A comparative full-length transcriptomic resource provides insight into the perennial monocarpic mass flowering.

Perennial monocarpic mass flowering represents as a key developmental innovation in flowering time diversity in several biological and economical essential families, such as the woody bamboos and the shrubby Strobilanthes. However, molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying this important biodiversity remain poorly investigated. Here, we generated a full-length transcriptome resource incorporated into the BlueOmics database (http://blueomics.iflora.cn) for two Strobilanthes species, which feature contrasting flowering time behaviors. Using about 112 and 104 Gb Iso-seq reads together with ~185 and ~75 Gb strand-specific RNA seq data, we annotated 80 971 and 79 985 non-redundant full-length transcripts for the perennial polycarpic Strobilanthes tetrasperma and the perennial monocarpic Strobilanthes biocullata, respectively. In S. tetrasperma, we identified 8794 transcripts showing spatiotemporal expression in nine tissues. In leaves and shoot apical meristems at two developmental stages, 977 and 1121 transcripts were differentially accumulated in S. tetrasperma and S. biocullata, respectively. Interestingly, among the 33 transcription factors showing differential expression in S. tetrasperma but without differential expression in S. biocullata, three were involved potentially in the photoperiod and circadian-clock pathway of flowering time regulation (FAR1 RELATED SEQUENCE 12, FRS12; NUCLEAR FACTOR Y A1, NFYA1; PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5, PRR5), hence provides an important clue in deciphering the flowering diversity mechanisms. Our data serve as a key resource for further dissection of molecular and genetic mechanisms underpinning key biological innovations, here, the perennial monocarpic mass flowering.

Arabidopsis AGAMOUS-LIKE16 and SUPPRESSOR OF CONSTANS1 regulate the genome-wide expression and flowering time.

Flowering transition is tightly coordinated by complex gene regulatory networks, in which AGAMOUS-LIKE 16 (AGL16) plays important roles. Here, we identified the molecular function and binding properties of AGL16 and demonstrated its partial dependency on the SUPPRESSOR OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) function in regulating flowering. AGL16 bound to promoters of more than 2,000 genes via CArG-box motifs with high similarity to that of SOC1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Approximately 70 flowering genes involved in multiple pathways were potential targets of AGL16. AGL16 formed a protein complex with SOC1 and shared a common set of targets. Intriguingly, only a limited number of genes were differentially expressed in the agl16-1 loss-of-function mutant. However, in the soc1-2 knockout background, AGL16 repressed and activated the expression of 375 and 182 genes, respectively, with more than a quarter bound by AGL16. Corroborating these findings, AGL16 repressed the flowering time more strongly in soc1-2 than in the Col-0 background. These data identify a partial inter-dependency between AGL16 and SOC1 in regulating genome-wide gene expression and flowering time, while AGL16 provides a feedback regulation on SOC1 expression. Our study sheds light on the complex background dependency of AGL16 in flowering regulation, thus providing additional insights into the molecular coordination of development and environmental adaptation.

Molecular and genetic regulation of petal number variation.

Floral forms with an increased number of petals, also known as double-flower phenotypes, have been selected and conserved in many domesticated plants, particularly in ornamentals, because of their great economic value. The molecular and genetic mechanisms that control this trait are therefore of great interest, not only for scientists, but also for breeders. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the gene regulatory networks of flower initiation and development and known mutations that lead to variation of petal number in many species. In addition to the well-accepted miR172/AP2-like module, for which many questions remain unanswered, we also discuss other pathways in which mutations also lead to the formation of extra petals, such as those involved in meristem maintenance, hormone signalling, epigenetic regulation, and responses to environmental signals. We discuss how the concept of 'natural mutants' and recent advances in genomics and genome editing make it possible to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying double-flower formation, and how such knowledge could contribute to the future breeding and selection of this trait in more crops.

Evolution of the FLOWERING LOCUS T-like genes in angiosperms: a core-Lamiales-specific diversification.

Plant life-history is determined by two transitions, the germination and the flowering times, in which the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBP) FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) play key regulatory roles. Compared to the highly conserved TFL1-likes, FT-like genes vary in copy numbers significantly in gymnosperms and monocots of the angiosperms, while sporadic duplications can be observed in eudicots. Here, via a systematic analysis of the PEBPs in angiosperms with a special focus on twelve representative species featuring high-quality genomes in the Lamiales order, we identified a successive lineage-specific but systematic expansion of FT-like genes in the families of core Lamiales. The first expansion event generated FT1-likes mainly via a core-Lamiales-specific whole-genome-duplication (cL-WGD), while on the other hand, a likely random duplication produced the FT2-likes in the lineages containing Scrophulariaceae and rest of the core Lamiales. Both FT1- and FT2-like genes were further amplified tandemly in some families. These expanded FT-likes featured highly diverged expression patterns and structural variation, indicating functional diversification. Intriguingly, some core Lamiales contained the relict MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 like 2 (MFT2) that likely expanded in the common ancestor of angiosperms. Our data showcase the highly dynamic lineage-specific expansion of the FT-like genes, thus provide important and fresh evolutionary insights into the gene-regulatory-network underpinning flowering time diversity in Lamiales, and more generally, in angiosperms.

Genome-wide identification of WD40 genes reveals a functional diversification of COP1-like genes in Rosaceae.

KEY MESSAGE: Genome-wide identification of WD40-like genes reveals a duplication of COP1-like genes, one of the key players involved in regulation of flowering time and photomorphogenesis, with strong functional diversification in Rosaceae. WD40 proteins play crucial roles in a broad spectrum of developmental and physiological processes. Here, we conducted a systematic characterization of this family of genes in Rosa chinensis 'Old Blush' (OB), a founder genotype for modern rose domestication. We identified 187 rose WD40 genes and classified them into 5 clusters and 15 subfamilies with 11 of RcWD40s presumably generated via tandem duplication. We found RcWD40 genes were expressed differentially following stages of vegetative and reproductive development. We detected a duplication of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1-like genes in rose (RcCOP1 and RcCOP1L) and other Rosaceae plants. Featuring a distinct expression pattern and a different profile of cis-regulatory-elements in the transcriptional regulatory regions, RcCOP1 seemed being evolutionarily conserved while RcCOP1L did not dimerize with RcHY5 and RcSPA4. Our data thus reveals a functional diversification of COP1-like genes in Rosacaeae plants, and provides a valuable resource to explore the potential function and evolution of WD40-like genes in Rosaceae plants.

Periodic surface structures on dielectrics upon femtosecond laser pulses irradiation.

The formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on two different dielectrics of K9 glass and fused silica upon irradiation in ambient conditions and in vacuum with multiple femtosecond (fs) laser pulse sequences at different pulse durations (35 fs, 260 fs, and 500 fs) was studied experimentally. Three types of LIPSS, so-called high-spatial-frequency LIPSS (HSFL), low-spatial-frequency LIPSS (LSFL), and supra-wavelength periodic surface structures (SWPSS) with different spatial periods and orientations were identified. The appearance was characterized with respect to the experimental parameters of laser fluence and number of laser pulses per spot. The crater morphologies - including nanoripples, periodic microgrooves, quasiperiodic microspikes, and central smooth zone - were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The supra-wavelength structures exhibit periodicities, which are markedly, even multiple times, higher than the laser excitation wavelength. The SWPSS were formed with a broader range of laser fluences, upon the longer laser pulse durations (260 fs and 500 fs) and/or on the lower band-gap dielectrics (K9 glass), due to the deeper effective light penetration depths and thicker viscous surface layers formation. The HSFL were observed on the higher band-gap dielectrics (fused silica) and within a certain narrow laser parameter window. The formation mechanisms of LIPSS were also discussed.

[Meta-analysis on incidence of adverse drug reaction induced by Shuanghuanglian injection].

To conducted a systematic review on the safety of Shuanghuanglian injection in clinical use. In this paper, data from Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data were retrieved. After extracting information and evaluating research methodological quality according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, Meta-analysis was conducted by using R3.2.3 software. A total of 56 individual studies were included, in which 585 cases showed adverse reactions in a total of 11 001 patients with Shuanghuanglian injections. Meta-analysis showed that the total incidence of adverse reactions was 6.5% (95%CI 0.051 to 0.082). Subgroup analysis showed that the incidence of adverse reactions was 4.8% (95%CI (0.032 to 0.067) and 8.1% (95%CI 0.054 to 0.112) respectively in children and adults; 7.2% (95%CI 0.049 to 0.095) and 6.6% (95%CI 0.036 to 0.104) respectively in 5%-10% glucose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection; 6.3% (95%CI 0.047 to 0.082) and 7.0% (95%CI 0.044 to 0.099) respectively in powder injection and liquid injection; 5.8% (95%CI 0.043 to 0.075) and 8.9% (95%CI 0.049 to 0.140) respectively in cases with duration of ≤7 d and >7 d; 4.2%(95%CI 0.027 to 0.059) and 8.4% (95%CI 0.059 to 0.113) respectively in single use and combined medication. Three most frequent types of adverse reaction symptoms reported were in skin and mucosa, digestive system, and body temperature center, with an incidence of 4% (95%CI 0.03 to 0.04), 3% (95%CI 0.02 to 0.03), and 1% (95%CI 0.00 to 0.01), respectively. The systemic evaluation demonstrated that the occurrence of adverse reaction of Shuanghuanglian injection was related to age, menstruum, duration of medication and combined medication. Incidence of adverse reactions differed considerably among different damage types. From the study demonstrated above, this paper concludes that we should follow the principles of evidence-based medication of traditional Chinese medicine; use Shuanghuanglian injection singly instead of combination with other drugs in clinical use; use Shuanghuanglian injection strictly in accordance to instructions, especially for children and the elderly, whose weight should be calculated and considered in medication; intensively monitor the drug adverse reaction after use; assess the risks of adverse effects for long-term usage, and take corresponding safety measures to ensure safety.

[Predictive analysis on Shenmai injection-induced adverse reactions with Logistic model and ROC curve].

To study relevant risk factors of Shenmai injection induced adverse reactions by using Logistic model and ROC curve, and made the prediction for the occurrence of relevant adverse reactions/events. Case data of patients treated with Shenmai injection were collected by using the prospective, multi-center, large-sample, nested-case control method, in order to analyze the risk factors of Shenmai injection-induced adverse reactions/events, establish the logistic model and draw the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for risk factors. During the study, 7632 patients (including 3 477 males and 4 155 females) were included, and eight of them suffered adverse reactions/events. Based on a multi-factor Logistic model analysis, the age (> or = 50 years) (OR = 5.061, 95% CI: 2.197-7.924; P = 0.001), the total number of medication days (OR = -1.020, 95% CI: -l.652 - 0.388; P = 0.002) and the single dose (OR = 0.245, 95% CI: 0.127-0.364; P = 0.000) were significant independent risk factors for Shenmai injection-induced adverse reactions/events. According to the results, ROC curves were drawn with age (> or = 50 years), the total number of days of inedication and single dose; The area under ROC curves the joint predictor (0.9753, 95% CI: 0.9443-1.000, P < 0.005) was larger than that of the other three single indexes, with a higher risk prediction value. The independent risk factors for Shenmai injection-induced adverse reactions/events included the age (> or = 50 years), the total number of days of medication and single dose. In clinical practice, the age (> or = 50 years), the total number of days of medication and the medication dose can be substituted in the joint predictor calculation formula (P = 1 / [1 + e(-(-21.58 + 5.061 x Xage - 1.020 x Xd + 0.245 x X(mL)] to predict the potential adverse reactions of patients and adjust the dosage regimen.

A 6-year retrospective study of adverse drug reactions due to drug-drug interactions between nervous system drugs.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to determine the frequency and characteristics of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between nervous system drugs recorded for hospitalized patients in China. The secondary objective was to identify and record the possible mechanisms underlying these DDIs. METHODS: In this retrospective study performed from January 2007 to December 2012, we detected and analyzed ADRs caused by potential or actual DDIs between nervous system drugs, by using the Center of Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring, Bengbu Food and Drug Administration (CADRMBFDA) database. RESULTS: The CADRMBFDA database contained 1,207 reports of ADRs due to nervous system drugs, involving 1,079 hospitalized patients. Of the ADRs reported, 131 (12.14%) were associated with potential and actual DDIs. There were 259 (21.46% of the total ADR reports) reports on potential and actual DDIs. The proportion of serious ADRs (6 out of 131) was significantly higher among actual DDI reports (p < 0.001) than among the remaining reports (6 out of 942). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study confirmed that the CADRMBFDA database was a valuable resource for detecting actual DDIs. Moreover, the database helps identify drugs that can cause serious ADRs, thus indicating focus areas for healthcare education.

Hippocampal volume and resting-state functional connectivity on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Parkinson and depression.

Background: Recent structural and functional imaging studies of depression in Parkinson disease (DPD) have failed to reveal the relevant mechanism, and relatively few studies have been conducted on limbic systems such as the hippocampus. This study thus aimed to gain new insights into the pathogenesis of DPD by detecting the changes in the hippocampal structure and the resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of patients with DPD. Methods: This study included 30 patients with DPD (DPD group), 30 patients with nondepressed Parkinson disease (NDPD; NDPD group), and 30 normal controls (NCs; NC group) with no significant age or gender differences with the DPD group. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging and blood oxygen level-dependent imaging data of all patients were collected. The hippocampal volumes were measured using MATLAB software (MathWorks). The correlation between hippocampal volume and the HAMD score in the DPD group was analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient. The bilateral hippocampi were used as the regions of interest and as the seed points for FC. FC analysis was performed between the preprocessed functional data of the whole brain and the two seed points with Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State and Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 software, respectively. The correlation between FC and HAMD scores in the patients with DPD was determined using partial correlation analysis. Results: Compared with those in the NC group and the NDPD group, the bilateral hippocampal volumes in the DPD group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between the bilateral hippocampal volume and the HAMD score in the DPD group (P<0.05). Compared with that of the NDPD group, the FC of the right hippocampus with the right occipital lobe and left precuneus was reduced in the DPD group. In the DPD group, the FC values of the right hippocampus, right occipital lobe, and left anterior cuneiform lobe were negatively correlated with HAMD scores. Conclusions: The volume of bilateral hippocampi in patients with DPD is significantly decreased and negatively correlated with the severity of depressive disorder. The weakened FC of the right hippocampus to the right occipital lobe and the left precuneus may play an important role in the neurological basis of DPD.

Genomes of Meniocus linifolius and Tetracme quadricornis reveal the ancestral karyotype and genomic features of core Brassicaceae.

Brassicaceae represents an important plant family from both a scientific and economic perspective. However, genomic features related to the early diversification of this family have not been fully characterized, especially upon the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, which was followed by increasing aridity in the Asian interior, intensifying monsoons in Eastern Asia, and significantly fluctuating daily temperatures. Here, we reveal the genomic architecture that accompanied early Brassicaceae diversification by analyzing two high-quality chromosome-level genomes for Meniocus linifolius (Arabodae; clade D) and Tetracme quadricornis (Hesperodae; clade E), together with genomes representing all major Brassicaceae clades and the basal Aethionemeae. We reconstructed an ancestral core Brassicaceae karyotype (CBK) containing 9 pseudochromosomes with 65 conserved syntenic genomic blocks and identified 9702 conserved genes in Brassicaceae. We detected pervasive conflicting phylogenomic signals accompanied by widespread ancient hybridization events, which correlate well with the early divergence of core Brassicaceae. We identified a successive Brassicaceae-specific expansion of the class I TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 1 (TPS1) gene family, which encodes enzymes with essential regulatory roles in flowering time and embryo development. The TPS1s were mainly randomly amplified, followed by expression divergence. Our results provide fresh insights into historical genomic features coupled with Brassicaceae evolution and offer a potential model for broad-scale studies of adaptive radiation under an ever-changing environment.

[Study on the preparation and properties of novel silica microporous antireflective coating by sol-gel process].

Silica sol was prepared by acid catalyzed sol-gel process using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor and dimethyldietoxysilane (DDS) as pore-forming agent. A novel kind of monolayer microporous silica anti-reflective (AR) coating was obtained on K9 glass substrate by dip-coating technique and then heat treated at 500 degrees C. The effects of different DDS/TEOS molar ratios on refractive index, transmittance and hardness were investigated. A positive correlation was found between the transmittance and the DDS/TEOS molar ratio due to the increasing porosity. The maximum transmittance can reach 99.7% with the molar ratio of DDS/TEOS rising to 1 : 1. Meanwhile, the refractive index was found quite close to the ideal value 1.22. Nevertheless, higher molar ratio will lead to a bad film-forming property. On the other hand, the hardness of the coatings decreased with the DDS increasing but still remained more than 2 h when the transmittance reached highest. Besides, these coatings exhibit a well abrasion-resistance and excellent adhesivity. The maximum transmittance was only dropped by 0.071% and 0.112% after abrasion for 500 and 1 000 times respectively. Accelerated corrosion tests indicated that the transmittance of traditional coatings rapidly fell down to the substrate level (-92%) after immersion for 5 min, while the transmittance of our novel coating almost linearly decreased and was kept 93.2% after 56 min. In other words, the environment-resistance of our novel silica AR coating is ten times higher than that of traditional ones. The promotions of the coating performances benefit from its micropore structure (-0. 4 nm) with which water molecule can be effectively prevented. With its high transmittance, good mechanical properties and high environment-resistance, this kind of novel coating has a potential application in the field of solar glass modification to improve its anti-reflective properties.

[Synthsis and photoluminescence properties of low-T(g), photorefractive polymers of double function].

A group of low-T(g) photorefractive polymers of double function with carbazole and p-nitrodiazencarbazole called P-2, P-3 and P-4 were synthesized by means of different proportional diazonium salts being diazo-coupled with the poly [bis(6-carbazolhexyloxy)] phosphazene(P-1). P-2, P-3 and P-4 were characterized by 31P NMR, 1H NMR, IR, UV-Vis, GPC, TG and DSC. The result showed that P-2, P-3 and P-4 have good heat stability (T(d) approximately 300 degrees C) and a lower glass transition temperature (T(g) approximately 30-40 degrees C). Their fluorescence properties were studied by photoluminescence and the result showed that P-1 has a stronger fluorescence properties and fluorescence intensity. P-2, P-3 and P-4 have varying degrees of quenching after nitro joining. The fluorescence properties were related with numbers of carbazole and nitro and their molecular space structure.

Association between napping and 24-hour blood pressure variability among university students: A pilot study.

Background: Blood pressure variability (BPV) has been reported to be a predictor of cardiovascular and some cognitive diseases. However, the association between napping and BPV remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the association between napping and BPV. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study including 105 university students was conducted. Participants' 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24 h ABPM) were measured, and napping behaviors were investigated. BPV were measured by the 24 h ABPM, included standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and average real variability (ARV). Results: Among the participants, 61.9% reported daytime napping. We found that nap duration was significantly associated with daytime CV of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r = 0.250, P = 0.010), nighttime CV of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r = 0.217, P = 0.026), 24 h WCV of DBP (r = 0.238, P = 0.014), 24 h ARV of SBP (r = 0.246, P = 0.011) and 24 h ARV of DBP (r = 0.291, P = 0.003). Compared with the no napping group, 24 h WCV of DBP, daytime CV of DBP, and daytime SD of DBP were significantly higher in participants with napping duration >60 min. With multiple regression analysis we found that nap duration was an independent predictor for 24 h ARV of SBP (ß = 0.859, 95% CI, 0.101-1.616, P = 0.027) and 24 h ARV of DBP (ß = 0.674, 95% CI, 0.173-1.175, P = 0.009). Conclusions: Napping durations are associated with BPV among university students. Especially those with napping durations >60 min had a significantly higher BPV than those non-nappers.

Enhancement of recombinant human endostatin on the radiosensitivity of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma A549 cells and its mechanism.

We observed the effects of endostar on the radiosensitivity of pulmonary adenocarcinoma A549 cells and found that endostar inhibited A549 cell growth under normoxia and hypoxia in time and dose-dependent manners; the D(0) and D(q) values in control and endostar groups were (1.36 and 1.30) versus (1.019 and 1.015) under normoxia and (1.693 and 1.39) versus (2.453 and 1.026) under hypoxia, respectively; SER was 1.04 under normoxia and 1.22 under hypoxia in endostar group; under normoxia, the apoptosis rates in control, radiotherapy, endostar and combination groups were 15.9 ± 0.57%, 42.7 ± 0.37%, 19.9 ± 0.48%, and 41.5 ± 0.38%, respectively, with no significant difference between combination and radiotherapy groups; there was significant difference in G(2)/M phase cells between combination and radiotherapy groups (P = 0.028); under hypoxia, the apoptosis rates in the four groups were 16.7 ± 0.67%, 30.1 ± 0.95%, 26.7 ± 0.62%, and 36.3 ± 0.71%, respectively, with significant difference between combination and radiotherapy groups; G(2)/M phase cells were higher in combination group than radiotherapy group (P = 0.000); G(2)/M phase cells were higher in hypoxic combination group than in normoxic combination group (P = 0.003). Based on these results, we conclude that under hypoxia, endostar can enhance the radiosensitivity of A549 cells through G(2)/M arrest.

[Theoretical study of the influence of different substituents on the electron-photon spectra of quinoline].

Different substituents result in different changes in electron-photon spectra, and to reveal the relationship between substituents and spectra, a theoretical investigation was elaborated via quantum chemical calculations. Density functional theory and single excitation configuration interaction were respectively employed in optimizing geometric and electronic structures of ground and excited states, and the absorption and emission spectra were studied by time-dependent density functional theory methods. The results show that all the different substituents bring on different geometric and electronic structures of ground and excited states, different energies of frontier molecular orbitals as well as different pi-conjugated systems, the spectra change with all the differences, and relationships are brought out in this paper, which gives theoretical reference for identifying different derivatives from electron-photon spectra.

Application of the maximum threshold distances to reduce gene flow frequency in the coexistence between genetically modified (GM) and non-GM maize.

On the coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM maize, the isolation distance plays an important role in controlling the transgenic flow. In this study, maize gene flow model was used to quantify the MTD0.1% and MTD1% in the main maize-planting regions of China; those were the maximum threshold distance for the gene flow frequency equal to or lower than 1% and 0.1%. The model showed that the extreme MTD1% and MTD0.1% were 187 and 548 m, respectively. The regions of northern China and the coastal plain, including Hainan crop winter-season multiplication base, showed a significantly high risk for maize gene flow, while the west-south of China was the largest low-risk areas. Except for a few sites, the isolation distance of 500 m could yield a seed purity of better than 0.1% and meet the production needs of breeder seeds. The parameters of genetic competitiveness (cp) were introduced to assess the effects of hybrid compatibility between the donor and recipient. The results showed that hybrid incompatibility could minimize the risk. When cp = 0.05, MTD1% and MTD0.1% could be greatly reduced within 19 m and 75 m. These data were helpful to provide scientific data to set the isolation distance between GM and non-GM maize and select the right place to produce the hybrid maize seeds.

Complex and reticulate origin of edible roses (Rosa, Rosaceae) in China.

While roses are today among the most popular ornamental plants, the petals and fruits of some cultivars have flavored foods for millennia. The genetic origins of these edible cultivars remain poorly investigated. We collected the major varieties of edible roses available in China, assembled their plastome sequences, and phased the haplotypes for internal transcribed spacers (ITS1/ITS2) of the 18S-5.8S-26S nuclear ribosomal cistron. Our phylogenetic reconstruction using 88 plastid genomes, of primarily maternal origin, uncovered well-supported genetic relationships within Rosa, including all sections and all subgenera. We phased the ITS sequences to identify potential donor species ancestral to the development of known edible cultivars. The tri-parental Middle-Eastern origin of R. × damascena, the species most widely used in perfume products and food additives, was confirmed as a descendent of past hybridizations among R. moschata, R. gallica, and R. majalis/R. fedtschenkoana/R. davurica. In contrast, R. chinensis, R. rugosa, and R. gallica, in association with six other wild species, were the main donors for fifteen varieties of edible roses. The domesticated R. rugosa 'Plena' was shown to be a hybrid between R. rugosa and R. davurica, sharing a common origin with R. 'Fenghua'. Only R. 'Jinbian' and R. 'Crimson Glory' featured continuous flowering. All remaining cultivars of edible roses bloomed only once a year. Our study provides important resources for clarifying the origin of edible roses and suggests a future for breeding new cultivars with unique traits, such as continuous flowering.

[Application of near-infrared spectrum technology to research of weathering of red sandstone relics].

In the present paper, with near infrared spectroscopy technology, the weathering mechanism of red sandstone relics was studied. Six groups of red sandstone samples were analyzed using near infrared spectroscopy technology. The results show that the near-infrared spectroscopy technology can analyze the material composition of red sandstone before and after weathering, aiming to explore their components changed. So it is a quick and efficient means of research with characteristic of less measurement sample and speed and non-damage and being pollution-free compared with other research techniques. All the characteristic shows that it is also well for studying other stone cultural relics. Especially for those with sampling difficulty and treasure valuable, non-destruction of stone cultural relics is particularly important. So with time advancing, near infrared technology as a research means of stone relics, its meaning will be more prominent.