RESUMEN
A quick evaluation of the effectiveness of additives is important in lubricant formulation. In this study, we employed a friction-force measurement approach using a newly designed lateral force-controlled tribometer. This tribometer evaluates the lubricant properties under boundary lubrication. In this lateral force-controlled tribometer, the absence of a stiffness-altering sensor enables the modeling of the actual contact conditions without altering the contact stiffness. Indirect friction force measurement ensures precise measurements of friction properties while avoiding common measurement errors encountered in conventional tribometers, such as sensor misalignment and changes in the stiffness of the machine due to the sensor. The tribometer designed and built consists of a pendulum that measures the rate of dissipation of the oscillation amplitude as a function of time. The unique characteristics of the machine are the possibility of changing the energy input into the tribosystem without altering the tribo-contact conditions and the capability to do experiments at higher temperatures. To evaluate the capabilities of this tribometer, the impact of temperature on the frictional properties of a base oil and a blend of base oil and stearic acid (SA) (a prominent Organic Friction Modifier) is investigated. The test result shows that frictional energy dissipation decreases when stearic acid is present in the lubricant. And, as the temperature of the oil increases, the energy dissipation increases for pure base oil but reduces for the blend. The observed frictional trends are attributed to the decrease in the viscosity of the base oil with an increase in the temperature. The decrease in friction for the SA blend is attributed to tribofilm formation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirm the presence of the SA tribofilm on the surface. XPS indicates an increase in tribofilm quantity with rising temperatures. The kinetics of film formation and thickness increase with temperature, consequently reducing the friction in the SA blend.
RESUMEN
In this investigation, an attempt was made to develop a new high-strength and high-ductility aluminum metal-matrix composite. It was achieved by incorporating ceramic reinforcement into the metal which was formed in situ from a polymer by pyrolysis. A crosslinked PMHS polymer was introduced into commercially pure aluminum via friction stir processing (FSP). The distributed micro- and nano-sized polymer was then converted into ceramic particles by heating at 500 °C for 10 h and processed again via FSP. The produced composite showed a 2.5-fold increase in yield strength (to 119 MPa from 48 MPa) and 3.5-fold increase in tensile strength (to 286 MPa from 82 MPa) with respect to the base metal. The ductility was marginally reduced from 40% to 30%. The increase in strength is attributed to the grain refinement and the larger ceramic particles. High-temperature grain stability was obtained, with minimal loss to mechanical properties, up to 500 °C due to the Zenner pinning effect of the nano-sized ceramic particles at the grain boundaries. Fractures took place throughout the matrix up to 300 °C. Above 300 °C, the interfacial bonding between the particle and matrix became weak, and fractures took place at the particle-matrix interface.
RESUMEN
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and its derivatives have been clinically used as an acetabular liner material in total hip joint replacement (THR) over last six decades. Despite significant efforts, the longevity of UHMWPE implants is still impaired due to their compromised tribological performance, leading to osteolysis and aseptic loosening. The present study aims to critically evaluate and analyze the tribological performance, of the next generation acetabular liner material, that is, a chemically modified graphene oxide (GO) reinforced HDPE/UHMWPE (HU) bionanocomposite (HUmGO), against stainless steel (SS 316L) counterface in lubricated conditions. This work also provides a performance comparative assessment of HUmGO with respect to medical grades, UHMWPE (UC) and crosslinked UHMWPE (XL-UC). Significant attempts have been made to correlate the tribological properties (frictional behavior, wear rate, wear debris shape and size, wear mechanism) with the physicomechanical conditions (contact stresses) at sliding contact and the variation in molecular architecture of different UHMWPE materials. Additionally, an emphasis is put forward to critically anlyze the nature of lubrication regime based on the bearing characterstic parameters. HUmGO exhibited a lower COF (0.07) and specific wear rate (2.86 × 10-8 mm3/Nm) than UC and XL-UC under identical sliding conditions. The worn surfaces on HUmGO revealed the signatures of less abrasive wear and limited deformation. Based on the estimated lambda (λ) ratio and Sommerfield number, all the investigated sliding contacts exhibited boundary lubrication. Taken together, the modified GO reinforced HDPE/UHMWPE bionanocomposite can be considered as a new generation biomaterial for the fabrication of acetabular liner for hip-joint prosthesis.