal metabolite.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/síntesis química , Pironas/síntesis química , Catálisis , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
There is some evidence that major depression is accompanied by activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS). There is also evidence that proinflammatory cytokines and induction of IRS activation are associated with sickness behavior in experimental animals. However, no research has examined the IRS in somatization disorder. The aim of this study was to examine possible immunological differences between major depression, somatization and healthy controls. We measured the following IRS variables in patients with major depression (n=36), somatization syndrome (SSI-8; n=37), major depression and somatization (n=40) and healthy controls (n=37): interleukin-6 (IL-6); interleukin-1-receptor-antagonist (IL-1RA); plasma soluble interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R); soluble suppressor/cytotoxic antigen (CD8); leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF-R); and Clara cell protein (CC16), an endogenous anticytokine. Serum CD8 concentrations were significantly increased in patients with major depression compared with concentrations in patients with somatization syndrome, whereas concentrations in normal controls were intermediate between those of the two groups of patients. Serum CC16 was significantly lower in major depression than in healthy controls. The highest CC16 scores were found in patients with somatization syndrome. Somatizing patients have significantly lower serum IL-6 values than normal controls and depressed patients. The present results indicate (1) an activation of the IRS in depression with signs of T-cell activation (increased CD8), monocytic activation (IL-1RA) and a lowered anti-inflammatory capacity of the serum (lower CC16) and (2) an immune alteration in somatizing syndrome, such as monocytic activation (increased IL-1RA) and indicators of lowered T-lymphocytic activity (lowered CD8 and IL-6). These results suggest different immune alterations in somatization syndrome and depression.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD8/inmunología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/inmunología , Mediadores de Inflamación/sangre , Mediadores de Inflamación/inmunología , Receptores de Interleucina-1/inmunología , Receptores de Interleucina-6/inmunología , Trastornos Somatomorfos/inmunología , Adulto , Antígenos CD8/sangre , Comorbilidad , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Proteína Accesoria del Receptor de Interleucina-1 , Masculino , Prevalencia , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Receptores de Interleucina-1/sangre , Receptores de Interleucina-6/sangre , Trastornos Somatomorfos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Using the coupled-cluster method and the rotation-invariant Green's function method, we study the influence of the interlayer coupling Jperpendicular on the magnetic ordering in the ground state of the spin-1/2 J1-J2 frustrated Heisenberg antiferromagnet (J1-J2 model) on the stacked square lattice. In agreement with known results for the J1-J2 model on the strictly two-dimensional square lattice (Jperpendicular=0), we find that the phases with magnetic long-range order at small J2