Cytology at the end of pregnancy: significance of determinations of the eosinophilic and karyopyknotic indices.

The clinical usefulness of the cytologic findings "pre-term," "at term" and "post-term" are discussed briefly. For this investigation, the eosinophilic and pyknotic indices were obtained by counting one hundred cells in each of four microscopic fields. A separation function was calculated using the eosinophilic and pyknotic indices. The results of our study permitted a highly significant separation of the collectives "pre-term" and "at term."

[Breech Presentation--a problem of prematurity? (author's transl)]. / Beckenendlage--ein Frühgeburtenproblem?

The single breech deliveries at the Universitäts-Frauenklinik Insbruck from 1973 to 1977 have been reviewed. Related to a total number of 10.693 deliveries 390 children (3.6%) were born in breech presentation. The unselected perinatal mortality rate of infants in breech presentation was 7.0% which is 4 times higher than the total infant mortality (1.6%). This seems to be due to the higher prematurity rate with breech presentation compared to all deliveries (22.6% versus 8%). In 1977 only premature breeches have been lost. The perinatal mortality rate of premature infants with breech presentation is higher than those of premature babies with vertex presentation (26.3% versus 9.8%). Therefore, more care is needed for the prevention of premature labour in breech presentation. The Caesarean section rate because of breech presentation increased from 18% (1973) to 40% (1977); nevertheless the perinatal mortality rate couldn't be reduced. Up to the present we have been afraid of deliver large series of premature breeches by Caesarean section. Maybe that therefore the perinatal mortality rate couldn't be reduced. However, according to our results routinely performed Caesarean section with mature breeches is not justified. In our opinion a decrease of perinatal morbidity and mortality only can be obtained by reducing the premature breeches.

Path model analyzed with ordinary least squares multiple regression versus LISREL.

The data of a specified path model using the variables of voice, perceived organizational support, being heard, and procedural justice were subjected to the two separate structural equation modeling analytic techniques--that of ordinary least squares regression and LISREL. A comparison of the results and differences between the analyses is discussed, with the LISREL approach being stronger from both theoretical and statistical perspectives.

Novel reference radiation fields for pulsed photon radiation installed at PTB.

Currently, ∼70 % of the occupationally exposed persons in Germany are working in pulsed radiation fields, mainly in the medical sector. It has been known for a few years that active electronic dosemeters exhibit considerable deficits or can even fail completely in pulsed fields. Type test requirements for dosemeters exist only for continuous radiation. Owing to the need of a reference field for pulsed photon radiation and accordingly to the upcoming type test requirements for dosemeters in pulsed radiation, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt has developed a novel X-ray reference field for pulsed photon radiation in cooperation with a manufacturer. This reference field, geared to the main applications in the field of medicine, has been well characterised and is now available for research and type testing of dosemeters in pulsed photon radiation.

Determination of relevant parameters for the use of electronic dosemeters in pulsed fields of ionising radiation.

Active electronic dosemeters using counting techniques are used for radioprotection purposes in pulsed radiation fields in X-ray diagnostics or therapy. The disadvantage of the limited maximum measurable dose rate becomes significant in these radiation fields and leads to some negative effects. In this study, a set of relevant parameters for a dosemeter is described, which can be used to decide whether it is applicable in a given radiation field or not. The determination of these relevant parameters-maximum measurable dose rate in the radiation pulse, dead time of the dosemeter, indication per counting event and measurement cycle time-is specified. The results of the first measurements on the determination of these parameters for an electronic personal dosemeter of the type Thermo Fisher Scientific EPD Mk2 are shown.

Development of a mirror-based endoscope for divertor spectroscopy on JET with the new ITER-like wall (invited).

A new endoscope with optimised divertor view has been developed in order to survey and monitor the emission of specific impurities such as tungsten and the remaining carbon as well as beryllium in the tungsten divertor of JET after the implementation of the ITER-like wall in 2011. The endoscope is a prototype for testing an ITER relevant design concept based on reflective optics only. It may be subject to high neutron fluxes as expected in ITER. The operating wavelength range, from 390 nm to 2500 nm, allows the measurements of the emission of all expected impurities (W I, Be II, C I, C II, C III) with high optical transmittance (≥ 30% in the designed wavelength range) as well as high spatial resolution that is ≤ 2 mm at the object plane and ≤ 3 mm for the full depth of field (± 0.7 m). The new optical design includes options for in situ calibration of the endoscope transmittance during the experimental campaign, which allows the continuous tracing of possible transmittance degradation with time due to impurity deposition and erosion by fast neutral particles. In parallel to the new optical design, a new type of possibly ITER relevant shutter system based on pneumatic techniques has been developed and integrated into the endoscope head. The endoscope is equipped with four digital CCD cameras, each combined with two filter wheels for narrow band interference and neutral density filters. Additionally, two protection cameras in the λ > 0.95 µm range have been integrated in the optical design for the real time wall protection during the plasma operation of JET.

[An epidemiological study of endometrial cancer. Controlled trial of 501 cases (author's transl)]. / Zur Epidemiologie des Endometriumkarzinoms. Eine kontrollierte Studie von 501 Fällen.

In a retrospective case control study, 501 cases of endometrial cancer were observed from 1955-1975 and an equal number of matched control cases were compared regarding the following parameters: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, age a menopause, parity, age at first and last delivery, age at menarche, menstrual abnormalities, history of prior endometrial biopsies, concomitant ovarian tumours, family history of cancer and history of exposure to radiation. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences regarding the incidence of obesity, hypertension, late menopause, low parity, prior endometrial biopsies and prior exposure to ionizing radiation. However, no significant difference was found between endometrial cancer patients and control patients as to the incidence of diabetes, age at menarche, age at first delivery and family history of cancer. The results of the investigation are discussed and compared with similar reports from the literature.

[Diagnosis of poor intrauterine fetal growth in twin pregnancies (author's transl)]. / Diagnose der intrauterinen Wachstumsretardierung bei Zwillingsschwangerschaften.

In 11 cases both twins were of normal weight. In 7 cases one twin and in 12 cases both twins were underweighed (the growth retardation was classified according to the intrauterine growth curves after Hohenauer applicable to our area). The determination of total 24 hours urinary estrogens and serial ultrasonic measurements of biparietal diameters appeared in our study to be the best parameters for the detection of intrauterine growth retardation. Serum HPL determination was unreliable. In addition 2 types of growth retardation in twins could be recognized from the estrogen values. In one, a dysfunction of the fetoplacental unit existed; in the other, the etiology of the growth retardation could not be determined by the methods used in the study (genetic origin?).

[Papillomatous changes in the cervix uteri]. / Papillomatöse Veränderungen der Cervix uteri.

A case of condyloma acuminatum of the uterine cervix and a case of papilloma on the cervix with concomitant adenocarcinoma of the cervix are described. The diagnostic biopsy revealed only the papillomatous lesion, whereas the adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in the surgical specimen after hysterectomy. Referring to the studies of Meisels et al. on condylomatous lesions of the cervix, the possible frequent incidence of this cervical lesion and its role as one possible first step in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer are discussed. The in toto excision is recommended because of diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. Clinical, colposcopic and cytologic check-up has to be done carefully for years after primary treatment.

[Examination of two sampling methods (pistolet and jet washing) for endometrial tissue (author's transl)]. / Prüfung von zwei Methoden (Pistolet und Jet Washing) zur Gewebegewinnung aus dem Cavum uteri.

The Pistolet-Aspiration and Gravlee Jet-Wash Techniques were used to examine 112 patients at random and the efficacy of each technique compared. The Pistolet-Aspiration technique is more often applicable and significantly provides sufficient material for cytologic and histologic evaluation. The histologic diagnosis was compared with the histologic diagnosis of the uteri after hysterectomy in all cases. In consideration of our results, the easier practicability and because of its economy we prefer the Pistolet-Aspiration technique versus Gravlee Jet-Washing. A catalogue of indications for Pistolet-Aspiration is also given in the discussion.

[Vaginalcytology and late pregnancy (determination of term, fetal monitoring, correlation with hormon patterns) (author's transl)]. / Vaginalzytologie am Schwangerschaftsende Terminbestimmung, Uberwachung des Feten, Korrelation mit Hormonbefunden.

The "before term" pattern allows to exclude over-maturity with probability of 95--100%. The "at term" pattern lets expect spontaneous labour in next five days just so with great probability. We attribute no importance to cytology as a method of control for high risk pregnancies. At last we didn't find any correlation with statistical methods between the alterations of the cell patterns some days before delivery and values of hormons.

[Functional disturbances of the lower urinary tract following radical surgery for cervical cancer (author's transl)]. / Funktionelle Störungen des unteren Harntraktes nach Radikaloperation des Killumkarzinoms.

1972 to 1977 141 patients at the university department of gynecology and obstetrics in Innsbruck had radical abdominal hysterectomies according to Latzko because of carcinoma of the cervix uteri state I-IIa. 111 (78.8%) patients without recurrence of carcinoma were investigated without recurrence of carcinoma were investigated in the period of 2 to 36 months after operation in a modern urodynamic testing unit to state functional troubles of the lower urinary tract. We judged the sensibility of the bladder, the incidence of urinary incontinence, residual urine determinations and the frequency of infections of the lower urinary tract after radical hysterectomies. In particular we were interested in the urodynamic investigation (spontaneous flow rate and uroflow-metrie after bladder filling, liquid cystometry and simultaneous measurement of the pressure in the rectum for a faithful expression of the detrusor pressure). Based on these investigations we could indicate a typical type of troubles after radical abdominal hysterectomies, which partly depends on lesions of the autonomous nerval system of the lower urinary tract. 89.5% of all these patients within the first year after operation could not feel any desire to void although the bladder was full. Longer than one year after operation we could find the same symptom in 45.5%--recovery in part seems to be possible. Moreover we could find unnoticed urinary loss, residual urine and infections of the lower urinary tract (24.7%) in higher incidence compared with a control group. Because of our investigation we could work out advice for prevention and therapy of functional troubles of the lower urinary tract after radical abdominal hysterectomy.