The impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon emission intensity in China: Fresh evidence from novel dynamic ARDL simulations.

Given the dire state of global warming, it is critical to investigate the elements that influence carbon emissions intensity and to precisely monitor progress in carbon emissions intensity growth in order to meet the aim of lowering CO2 emissions. This research explores the association among renewable energy and non-renewable energy consumption, the urban population, research and development expenditure, technological innovation, and carbon emissions intensity in China using annual time series data over the period 1990 to 2019. The Dynamic ARDL simulation technique was utilized to investigate the long-run and short-run correlations between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and CEI. The results suggest that there is strong evidence of a long-run correlation between the variables. The findings indicate that in the long-run, renewable energy and non-renewable energy consumption, and research and development expenditure have a positive influence on CEI by 0.27%, 0.75%, and 0.21%, whereas the urban population has a negative influence by 2.31%, respectively. However, the urban population and technological innovation have positively affected the short-run CEI by 12.17% and 0.23%, respectively. Policies should focus on continuous investment in renewable energy sources, clean energy innovation, improving energy efficiency, forest restoration, and carbon neutrality initiatives to lessen the environmental extreme pressure associated with CO2 emissions.

Foreign direct investment, financial development, energy consumption, and air quality: A way for carbon neutrality in China.

Air quality is a social, economical, and health issue for fast-developing countries such as China. Due to the overuse of nonrenewable energy, industrialization, and the population put pressure on air quality, which seriously threatens public health and economic growth. This study focuses on air quality and also aims to investigate the short-and long-run correlation between foreign direct investment, energy consumption, domestic credit, and financial development. The Autoregressive distributed lag model and the Granger non-causality test were carried out over the period from 1985 to 2018. The main findings of this study show a positive and significant long-run impact of energy consumption on air quality. In addition, domestic credit and financial development similarly show a significant positive short-run association with air quality. Moreover, the unidirectional causality correlation running from foreign direct investment and domestic credit to air quality was concluded by the Granger non-causality test. Considering the empirical analysis, this study suggests that domestic financial institutions should offer credit to industries at a low-interest rate in order to help them to switch from non-renewable to renewable energy consumption towards the promotion of sustainable and healthy air quality.

Bioenergy consumption, carbon emissions, and agricultural bioeconomic growth: A systematic approach to carbon neutrality in China.

China is the world's largest fossil fuel consumer and carbon emitter country. In September 2020, China pledged to reduce carbon emissions, and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to the literature and show the pictorial nexus of bioenergy and fossil fuel consumption, carbon emission, and agricultural bioeconomic growth, a new pathway towards carbon neutrality. For this study, time-series data from 1971 to 2019 were used to analyze the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing and novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (DYNARDL) simulation models. Initially, the unit root tests results showed that all variables were stationarity at the level and first difference. The presence of cointegration between selected variables was confirmed by the results from ARDL bound test. In addition, the results of long-run and short-run nexus show an increase in bioenergy consumption that caused an increase in agricultural bioeconomic growth both in the long and short-run nexus. A decrease in fossil fuel consumption was shown to result in increased agricultural bioeconomic growth with respect to both long- and short-term effects. Furthermore, the results of the novel dynamic ARDL simulation model demonstrated that a 10% positive shock from bioenergy consumption caused an increase in agricultural bioeconomic growth, while at the same time, a 10% negative shock in bioenergy consumption led to a decrease. A 10% negative shock from fossil fuels caused an increase in agricultural bioeconomic growth, whereas a 10% positive shock from fossil fuels led to a decrease. Therefore, this study suggests that China needs to switch from fossil fuel and other non-renewable energy consumption to sources of bioenergy and other renewable energy consumption to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.

Exploring the impact of carbon emissions and co-macroeconomic determinants on China's sustainable apple export.

China is the foremost global consumer, producer, and exporter of fresh apples. In 2021, China produced roughly 44 million tons of apples and exported just over 1 million tons, a nearly 2% increase over the previous year. However, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had a detrimental impact on global trade and has led to a decrease in China's agricultural exports. The present study aims to contribute to the existing body of literature by analyzing plausible macroeconomic determinants that might impact China's apple exports. We used novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (DYARDL) simulations to model causal relationships among fundamental economic parameters. We made use of annual time series data from 1990 to 2020 from the World Bank and China's national statistical bureau. We found that increases in apple orchard area, apple production, and trade openness had a positive impact on apple exports over both the short and long term. Conversely, decreases in the prices of exported apples, agrochemicals, and carbon emissions in the agricultural sector had a positive impact on the long-term and short-term exportation of apples. Finally, we note that pictographic illustrations from the DYARDL simulations provide corroborative evidence for our findings. Based on the study results, this study proposes that the adoption of technological advancements in apple orchards could potentially enhance apple production while simultaneously upholding environmental sustainability.

Can environmentally friendly technology help China to achieve a carbon neutrality target by 2060? An asymmetrical based study in China.

Climate change-related environmental challenges are prompting an increasing number of countries to set carbon-neutral targets. Since 2007, China has pursued numerous initiatives to attain carbon neutrality by 2060, including increasing the percentage of non-fossil energy, developing zero-emission and low-emission technologies, and taking actions that reduce CO2 emissions or boost carbon sinks. As a result, utilizing quarterly data from 2008/Q1 to 2021/Q4, and applying the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the measures taken by China to improve the ecological situation. The results of the study show that the measures enacted to reduce CO2 emissions did not accomplish their ultimate purpose. Specifically: (i) high-speed railways and new energy vehicles do not improve the environment in the long run; (ii) investments and patents in the energy sector, as well as low-carbon sources, will degrade the environment; (iii) only investments in the treatment of environmental pollution will improve the ecological situation. Various policy implications are suggested based on the empirical results in order to attain environmental sustainability.

Dynamic linkage between industrialization, energy consumption, carbon emission, and agricultural products export of Pakistan: an ARDL approach.

This study aims to contribute to the literature and examine the causal relationship between Pakistan's agricultural products export, industrialization, urbanization, transportation, energy consumption, and carbon emissions. For the last four decades, time-series data were used to employ short-run and long-run nexus between the selected variables by analyzing the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). The Granger causality test was analyzed to estimate the causality directions. The unit root test results indicate that all the selected variables are stationary at the level and first difference. The bound test confirmed that all variables are cointegrated at a 1% significance level. Long-run estimates suggest that an increase in energy consumption will increase the export of agricultural products. An increase in urbanization, transportation, and carbon emission resulted in a decrease in agricultural products export in Pakistan. In the short run, an increase in industrialization, transportation, and energy consumption leads to an increase in agricultural products export. Increasing urbanization and carbon emission decrease the agricultural products export of Pakistan. Based on our findings, we recommend sustainable agricultural production, renewable energy consumption, low carbon emission technologies, and a green portfolio for sustainable agricultural products export.

Potential of Kazakhstan's grain export trade / O potencial do comércio de exportação de grãos do Cazaquistão

ABSTRACT: Kazakhstan is located in the hinterland of Central Asia. Its virtuous geographical advantages and huge grain production potential make it one of the most important grain exporters in the world. The research on the problem of the grain trade in Kazakhstan is of great significance for food security. This study measured its international competitiveness using the International Market Share Index, the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Trade competitiveness index and calculated the international competitiveness and analyzed the influencing factors of grain export by constructing an extended gravity model and measured its export potential. Results showed that Kazakhstan has a low share of the international grain market; however, wheat, barley, and buckwheat have strong export advantages; the level of economic development and economic distance has significantly promoted the scale of grain exports. While geographical distance, the difference in GDP per capita, and the fact whether trading partner countries have joined the Eurasian Economic Union have caused obstacles to grain exports. Kazakhstan's export potential to 6 countries including Russia, Kyrgyzstan and China shows an upward" trend, its export potential to 6 countries including Tajikistan and Ukraine showing a "stable" trend, and its export to 9 countries included Poland and Germany. The potential showed a "declining" trend.

RESUMO: O Cazaquistão está localizado no interior da Ásia Central. Suas virtuosas vantagens geográficas e grande potencial de produção de grãos a tornam um dos exportadores de grãos mais importantes do mundo. A pesquisa sobre o problema do comércio de grãos no Cazaquistão é de grande importância para a segurança alimentar. Este estudo mede sua competitividade internacional por meio do índice IMS, índice RCA, índice TC e calcula a competitividade internacional e analisa os fatores influenciadores da exportação de grãos por meio da construção de um modelo gravimétrico estendido e mede seu potencial exportador. Os resultados mostram que o Cazaquistão tem uma baixa participação no mercado internacional de grãos; no entanto, trigo, cevada e trigo sarraceno têm fortes vantagens de exportação; o nível de desenvolvimento econômico e a distância econômica têm promovido significativamente a escala das exportações de grãos. Embora a distância geográfica, a diferença no PIB per capita e o fato de os países parceiros comerciais terem aderido à União Econômica da Eurásia têm causado obstáculos às exportações de grãos. O potencial de exportação do Cazaquistão para seis países, incluindo Rússia, Quirguistão e China mostra uma tendência de "alta", seu potencial de exportação para seis países, incluindo Tajiquistão e Ucrânia, mostra uma tendência" estável "e sua exportação para nove países, incluindo Polônia e Alemanha. O potencial mostra uma tendência de "declínio".

Climate change impacts on agriculture sector: A case study of Pakistan / Impactos das mudanças climáticas no setor agrícola: um estudo de caso do Paquistão

ABSTRACT: The current article looks at the effects of climate change on agriculture, especially crop production, and influence factors of agricultural development in terms of their rational use in Pakistan. Due to the dependence of economic development, and agriculture in the South Asian region on access to renewable national resources and the associated vulnerability to climate change, the limited financial and professional resources of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan require a clear definition of national priorities in this area. In the preparation of this article, general scientific cognition methods, in particular, empirical-theoretical methods were used. Grouping and classification methods have been used to process and systematize the data. The ability to change productivity, depending on the variation of the average annual air temperature and the average annual precipitation rate, was considered using a two-factor regression model. The main finding of the study is that temperature and precipitation have a negative impact on agricultural production. This study can provide a scientific justification for the specialization of agricultural production in the regions of Pakistan as well as the execution of the necessary agricultural activities.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo é examinar os efeitos das mudanças climáticas na agricultura, especialmente a produção agrícola e os fatores de influência do desenvolvimento agrícola em termos de uso racional no Paquistão. Devido à dependência do desenvolvimento econômico e da agricultura na região do sul da Ásia do acesso a recursos nacionais renováveis ​​e à vulnerabilidade associada às mudanças climáticas, os recursos financeiros e profissionais limitados da República Islâmica do Paquistão exigem uma definição clara das prioridades nacionais nessa área. Na preparação deste artigo, foram utilizados métodos gerais de cognição científica, em particular métodos teórico-empíricos. Os métodos de agrupamento e classificação foram utilizados para processar e sistematizar os dados. A capacidade de alterar a produtividade, dependendo da variação da temperatura média anual do ar e da taxa média anual de precipitação, foi considerada usando um modelo de regressão de dois fatores. A principal descoberta do estudo é que a temperatura e a precipitação têm um impacto negativo na produção agrícola. Este estudo pode fornecer uma justificativa científica para a especialização da produção agrícola nas regiões do Paquistão, bem como a execução das atividades agrícolas necessárias.