Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis.

Mandibular hypoplasia is a common dentofacial deformity requiring a combination of orthodontic and surgical treatment. Before the introduction of distraction osteogenesis various orthognathic surgical procedures were carried out to treat mandibular hypoplasia. Orthognathic procedures like corpus lengthening by bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and genioplasty are commonly practised all over the world to address the high esthetic demands and functional problems. But hardly there are any established orthognathic surgical procedures to address the deficiency of the posterior part of the mandible that is ramus and condyle. Transverse mandibular deficiency is one of the most difficult problems to be addressed surgically.With the advent of distraction osteogenesis there is a change in concept of addressing mandibular deficiency. Mandibular corpus distraction was first performed by McCarthy et al using an extraoral unidirectional distraction device. The precision of bone lengthening with extraoral distracters did not accurately match the device settings. Since then due to sustained research and design and collaboration with the manufacturers, clinicians have developed various devices to improve the results of mandibular lengthening. Distractor devices of various shape and size are developed for intraoral use in specific anatomical locations of mandible.This presentation will focus on use of intraoral distraction devices on different anatomical locations of mandible. The surgical methods of corpus, ramus, ramuscondylar unit, and symphyseal distraction osteogenesis and associated complications will be discussed in detail.

'Where did the tube go?' A case of retropharyngeal submucosal false passage during nasal intubation.

Nasotracheal intubation could be associated with a variety of complications, of which traumatic complications are commonly encountered. We present a rare case of retropharyngeal submucosal false passage which occurred during nasotracheal intubation inspite of avoiding potential risk factors known for causing nasopharyngeal trauma. Risk factors, preventive measures and probable reason for this complication have been discussed.

Management of Short Face Syndrome with Masseter Muscle Hypertrophy: A Surgery-First Approach.

Short face syndrome (SFS) is a condition with a clinical impression of deficient lower anterior facial height, which is an esthetic disharmony based on vertical facial proportions rather than absolute dimensions. Masseter hypertrophy is one of the etiologic factors in which there is an enlargement of unilateral or bilateral masseter muscles. Clinically, it presents as a quadrangular face characterized by bulging of the mandibular angle giving a muscular appearance. Despite the muscular origin, surgery should be aimed toward bony reduction (osteoplasty) followed by supplemented myotomy. This case report addresses one such case of SFS treated with surgery-first approach and supplemented myotomy with a 1-year follow-up. The esthetic facial profile, pleasant smile and overall good treatment outcome remained stable 1 year after orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment.

Comparative Evaluation of Success in Cases of Synovial Chondromatosis of Temporomandibular Joint Treated with Temporomandibular Joint Arthroscopy: A Case Series.

Introduction: Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is characterized by the formation of multiple nodules of cartilage with varying sizes due to metaplastic development of the synovial membrane. Aetiology revolves with primary lesion, and pathogenesis is still unknown with multiple factors, which includes low-grade trauma or internal derangement. This condition remains undiagnosed and leads to therapeutic challenges from clinical manifestations which are non-specific and needs various tools to diagnose with combination of radiologic and histopathological examination. Materials and Method: We report a case series of five cases which were diagnosed as cases of TMD of the temporomandibular joint. Diagnostic arthroscopy including lysis and lavage with Ringers lactate, hyaluronic acid was carried out. Intra-operative findings were suggestive of synovial chondromatosis. Sample taken for histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of synovial chondromatosis of TMJ. Postoperative status of mouth opening and pain was assessed at 15 days, one month, 3 months, 6 months and one year during the review to evaluate the success of arthroscopy of TMJ. Results: All patients reported success with the modality of arthroscopy lysis and lavage at 12 months of follow-up with improvement at every follow-up visit in terms of range of motion and reduction of pain score on VAS. Hence, arthroscopy with lysis and lavage came out to be a promising alternative for open joint surgery in cases of synovial chondromatosis of the TMJ with same outcomes in relieving patients who complain of reduced maximum inter-incisal opening and pain. Conclusion: Thus, arthroscopic procedures can be considered an alternative and effective modality for successful management of cases of synovial chondromatosis of temporomandibular joint.

Unusual case of concomitant occurrence of Tessier's number 7 cleft and dentigerous cyst.

Dentigerous cysts are commonly encountered associated with impacted teeth; however the exact histogenesis of these cysts is not known even though numerous theories have been proposed. Majority of the maxillary cysts arise as a result of defect in the embryonal development, which can be either abnormal fusion of facial processes or as a result of abnormality in the development of dental follicle. Congenital Tessier's number 7 unilateral facial cleft is a rare anomaly, which arises as a result of defect in the fusion of facial processes. We report an unusual case of concomitant occurrence of Tesssier's number 7 cleft and maxillary dentigerous cyst in 11-year-old child.