Analysis of reflux as the aetiology of laryngeal dysplasia progression through a matched case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: Laryngeal dysplasia (LD) is a precancerous lesion of the larynx. In this study, the laryngeal tissue of patients with laryngeal dysplasia was taken as the research object, and the aetiology of reflux was analysed. METHOD: Patients with laryngeal dysplasia after surgery were selected as our subjects. The levels of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin in laryngeal tissue samples of the two groups were detected by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: The OR values (95% CI) of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin were 0.67 (0.19-2.36), 0.80 (0.22-2.98) and 1.33 (0.30-5.96), respectively, in the univariate analysis. Besides, in the multivariate analysis, the OR values (95% CI) of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin were 0.57 (0.14-2.30), 0.73 (0.18-2.92) and 1.40 (0.30-6.53), respectively. CONCLUSION: Larger sample size should be applied to prospective studies on whether reflux is a risk factor for laryngeal cancer.

Phylogeny and chromosomal variations in East Asian Carex, Siderostictae group (Cyperaceae), based on DNA sequences and cytological data.

Carex (Cyperaceae) is one of the largest genera of the flowering plants, and comprises more than 2,000 species. In Carex, section Siderostictae with broader leaves distributed in East Asia is thought to be an ancestral group. We aimed to clarify the phylogenetic relationships and chromosomal variations within the section Siderostictae, and to examine the relationship of broad-leaved species of the sections Hemiscaposae and Surculosae from East Asia, inferred from DNA sequences and cytological data. Our results indicate that a monophyletic Siderostictae clade, including the sections Hemiscaposae, Siderostictae and Surculosae, as the earliest diverging group in the tribe Cariceae. Low chromosome numbers, 2n = 12 or 24, with large sizes were observed in these three sections. Our results suggest that the genus Carex might have originated or relictly restricted in the East Asia. Geographical distributions of diploid species are restricted in narrower areas, while those of tetraploid species are wider in East Asia. It is concluded that chromosomal variations in Siderostictae clade may have been caused by polyploidization and that tetraploid species may have been able to exploit their habitats by polyploidization.

[Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(3-butynoicamidophenyl) benzothiazole derivatives as antitumor agents].

A series of 2-(3-butynoicamidophenyl)benzothiazole derivatives were synthesized starting from 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid. Structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR and HR-MS. Their antitumor activities against human tumor cells lines (HCT116, Mia-PaCa2, U87-MG, A549, NCI-H1975) were evaluated by MTT assay. The results revealed that most of the synthesized compounds showed potent activities against HCT116, Mia-PaCa2, U87-MG tumor cells lines. Particularly, compounds 14c and 14h exhibited better activity with IC50 values of 1 x 10(-8) mol x L(-1) against U87-MG and HCT116 respectively. The structure-activity relationship of compounds was also discussed preliminarily.

[Changed accumulation of active ingredient in different localities and growth period of Hemsleya zhejiangensis (Cucurbitaceae)].

In this paper, the content of moisture, ethanol-soluble extractives, total saponins and polysaccharide of different tuber samples of Hemsleya zhejiangensis, from different localities, years and seasons, were detected based upon Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 version. The samples of roots, stems and leaves in summer were detected as well. The results are mainly as follows. (1)With tuber quality increasing, the content of total saponins increased and then decreased. The individual quality of tubers getting 594.06 g, the content of total saponins reached the peak. (2) The content of active ingredients in different localities was significantly different, and the population of Wuyanling had the maximum content of total saponins and polysaccharide. (3) The content of active ingredients revealed stability between the years 2012 and 2013, but the content of polysaccharide was significantly different. The content in 2012 was higher than that of 2013. (4) The content of active ingredients reached the peak in autumn, which was the best harvest season. (5) Among different component content detection of nutritional organs, tubers had the maximum content of ethanol-soluble extractives, total saponins and polysaccharide. Leaves also contained higher content of ethanol-soluble extractives and total saponins than roots and stems. All of these provide theoretical basis for plant, harvest and production of H. zhejiangensis, which is an endemic, rare, and endangered medicinal plants.

Carexlinanensis (sect. Mitratae), a new species of Cyperaceae from Zhejiang, East China.

Carexlinanensis X.D.Qiu & X.F.Jin, a new species in sect. Mitratae of the sedge family (Cyperaceae) from north-western Zhejiang is described and illustrated. We performed a statistical comparison of the new species with other closely-related species from the same section. Carexlinanensis is similar to Carexsachalinensis F.Schmidt, but differs in having leaf blades 1-2 mm wide (vs. 2.5-3.5 mm wide), utricles longer than pistillate glumes, with beak margin smooth (vs. barbate) and peduncles of lateral spikes enclosed in bract sheaths (vs. exserted from bract sheaths).

Carexduanensis (Carexsect.Rhomboidales), a new species of Cyperaceae from limestone areas of Guangxi, China.

Carexduanensis Z.C.Lu, Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin, a new species in limestone areas of Guangxi, China, was discovered and described. The morphology showed that C.duanensis is similar to C.calcicola, but differs in having culms central, leaf blades 3-5.5 mm wide, bracts longer than spikes, utricles 4-5 mm long, shorter, and nutlets abruptly contracted into an erect beak at apex. SEM microphotographs of utricles and nutlets are provided for the new and related species, C.calcicola.

Notes on Carex (Cyperaceae) from China (IX): three new species of section Mitratae s.l.

Carexsect.Mitratae s.l. was established by Kükenthal in 1909 and can be distinguished from the closely related sections in having nutlets frequently discoid-annulate at the apex and a persistent style base. Based on field surveys and specimen examination, three new species of sect. Mitratae are described and illustrated here. Carexfatsuaniana was collected from Yunnan and differs from C.truncatigluma in having the utricles nearly glabrous, the nutlets with a ca. 0.5 mm long beak at the apex, the staminate spikes cylindrical, 5-7.5 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, and the pistillate glumes acuminate at the apex. Carexdamingshanica was collected from Guangxi and differs from C.breviscapa and C.rhynchachaenium in having 3 or 4 spikes, the lateral spikes cylindrical, the pistillate glumes, utricles and nutlets all shorter than in the other two species. Carexradicalispicula was collected from Sichuan and differs from C.truncatirostris in having the staminate spikes clavate, 1.5-2 mm wide, the pistillate glumes pale yellow-white, 3-3.2 mm long, acuminate or short-awned at the apex, and the nutlets with 3 angles shallowly constricted at the middle.

[Design, synthesis and antitumor activity of sorafenib analogues containing 2-picolinylhydrazide moiety].

A novel series of sorafenib analogs containing 2-picolinyl hydrazide moiety were designed and synthesized. In vitro, most of synthesized compounds have antiproliferation activity on MDA-MB-231, ACHN, HepG2, Mia-PaCa-2 and SW1990 cell lines tested by MTT assay. It is worth noting that the antitumor activities of compounds 2c, 2d and 2f are more potent than that of sorafenib on pancreatic cancer cells Mia-PaCa-2 and SW1990, and the activities of compounds 3f and 3g are 2-3 times than that of sorafenib on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line.

[Clinical and coronary features of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with coronary artery disease].

OBJECTIVES: To observe the clinical and coronary features of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Among 2877 SLE inpatients (age ≥ 18 years, male 363, female 2514) admitted in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 1999 to October 2009, 33 patients [mean age (50.7 ± 12.8) years] were diagnosed with CAD and coronary angiogram was available in 20 out of these 33 patients. Clinical and coronary features of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The incidence of CAD was significantly higher in male SLE patients than in female patients [2.48% (9/363) vs. 0.95% (24/2514), P = 0.022]. Patients with secondary antiphospholipid syndrome were more likely to suffer from CAD [5.76% (8/139) vs. 0.91% (25/2738), P < 0.001]. Myocardial infarction was the major form of CAD (24/33). Coronary artery angiographic changes included coronary stenosis and occlusions, coronary aneurysms and acute thrombosis and multi-vessel lesions was found in 75.0% (15/20) patients with SLE and CAD. CONCLUSIONS: Male SLE patients and patients with secondary antiphospholipid syndrome are at higher risk for CAD. Myocardial infarction and multi-vessel lesions are common in SLE patients with CAD.

Carex borealifujianica (Cyperaceae), a new species of the core Carex clade from Fujian, southeastern China.

A new species, Carex borealifujianica Y.F. Lu & X.F. Jin (Cyperaceae, sect. Occlusae of core Carex clade) is described and illustrated from northern Fujian, China. In addition to morphological comparisons with its relatives, comparative micromorphology of utricles and achenes of seven species in Carex sect. Occlusae was examined. Micromorphology of utricles and achenes revealed the similarity of Carex borealifujianica and C. ligulata. Morphologically, this new species is similar to Carex ligulata in having lateral spikes remote and densely flowered, as well as utricles densely hispidulous, but differs in having 2 or 3 narrowly clavate staminate spikes, leaves 2.5-5 mm wide with sheaths sparsely pilose, and achenes emarginate at the apex. The phylogenetic analysis from two nuclear DNA regions (ETS and ITS) and two chloroplast DNA regions (matK and trnL-F) of 68 taxa resolved C. borealifujianica as a distinct species.

Notes on Carex (Cyperaceae) from China (VIII): five new species and a new variety from southern and south-western China.

Our field surveys and specimen examination of Carex from southern to south-western regions in China resulted in the discovery of five new species and one new variety, which are here named as Carexbrevihispida X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu (in sect. Surculosae), C.puberuliutriculata Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin (sect. Clandestinae), C.paratatsiensis Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin (sect. Aulocystis), C.huanjiangensis S.Yun Liang ex Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin (sect. Decorae), C.liangiana X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu and C.thibeticaFranch.var.angustifolia X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu (sect. Rhomboidales).

Torreyadapanshanica (Taxaceae), a new species of gymnosperm from Zhejiang, East China.

Torreyadapanshanica X.F.Jin, Y.F.Lu & Zi L.Chen, a new species endemic to central Zhejiang, East China, is described and illustrated. This new species is most similar to T.jiulongshanensis (Z.Y.Li, Z.C.Tang & N.Kang) C.C.Pan, J.L.Liu & X.F.Jin, but differs in having leaves with an acuminate apex (vs. leaves with an acute apex), broadly ovoid-globose or globose seeds (vs. obovoid to narrowly obovoid seeds), slightly emarginate at the apex and obtuse-rounded at the base (vs. both acute at the apex and base), testa with irregular shallow grooves (vs. testa smooth or sometimes slightly concave). The diagnostic characters are critically compared and an IUCN assessment for the risk to the new species is estimated.

[Effects of hemoglobin levels on long-term prognosis in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of hemoglobin (Hb) levels on long-term prognosis in the patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: A total of 150 patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2005 to December 2007 were enrolled. They were divided into 2 groups: Hb < 120 g/L group (n = 21) and Hb ≥ 120 g/L group (n = 129). The mean clinical follow-up period was 3 years (range: 41.4 ± 16.1 months). The differences of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including death, acute myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis & stent restenosis), were observed between two groups. RESULTS: The parameters of infarction site, infarction relative artery, 2-vessel disease, 3-vessel disease, Killip class ≥ II, drug-eluting stent, TIMI grade 3 flow, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, obesity, aspirin and clopidogrel use were not different between two groups (all P > 0.05). The rate of diabetes was significantly higher in Hb < 120 g/L group than that in Hb ≥ 120 g/L group (47.62% vs 18.60%, P = 0.0032). The mean age and symptom-onset-to balloon-time (SOTB) were significantly higher in Hb < 120 g/L group than that in Hb ≥ 120 g/L group (68.5 ± 9.2 vs 61.2 ± 12.2 years, P < 0.0001; 8.8 ± 10.5 vs 6.3 ± 5.0 h, P < 0.0001). The mean LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction)(%) and rate of complete revascularization were significantly lower in Hb < 120 g/L group than that in Hb ≥ 120 g/L group (51.25 ± 11.34 vs 58.79 ± 10.38, P < 0.0001; 61.9% vs 86.8%, P = 0.0045). Logistic regression analysis showed that LVEF was an independent predictor of MACE during the follow-up period (P = 0.0140). During a 3-year follow-up, MACE occurred in 16 patients. The incidence of MACE was significantly higher in Hb < 120 g/L group than that in Hb ≥ 120 g/L group (33.33% vs 6.98%, P = 0.0003); Moreover the all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality were significantly higher in Hb < 120 g/L group than those in Hb ≥ 120 g/L group (28.57% vs 3.10%, P < 0.0001; 23.81% vs 2.33%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In the patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention, hemoglobin level < 120 g/L at baseline is markedly associated with adverse outcomes and an elevated incidence of MACE and mortality during the follow-up period.

[Long-term outcome analysis of patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with prior ischemic stroke].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with prior ischemic stroke. METHODS: A total of 2053 patients underwent PCI in Peking union medical college hospital from January 2003 to December 2007 were included in this analysis and patients were followed up to December 2009. End-point included all-cause mortality, cardiac death, stent thrombosis, target-lesion revascularization, myocardial infarction, re-cerebral infarction. Major bleeding events were recorded during follow-up. RESULTS: There are 1945 coronary heart disease patients were followed up and 222 patients with prior ischemic stroke. Compared patients without prior ischemic stroke, patients with prior ischemic stroke were older (P = 0.000), had higher hypertension morbidity (P = 0.000), higher diabetes mellitus morbidity (P = 0.005), higher incidence of multi-vessels disease (P = 0.000). During the follow-up of (35.0 ± 19.6) months, cardiac death rate (8.5% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.002) and re-cerebral infarction rate (5.8% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.000) were higher in patients with prior ischemic stroke than patients without prior ischemic stroke. Dual antiplatelet therapy treatment time [(13.77 ± 11.33) months vs. (13.94 ± 11.33) months, P = 0.986] and major bleeding events (5.8% vs. 3.6%, P = 0.100) were similar between the two groups and cerebral hemorrhage rate (1.8% vs. 0.5%, P = 0.028) were higher in patients with prior ischemic stroke than patients without prior ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION: Patients with prior ischemic stroke were associated with increased rate of risk factors, multiple coronary artery disease, cardiac death and re-cerebral infarction and higher cerebral hemorrhage rate during follow-up despite similar dual-anti platelet therapy time.

[Clinical and coronary angiographic features of patients with systemic vasculitis and coronary artery disease].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and coronary angiographic features of patients with systemic vasculitis and coronary artery disease. METHOD: Fifteen patients (11 male) with systemic vasculitis and coronary artery diseases admitted to our hospital from January 1999 to October 2009 were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 6 patients with Behcet's disease, 3 patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome, 2 patients with Takayasu arteritis, 1 patient with polyarteritis nodosa, 1 patient with microscopic polyangiitis, 1 patient with Wegner's granulomatosis and 1 patient with Kawasaki disease. Mean age of this cohort was (39.3 ± 11.9) years. Adverse coronary events occurred in 4 patients during the inactive phase of systemic vasculitis and in 9 patients during the active phase of systemic vasculitis. Twelve patients were hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction, 2 with angina pectoris and 1 with cardiac tamponade. There were 3 patients with acute left ventricular dysfunction and 3 patients with severe arrhythmias. Compared to patients in the inactive phase, patients in the active phase were younger [(32.4 ± 8.1) years vs. (47.0 ± 10.2) years], had less risk factors for atherosclerosis (1.2 ± 1.5 to 2.8 ± 1.7) and the time intervals between coronary artery disease and systemic vasculitis was shorter [0 - 7 years (average 1.6 years) to 3 - 30 years (average 17.7 years)]. Coronary angiography evidenced coronary stenosis or occlusions in 11 patients, coronary aneurysm and acute thrombosis in 1 patient, coronary aneurysms and occlusions in 1 patient and coronary spasm in 2 patients. LVEF measured by echocardiography was less than 50% in 8 patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with various systemic vasculitis could develop severe coronary artery disease due to coronary stenosis/occlusion, aneurysma, thrombosis and coronary spasm.

Two new species and a new combination from Zhejiang, East China.

As the supplement of the flora of Zhejiang, East China, two new species were described with illustrations. Cerastiumhuadingense Y.F.Lu, W.Y.Xie & X.F.Jin (Caryophyllaceae) differs from C.qingliangfengicum in having sterile stems absent, leaves sessile, petals slightly longer than sepals, and stamens slightly shorter than sepals. Ixeridiumdimorphifolium Y.L.Xu, Y.F.Lu & X.Cai (Asteraceae) differs from I.beauverdianum in having plant stoloniferous, basal leaves dimorphic, involucre 8‒10 mm long, inner phyllaries 8, and florets 7‒10. Paraphlomissetulosa C.Y.Wu & H.W.Li (Lamiaceae) was reviewed and morphological characters of the corolla and stamens of its type and the specimens collected in the field survey were critically examined. With barbate anthers and strongly divergent anther cells, Paraphlomissetulosa was transferred to Sinopogonanthera, and S.setulosa (C.Y.Wu & H.W.Li) H.W.Zhang & X.F.Jin was consequently combined.

Analysis of Brassica rapa ESTs: gene discovery and expression patterns of AP2/ERF family genes.

Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) is among the most important vegetables and is widely cultivated in world. Genes in the AP2/ERF family encode transcriptional regulators that serve a variety of functions in the plants. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are created by partially sequencing randomly isolated gene transcripts and have proved valuable in molecular biology. Starting from the database with 142 947 ESTs of B. rapa, 62 putative AP2/ERF family genes were identified by in silico cloning using the conserved AP2/ERF domain amino acid sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana as a probe. Based on the number of AP2/ERF domains and functions of the genes, the AP2/ERF transcription factors from B. rapa were classified into four subfamilies (DREB, ERF, AP2 and RAV). Using large-scale available EST information as a source of expression data for digital expression profiling, differentially detected genes were identified among diverse plant tissues. Roots contained the largest number of transcripts of the AP2/ERF family genes, followed by leaves and seeds. Only a few of the 62 AP2/ERF family genes were detected in all tissues: most were detected only in some tissues but not in others. The maximum detected was that of BraERF-B2-5, and it was recorded from seed tissue.

[Effect of duration of clopidogrel use on clinical follow-up outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effect of duration of clopidogrel use on clinical follow-up outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: A total of 214 patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2005 to December 2007 were enrolled. All patients were divided into two groups by duration of clopidogrel use: <1 year group (n=59) and > or =1 years group (n=155). Baseline characteristics [age, gender, angiographic characteristics, Killip classification, LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction) , CK (creatine kinase), CK-MB, CTnI (cardiac troponin-I), hemoglobin levels and history of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity and smoking] of two groups were collected. Clinical follow-up end-point was major adverse cardiac event (MACE) including death, acute myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and stent restenosis. Clinical follow-up duration was 41.6 +/- 16.3 months. MACE occurred in 28 patients. RESULTS: Rates of male, infarction site, infarction relative artery, multivessel disease, Killip classification (class I), aspirin use and history of smoking, obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia were not different (P > 0.05) in duration of clopidogrel use <1 year group and > or =1 years group. Average LVEF, hemoglobin levels and rate of drug-eluting stents were significantly lower in duration of clopidogrel use <1 year group than that in duration of clopidogrel use > or =1 years group (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P = 0.0065). Average CK, CK-MB, CTnI were significantly higher in duration of clopidogrel use > or =1 years group than that in duration of clopidogrel use <1 year group (P < 0.0001). Rate of diabetes and average age were significantly higher in duration of clopidogrel use <1 year group than that in duration of clopidogrel use > or =1 years group (P = 0.0190, P < 0.0001). Incidence of MACE in follow-up period was significantly lower in duration of clopidogrel use > or =1 years group than that in duration of clopidogrel use < 1 year group (6.45% vs. 30.51%, P < 0.01). After stopping clopidogrel use, incidence of MACE in followup period was significantly lower in duration of clopidogrel use > or =1 years group than that in duration of clopidogrel use <1 year group (2.58% vs. 20. 34%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is an effective therapeutic method. Incidence of MACE in follow-up period was significantly lower in duration of clopidogrel use > or =1 years group than that in duration of clopidogrel use <1 year group. Duration of clopidogrel use may influence clinical outcomes in follow-up period in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Impatiens wuyiensis (Balsaminaceae), a new species from Fujian of Southeast China, based on morphological and molecular evidences.

BACKGROUND: Southeast Asia, together with tropical Africa, Madagascar, South India and Sri Lanka, and the eastern Himalayas, are the five primary hotspots of species diversity of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae). China is also rich in Impatiens species, especially in the limestone karsts or 'Danxia' landforms. With zygomorphic flowers and diverse corolla morphology and color, the species in Impatiens are well-known for their ornamental use, but they are also notorious in taxonomy. During the preparation of revision of Impatiens in Zhejiang and adjacent regions, an unknown species was collected from Mt. Wuyi in Fujian Province, Southeast China. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ITS, chloroplast atpB-rbcL and trnL-F sequences, together with micromorphology of pollen grains and seed coats, strongly supported the close relationship of the new species with Impatiens platysepala Y.L.Chen and I. chloroxantha Y.L.Chen. In turn, both molecular data and morphological characters also were sufficient to distinguish the new species from the other two counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Our detailed morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses support the recognition of Impatiens wuyiensis as a species new to science.

[Clinical manifestations of premenopausal women with coronary arterial disease].

OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical characteristics among premenopausal women with coronary arterial disease (CAD) with or without atherosclerosis (AS) and postmenopausal women with CAD. METHODS: The clinical and coronary angiographic data, traditional risk factors (age, smoking, blood pressure, lipid profile, blood glucose, BMI, family history) were compared among premenopause (Pre-M, n=42) and post-menopause (Post-M, n=172) women with CAD as well as Pre-M patients with non-AS CAD (non-AS CAD, n=8). RESULTS: Compared with the Post-M patients with CAD, Pre-M CAD patients had significantly fewer traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, significantly more acute coronary syndrome and fewer previous history of chest pain, significantly more single vessel lesion and lower Gessini score (all P < 0. 01). The logistic regression results showed that obesity is an independent risk factor for the development of CAD in premenopausal women (OR = 3. 655, 95% CI: 1. 5-11.59, P = 0.028). Hypertension (OR = 4.73, 95% CI: 0.991-22.589, P = 0.051) and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 4.68, 95% CI: 0.971-22.564, P = 0.055) might also contribute to the development of CAD in these patients. Clinical characteristics were similar between Pre-M and non-AS CAD patients (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-M CAD patients had less traditional risk factors and lower coronary lesion score compared to post-M CAD patients. Obesity is an independent risk factor for Pre-M CAD. Non-AS coronary artery disease is also an important reason for the development of coronary arterial events in premenopausal women.