Tcf7l2 in hepatocytes regulates de novo lipogenesis in diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with type 2 diabetes may more easily progress towards severe forms of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Although the Wnt effector transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is closely associated with type 2 diabetes risk, the role of TCF7L2 in NAFLD development remains unclear. Here, we investigated how changes in TCF7L2 expression in the liver affects hepatic lipid metabolism based on the major risk factors of NAFLD development. METHODS: Tcf7l2 was selectively ablated in the liver of C57BL/6N mice by inducing the albumin (Alb) promoter to recombine Tcf7l2 alleles floxed at exon 5 (liver-specific Tcf7l2-knockout [KO] mice: Alb-Cre;Tcf7l2f/f). Alb-Cre;Tcf7l2f/f and their wild-type (Tcf7l2f/f) littermates were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) for 22 weeks to reproduce NAFLD/NASH. Mice were refed a standard chow diet or an HCD to stimulate de novo lipogenesis (DNL) or fed an HFD to provide exogenous fatty acids. We analysed glucose and insulin sensitivity, metabolic respiration, mRNA expression profiles, hepatic triglyceride (TG), hepatic DNL, selected hepatic metabolites, selected plasma metabolites and liver histology. RESULTS: Alb-Cre;Tcf7l2f/f essentially exhibited increased lipogenic genes, but there were no changes in hepatic lipid content in mice fed a normal chow diet. However, following 22 weeks of diet-induced NAFLD/NASH conditions, liver steatosis was exacerbated owing to preferential metabolism of carbohydrate over fat. Indeed, hepatic Tcf7l2 deficiency enhanced liver lipid content in a manner that was dependent on the duration and amount of exposure to carbohydrates, owing to cell-autonomous increases in hepatic DNL. Mechanistically, TCF7L2 regulated the transcriptional activity of Mlxipl (also known as ChREBP) by modulating O-GlcNAcylation and protein content of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), and targeted Srebf1 (also called SREBP1) via miRNA (miR)-33-5p in hepatocytes. Eventually, restoring TCF7L2 expression at the physiological level in the liver of Alb-Cre;Tcf7l2f/f mice alleviated liver steatosis without altering body composition under both acute and chronic HCD conditions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In mice, loss of hepatic Tcf7l2 contributes to liver steatosis by inducing preferential metabolism of carbohydrates via DNL activation. Therefore, TCF7L2 could be a promising regulator of the NAFLD associated with high-carbohydrate diets and diabetes since TCF7L2 deficiency may lead to development of NAFLD by promoting utilisation of excess glucose pools through activating DNL. DATA AVAILABILITY: RNA-sequencing data have been deposited into the NCBI GEO under the accession number GSE162449 ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE162449 ).

Synthesis and biological evaluation of xanthine derivatives with phenacyl group as tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) inhibitors for obesity and fatty liver disease.

Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) has emerged as a target for the treatment of metabolic diseases including obesity and fatty liver disease. A series of xanthine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their TPH1 inhibition. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 40 showed good in vitro activity and liver microsomal stability. Docking studies revealed that compound 40 showed better binding to TPH1 via key intermolecular interactions involving the xanthine scaffold, imidazo-thiazolyl ring, and hydroxyl-containing phenacyl moiety. In addition, compound 40 effectively suppressed the adipocyte differentiation of 3 T3-L1 cells.

Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Promote Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration.

Wound healing is a complex process involving cell proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes derived from adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are emerging as promising alternatives to cell therapy for advanced wound healing. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a major component of the skin ECM, is widely utilized in wound dressings and dermal fillers. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ASC-derived exosomes (ASC-EXOs) on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and their potential combination with HA in in vivo wound healing and dermal filler models. In HDFs, ASC-EXOs increased cell proliferation and migration. ASC-EXOs also upregulated the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and wound healing while stimulating collagen production in HDFs. In a porcine wound healing model, topical treatment with a combination of HA and ASC-EXOs led to higher wound closure rates compared to HA alone. Histological examination showed increased re-epithelialization and collagen type III deposition in wounds treated with the combination of HA and ASC-EXOs. In a mouse dermal filler model, tissues injected with the combination of HA and ASC-EXOs exhibited thicker tissue layers, increased vascularization, enhanced infiltration of myofibroblasts, and higher levels of collagen III and collagen fiber content compared to HA alone. These findings suggest that ASC-EXOs have beneficial effects on cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression related to wound healing, and they may accelerate wound closure and promote tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the combination of HA and ASC-EXOs may enhance wound healing and tissue remodeling, indicating its potential for both clinical and regenerative aesthetic applications in skin repair and regeneration.

Anti-Cancer Effects of a New Herbal Medicine PSY by Inhibiting the STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells and Its Phytochemical Analysis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an inflammation-associated common cancer worldwide. Paejang-san and Mori Cortex Radicis have been traditionally used for treating intestinal inflammatory diseases in Korea and China. In the present study, we developed a new herbal formula as an alternative to CRC treatments, which is composed of two main components of Paejangsan (Patriniae Radix (Paejang in Korean) and Coix Seed (Yiyiin in Korean)), and Mori Cortex Radicis (Sangbekpi in Korean) based on the addition and subtraction theory in traditional medicine, hence the name PSY, and explored the potential therapeutic effects of the new formula PSY in human CRC cells by analyzing viability, cell cycle and apoptosis. We found that PSY ethanol extract (EtOH-Ex), but not water extract, significantly suppressed the viability of human CRC cells, and synergistically decreased the cell proliferation compared to each treatment of Patriniae Radix and Coix Seed extract (PY) or Mori Cortex Radicis extract (S), suggesting the combination of PY and S in a 10-to-3 ratio for the formula PSY. PSY EtOH-Ex in the combination ratio reduced cell viability but induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M and sub-G1 phases as well as apoptosis in CRC cells. In addition, the experimental results of Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and reporter assays showed that PSY also inhibited STAT3 by reducing its phosphorylation and nuclear localization, which resulted in lowering STAT3-mediated transcriptional activation. In addition, PSY regulated upstream signaling molecules of STAT3 by inactivating JAK2 and Src and increasing SHP1. Moreover, the chemical profiles of PSY from UPLC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS analysis revealed 38 phytochemicals, including seven organic acids, eight iridoids, two lignans, twelve prenylflavonoids, eight fatty acids, and one carbohydrate. Furthermore, 21 potentially bioactive compounds were highly enriched in the PSY EtOH-Ex compared to the water extract. Together, these results indicate that PSY suppresses the proliferation of CRC cells by inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting PSY as a potential therapeutic agent for treating CRC and 21 EtOH-Ex-enriched phytochemicals as anti-cancer drug candidates which may act by inhibiting STAT3.

Ribes fasciculatum Ameliorates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity by Elevating Peripheral Thermogenic Signaling.

Ribes fasciculatum has been consumed as a food and as a traditional medicine for treating autoimmune diseases and aging in diverse countries. A previous study showed that a mixture of Ribes fasciculatum and Cornus officinalis prohibited adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and suppressed diet-induced obesity. Nevertheless, the mechanism of R. fasciculatum to regulate energy homeostasis solely through thermogenic signaling remains unclear. Thus, we investigated its effects on energy homeostasis using R. fasciculatum fed to C57BL/6 mice with a 45% high-fat diet. Chronic consumption of R. fasciculatum decreased the body weight of obese mice with increasing food intakes and improved metabolic-syndrome-related phenotypes. Therefore, we further tested its thermogenic effects. Cold chamber experiments and qPCR studies indicated that R. fasciculatum elevated thermogenic signaling pathways, demonstrated by increased body temperature and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in the white and brown adipose tissues. Afzelin is one major known compound derived from R. fasciculatum. Hence, the isolated compound afzelin was treated with preadipocytes and brown adipocytes for cell viability and luciferase assay, respectively, to further examine its thermogenic effect. The studies showed that the response of afzelin was responsible for cell viability and the increased UCP1. In conclusion, our data indicated that R. fasciculatum elevated peripheral thermogenic signaling through increased UCP1 via afzelin activation and ameliorated diet-induced obesity.

Identification of New Non-BBB Permeable Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitors for Treating Obesity and Fatty Liver Disease.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan) is a hormone that regulates emotions in the central nervous system. However, serotonin in the peripheral system is associated with obesity and fatty liver disease. Because serotonin cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we focused on identifying new tryptophan hydroxylase type I (TPH1) inhibitors that act only in peripheral tissues for treating obesity and fatty liver disease without affecting the central nervous system. Structural optimization inspired by para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) resulted in the identification of a series of oxyphenylalanine and heterocyclic phenylalanine derivatives as TPH1 inhibitors. Among these compounds, compound 18i with an IC50 value of 37 nM was the most active in vitro. Additionally, compound 18i showed good liver microsomal stability and did not significantly inhibit CYP and Herg. Furthermore, this TPH1 inhibitor was able to actively interact with the peripheral system without penetrating the BBB. Compound 18i and its prodrug reduced body weight gain in mammals and decreased in vivo fat accumulation.

Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 Is Essential for the Meiosis of Male Germ Cells.

Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is a major enzyme responsible for the formation of methylarginine in mammalian cells; however, its function in vivo is not well understood due to its early embryonic lethality in null mice exhibiting spontaneous DNA damage, cell cycle delays, and defects in check point activation. Here, we generated germ cell-specific Prmt1 knock-out (KO) mice to evaluate the function of PRMT1 in spermatogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that PRMT1 is vital for male fertility in mice. Spermatogenesis in Prmt1 KO mice was arrested at the zygotene-like stage of the first meiotic division due to an elevated number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). There was a loss of methylation in meiotic recombination 11 (MRE11), the key endonuclease in MRE11/RAD50/NBS 1 (MRN) complex, resulting in the accumulation of SPO11 protein in DSBs. The ATM-mediated negative feedback control over SPO11 was lost and, consequently, the repair pathway of DSBs was highly affected in PRMT1 deficient male germ cells. Our findings provide a novel insight into the role of PRMT1-mediated asymmetric demethylation in mouse spermatogenesis.

A Systems Biology Approach to Investigating the Interaction between Serotonin Synthesis by Tryptophan Hydroxylase and the Metabolic Homeostasis.

Obesity has become a global public health and economic problem. Obesity is a major risk factor for a number of complications, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and cancer. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is a biogenic monoamine that plays various roles in metabolic homeostasis. It is well known that central 5-HT regulates appetite and mood. Several 5-HT receptor agonists and selective serotonin receptor uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have shown beneficial effects on appetite and mood control in clinics. Although several genetic polymorphisms related to 5-HT synthesis and its receptors are strongly associated with obesity, there is little evidence of the role of peripheral 5-HT in human metabolism. In this study, we performed a systemic analysis of transcriptome data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEX) database. We investigated the expression of 5-HT and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT biosynthesis, in the human brain and peripheral tissues. We also performed differential gene expression analysis and predicted changes in metabolites by comparing gene expressions of tissues with high TPH expression to the gene expressions of tissues with low TPH expression. Our analyses provide strong evidence that serotonin plays an important role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in humans.

An adipocyte-specific defect in oxidative phosphorylation increases systemic energy expenditure and protects against diet-induced obesity in mouse models.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is essential for energy production and survival. However, the tissue-specific and systemic metabolic effects of OxPhos function in adipocytes remain incompletely understood. METHODS: We used adipocyte-specific Crif1 (also known as Gadd45gip1) knockout (AdKO) mice with decreased adipocyte OxPhos function. AdKO mice fed a normal chow or high-fat diet were evaluated for glucose homeostasis, weight gain and energy expenditure (EE). RNA sequencing of adipose tissues was used to identify the key mitokines affected in AdKO mice, which included fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). For in vitro analysis, doxycycline was used to pharmacologically decrease OxPhos in 3T3L1 adipocytes. To identify the effects of GDF15 and FGF21 on the metabolic phenotype of AdKO mice, we generated AdKO mice with global Gdf15 knockout (AdGKO) or global Fgf21 knockout (AdFKO). RESULTS: Under high-fat diet conditions, AdKO mice were resistant to weight gain and exhibited higher EE and improved glucose tolerance. In vitro pharmacological and in vivo genetic inhibition of OxPhos in adipocytes significantly upregulated mitochondrial unfolded protein response-related genes and secretion of mitokines such as GDF15 and FGF21. We evaluated the metabolic phenotypes of AdGKO and AdFKO mice, revealing that GDF15 and FGF21 differentially regulated energy homeostasis in AdKO mice. Both mitokines had beneficial effects on obesity and insulin resistance in the context of decreased adipocyte OxPhos, but only GDF15 regulated EE in AdKO mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The present study demonstrated that the adipose tissue adaptive mitochondrial stress response affected systemic energy homeostasis via cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous pathways. We identified novel roles for adipose OxPhos and adipo-mitokines in the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis and EE, which facilitated adaptation of an organism to local mitochondrial stress.

Ectopic serotonin production in ß-cell specific transgenic mice.

Genetically modified mice have been widely used in the field of ß-cell research. However, analysis of results gathered using genetically modified organisms should be interpreted carefully as the results may be confounded by several factors. Here, we showed the ectopic serotonin (5-HT) production in ß-cells of RIP-CreMgn, MIP-GFP, and MIP-Cre/ERT mice. These mice contained a human growth hormone (hGH) cassette to enhance transgene expression and hGH expression and Stat5 phosphorylation were detected in pancreatic islets of these mice. The expression level of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) was upregulated in pancreatic islets of transgenic mice with an hGH cassette but not in transgenic mice without an hGH cassette. Ectopic 5-HT production was not observed in ß-cell-specific prolactin receptor (Prlr) knockout mice or Stat5 knockout mice crossed with RIP-CreMgn. We further confirmed that 5-HT production in ß-cells of several transgenic mice was induced by hGH expression followed by the activation of the Prlr-Stat5-Tph1 pathway. These findings indicate that results obtained using transgenic mice containing the hGH cassette should be interpreted with care.

Perilipin+ embryonic preadipocytes actively proliferate along growing vasculatures for adipose expansion.

Despite the growing interest in adipose tissue as a therapeutic target of metabolic diseases, the identity of adipocyte precursor cells (preadipocytes) and the formation of adipose tissue during embryonic development are still poorly understood. Here, we clarified the identity and dynamic processes of preadipocytes in mouse white adipose tissue during embryogenesis through direct examination, lineage tracing and culture systems. Surprisingly, we found that lipid-lacking but perilipin(+) or adiponectin(+) proliferating preadipocytes started to emerge at embryonic day 16.5, and these cells underwent active proliferation until birth. Moreover, these preadipocytes resided as clusters and were distributed along growing adipose vasculatures. Importantly, the embryonic preadipocytes exhibited considerable coexpression of stem cell markers, such as CD24, CD29 and PDGFRα, and a small portion of preadipocytes were derived from PDGFRß(+) mural cells, in contrast to the adult preadipocytes present in the stromal vascular fraction. Further analyses with in vitro and ex vivo culture systems revealed a stepwise but dynamic regulation of preadipocyte formation and differentiation during prenatal adipogenesis. To conclude, we unraveled the identity and characteristics of embryonic preadipocytes, which are crucial for the formation and expansion of adipose tissue during embryogenesis.

Gαi/o-coupled receptor signaling restricts pancreatic ß-cell expansion.

Gi-GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptors that signal via Gα proteins of the i/o class (Gαi/o), acutely regulate cellular behaviors widely in mammalian tissues, but their impact on the development and growth of these tissues is less clear. For example, Gi-GPCRs acutely regulate insulin release from pancreatic ß cells, and variants in genes encoding several Gi-GPCRs--including the α-2a adrenergic receptor, ADRA2A--increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, type 2 diabetes also is associated with reduced total ß-cell mass, and the role of Gi-GPCRs in establishing ß-cell mass is unknown. Therefore, we asked whether Gi-GPCR signaling regulates ß-cell mass. Here we show that Gi-GPCRs limit the proliferation of the insulin-producing pancreatic ß cells and especially their expansion during the critical perinatal period. Increased Gi-GPCR activity in perinatal ß cells decreased ß-cell proliferation, reduced adult ß-cell mass, and impaired glucose homeostasis. In contrast, Gi-GPCR inhibition enhanced perinatal ß-cell proliferation, increased adult ß-cell mass, and improved glucose homeostasis. Transcriptome analysis detected the expression of multiple Gi-GPCRs in developing and adult ß cells, and gene-deletion experiments identified ADRA2A as a key Gi-GPCR regulator of ß-cell replication. These studies link Gi-GPCR signaling to ß-cell mass and diabetes risk and identify it as a potential target for therapies to protect and increase ß-cell mass in patients with diabetes.

ß-cell serotonin production is associated with female sex, old age, and diabetes-free condition.

Serotonin is known to be present in pancreatic ß-cells and to play several physiological roles, including insulin secretion, ß-cell proliferation, and paracrine inhibition of α-cells. However, the serotonin production of different cell lines and islets has not been compared based on age, sex, and diabetes related conditions. Here, we directly compared the serotonin concentrations in ßTC and MIN6 cell lines, as well as in islets from mice using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The average serotonin concentration was 5-10 ng/mg protein in the islets of male and non-pregnant female mice. The serotonin level was higher in females than males at 8 weeks, although there was no difference at 1 year. Furthermore, we observed serotonin by immunofluorescence staining in the pancreatic tissues of mice and human. Serotonin was detected by immunofluorescence staining in a portion of ß-cells from islets of old female mice, but not of male or young female mice. A similar pattern was observed in human pancreas as well. In humans, serotonin production in ß-cells was associated with a diabetes-free condition. Thus, serotonin production in ß-cells was associated with old age, female sex, and diabetes-free condition.

Serotonin regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic ß cells during pregnancy.

In preparation for the metabolic demands of pregnancy, ß cells in the maternal pancreatic islets increase both in number and in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) per cell. Mechanisms have been proposed for the increased ß cell mass, but not for the increased GSIS. Because serotonin production increases dramatically during pregnancy, we tested whether flux through the ionotropic 5-HT3 receptor (Htr3) affects GSIS during pregnancy. Pregnant Htr3a(-/-) mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance despite normally increased ß cell mass, and their islets lacked the increase in GSIS seen in islets from pregnant wild-type mice. Electrophysiological studies showed that activation of Htr3 decreased the resting membrane potential in ß cells, which increased Ca(2+) uptake and insulin exocytosis in response to glucose. Thus, our data indicate that serotonin, acting in a paracrine/autocrine manner through Htr3, lowers the ß cell threshold for glucose and plays an essential role in the increased GSIS of pregnancy.

Disruption of CR6-interacting factor-1 (CRIF1) in mouse islet beta cells leads to mitochondrial diabetes with progressive beta cell failure.

AIM/HYPOTHESIS: Although mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) dysfunction is believed to be responsible for beta cell dysfunction in insulin resistance and mitochondrial diabetes, the mechanisms underlying progressive beta cell failure caused by defective mitochondrial OxPhos are largely unknown. METHODS: We examined the in vivo phenotypes of beta cell dysfunction in beta cell-specific Crif1 (also known as Gadd45gip1)-deficient mice. CR6-interacting factor-1 (CRIF1) is a mitochondrial protein essential for the synthesis and formation of the OxPhos complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane. RESULTS: Crif1(beta-/-) mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance with defective insulin secretion as early as 4 weeks of age without defects in islet structure. At 11 weeks of age, Crif1(beta-/-) mice displayed characteristic ultrastructural mitochondrial abnormalities as well as severe glucose intolerance. Furthermore, islet area and insulin content was decreased by approximately 50% compared with wild-type mice. Treatment with the glucoregulatory drug exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, was not sufficient to preserve beta cell function in Crif1(beta-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our results indicate that mitochondrial OxPhos dysfunction triggers progressive beta cell failure that is not halted by treatment with a GLP-1 agonist. The Crif1(beta-/-) mouse is a useful model for the study of beta cell failure caused by mitochondrial OxPhos dysfunction.

Deletion of the Serotonin Receptor Type 3A in Mice Leads to Sudden Cardiac Death During Pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: The serotonin receptor type 3 (Htr3) blocker is associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. However, little is known about effects of Htr3 on the heart arrhythmia. METHODS AND RESULTS: An electrophysiological study Involving knock-out (KO) female mice lacking functional Htr3a (Htr3a(-/-)) and their wild-type littermates during non-pregancy (NP) and late pregnancy (LP) was performed. Htr3a mRNA was present in the wild-type, but not in the Htr3a(-/-)mouse hearts. Serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), a rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin synthesis in hearts, is increased during pregnancy. The heart weight and size were increased in the pregnant mice regardless of a mutation. The QTc intervals were prolonged after pregnancy in both the wild (NP: 171.2±16.8 vs. LP: 247.7±14.3 ms; P<0.001) and Htr3a(-/-)mice (NP: 187.9±18.7 vs. LP: 275.6±11.0 ms, P<0.001). Compared with wild-type LP mice, Htr3a(-/-)LP mice had increased spontaneous ventricle tarchycardia (VT; 56% vs. 0%, P=0.002), VT inducibility (66% vs. 25%, P=0.002) and mortality (56% vs. 0%, P=0.002). Pharmacologic administration of serotonin and Htr3 agonists (m-CPBG) decreased the QT interval in wild mice, but not in Htr3a(-/-)mice. CONCLUSIONS: Htr3a is present in mouse hearts. Serotonin and Tph1 were increased during pregnancy. The deletion of Htr3a was related to fatal arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death during pregnancy, and its activation reversed the QT prolongation.

Neurogenin3 inhibits proliferation in endocrine progenitors by inducing Cdkn1a.

During organogenesis, the final size of mature cell populations depends on their rates of differentiation and expansion. Because transient expression of Neurogenin3 (Neurog3) in progenitor cells in the developing pancreas initiates their differentiation to mature islet cells, we examined the role of Neurog3 in cell cycle control during this process. We found that mitotically active pancreatic progenitor cells in mouse embryos exited the cell cycle after the initiation of Neurog3 expression. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the Neurog3-expressing cells dramatically up-regulated the mRNA encoding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a (Cdkn1a). In Neurog3 null mice, the islet progenitor cells failed to activate Cdkn1a expression and continued to proliferate, showing that their exit from the cell cycle requires Neurog3. Furthermore, induced transgenic expression of Neurog3 in mouse ß-cells in vivo markedly decreased their proliferation, increased Cdkn1a levels, and eventually caused profound hyperglycemia. In contrast, in Cdkn1a null mice, proliferation was incompletely suppressed in the Neurog3-expressing cells. These studies reveal a crucial role for Neurog3 in regulating the cell cycle during the differentiation of islet cells and demonstrate that the subsequent down-regulation of Neurog3 allows the mature islet cell population to expand.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of elemental sulfur-derived sustainable sulfur quantum dots.

Sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) are attracting increasing attention in the biomedical field due to their unique properties, such as antibacterial activity, free radical scavenging potential, optical properties, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. Ethylenediamine passivated SQDs (ED-SQDs) were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Cytotoxicity evaluation of ED-SQDs on RAW264.7 cells showed more than 90% cell viability even at 500 µg/mL of ED-SQDs, with an established IC50 value of 880.9 µg/mL. In addition, ED-SQDs showed potent antioxidant activity in vitro, effectively scavenging ABTS and DPPH free radicals at concentrations below 100 µg/mL, comparable to ascorbic acid. ED-SQD reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in macrophages, lowered pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inactivated LPS-activated STAT3. In addition, ED-SQD increased nuclear NRF2 and the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in LPS-stimulated cells. These results reveal the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of ED-SQDs at non-toxic concentrations, providing evidence for their potential anti-inflammatory applications.

PRMT1 promotes pancreatic cancer development and resistance to chemotherapy.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal types of cancer, and novel treatment regimens are direly needed. Epigenetic regulation contributes to the development of various cancer types, but its role in the development of and potential as a therapeutic target for PDAC remains underexplored. Here, we show that PRMT1 is highly expressed in murine and human pancreatic cancer and is essential for cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Deletion of PRMT1 delays pancreatic cancer development in a KRAS-dependent mouse model, and multi-omics analyses reveal that PRMT1 depletion leads to global changes in chromatin accessibility and transcription, resulting in reduced glycolysis and a decrease in tumorigenic capacity. Pharmacological inhibition of PRMT1 in combination with gemcitabine has a synergistic effect on pancreatic tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings implicate PRMT1 as a key regulator of pancreatic cancer development and a promising target for combination therapy.

Ethyl acetate fraction of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus and its triterpenoids suppress proliferation and survival of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting NF-κB and COX2.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health concern, and targeting inflammation has emerged as a promising approach for its prevention and treatment. Medicinal plants and phytochemicals have garnered attention for their potential efficacy against inflammation with minimal toxicity. Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus Makino (O. fragrans) has a history of traditional use in Korea and China in treating various inflammation-related conditions, but its potential use for CRC has not been uncovered. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to explore the potential anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of O. fragrans, focusing on its impact on CRC treatment. By investigating O. fragrans, we aim to uncover its anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in human CRC cells, potentially paving the way for effective and well-tolerated therapeutic strategies for CRC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethanol (EtOH) extracts of O. fragrans leaf and flower, along with specific fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol, and the aqueous residue) were evaluated for their anti-proliferative effects in human CRC cells using MTT assays, and compared to normal colon cells. Mechanistic insights and chemical profiling were obtained through flow cytometry, colorimetric assays, western blotting, and molecular docking, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. RESULTS: Both flower and leaf EtOH extracts of O. fragrans exhibited significant anti-proliferative effects in human CRC cells, with the leaf extract demonstrating higher potency. The EtOAc fraction from the leaf extract displayed the strongest anti-CRC cell proliferative effects while no cytotoxic effects in normal colon cells. Chemical profiling of these fractions identified triterpenoids as significant components in the EtOAc fractions. The leaf EtOAc fraction caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, accompanied by elevating intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction in CRC cells. Additionally, it inhibited NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling, leading to reduced COX2 expression. Notably, two triterpenoids isolated from the leaf EtOAc fraction, maslinic acid and corosolic acid, displayed potent anti-cancer activity in CRC cells without affecting normal colon cells. Corosolic acid exhibited a strong binding affinity to COX2 and reduced its expression, supporting its role in the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that O. fragrans, particularly its triterpenoid-rich EtOAc fraction, holds promise as a novel therapeutic agent for CRC prevention and therapy. These results provide valuable insights into the potential application of O. fragrans and its bioactive compounds in combating CRC.