Elastic scattering spectroscopy for monitoring skin cancer transformation and therapy in the near infrared window.

There is a pressing need for monitoring cancerous tissue response to laser therapy. In this work, we evaluate the viability of elastic scattering spectroscopy (ESS) to monitor malignant transformations and effects of laser therapy of induced skin cancer in a hamster model. Skin tumors were induced in 35 mice, half of which were irradiated with 980 nm laser diode. Physiological and morphological transformations in the tumor were monitored over a period of 36 weeks using elastic scattering spectroscopy, in the near infrared window. Analytical model for light scattering was used to derive scattering optical properties for both transformed tissue and laser-treated cancer. The tissue scattering over the wavelength range (700-950 nm) decreased remarkably as the carcinogen-induced tissue transformed towards higher stages. Conversely, reduced scattering coefficient noticeably increased with increasing the number of laser irradiation sessions for the treated tumors. The relative changes in elastic scattering signal for transformed tissue were significantly different (p < .05). Elastic scattering signal intensity for laser-treated tissue was also significantly different (p < .05). Reduced scattering coefficient of treated tissue exhibited nearly 80% recovery of its normal skin value at the end of the experiment, and the treatment outcome could be improved by adjusting the number of sessions, which we can predict through spectroscopic optical feedback. This study demonstrates that ESS can quantitatively provide functional information that closely corresponds to the degree of pathologic transformation. ESS may well be a viable technique to optimize systemic melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer treatment based on noninvasive tumor response.

Evaluating various properties of nanohydroxyapatite synthesized from eggshells and dual-doped with Si4+ and Zn2+: An in vitro study.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate morphological, chemical and biocompatible properties of nanohydroxyapatite (N-HA) synthesized from eggshells and dual-doped with Si4+ and Zn2+. Methods: In the current study, N-HA was synthesized from chicken eggshells using the wet chemical precipitation method and doped with Si4+ and Zn2+. The physical assessment was carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Crystal size was calculated using the Scherrer equation. Cytotoxicity was studied in vitro using the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) cytotoxicity assay. The optical density (OD) of each well was obtained and recorded at 570 nm for 24 h (t1), 48 h (t2), 72 h (t3), and 5 days (t4) using a microplate reader. Results: The results of Si-Zn-doped HA showed a high specific surface area with an irregular nano-sized spherical particle structure. The atomic percentage provided the ratio of calcium to phosphate; for non-doped HA, the atomic Ca/P ratio was 1.6, but for Si-Zn-doped HA, where Zn+2 Ca and Si + replaced 4 substituted P, the atomic ratio (Ca + Zn)/(P + Si) was 1.76. The average crystal size of Si-Zn-doped HA was 46 nm, while for non-doped HA it was 61 nm. both samples were non-toxic and statistically significantly less viable than the control group After 5 days, the mean cell viability of Si-Zn-doped HA (79.17 ± 2.18) was higher than that of non-doped HA (76.26 ± 1.71) (P = 0.091). Conclusions: The MTT assay results showed that Si-Zn-doped HA is biocompatible. In addition, it showed characteristic physiochemical properties of a large surface area with interconnected porosity.

Intraosseous angio-lipo-fibroma of the mandible: Report of a rare case with review of literature.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Angiolipofibroma is rare lesion with extraordinarily vascular structure, occurs within the head and neck region, typically springing up in the nasopharyngeal location, with a locally competitive efficiency. CASE PRESENTATION: Male patient, aged 25 years old was referred to oral surgeon with the aim of surgical removal of a painless lesion of the left posterior mandibular area. he has well heath without any medical history The mass was removed by the oral surgeon and subjected to histological analysis the final diagnosis was found to be an intraosseous angiolipofibroma. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: The significance of this report lies in the rarity of the presence of angiolipofibroma in the mandible and the clinical and radiographic manifestations were only a silent unilocular radiolucent lesion. Only a few cases have been published describing angiolipofibroma in the mandible. it is difficult to diagnose on clinical and radiographic features only. CONCLUSION: The definitive diagnosis is based on histological examination. The surgical treatment was enough.

Primary odontogenic keratocyst in the cheek muscles: Report of the 4th case in the world and review of peripheral OKC literature.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental odontogenic cyst that usually can be seen within the jaw bones. The cyst arises from the remnants of odontogenic epithelial cells in the jaw bones. In rare cases the cyst can arise in the extraosseous tissues like the gingiva which is the most common site. However, other uncommon sites like oral mucosa and orofacial muscles have been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: In this article we present a case report of 17-years-old male patient who visited the dentist complaining of a swelling in the right cheek for almost 2 years. He had no medical history with medications or genetic diseases. The mass was removed by the oral surgeon then subjected to histological examination; it was found to be an intramuscular odontogenic keratocyst. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Intramuscular odontogenic keratocyst is a rare cyst that can be seen in the orofacial muscle, and it can be difficult to diagnose when only clinical and radiographic features are based, and the definitive diagnosis is based on histological examination. The treatment is complete surgical excision. CONCLUSIONS: 39 cases were reported and achieved since 1971 until now, most of them presented in the gingiva and buccal mucosa and extremely rare within the muscles.

Extremely rare maxillary unicystic ameloblastoma causing double vision: First case report in the Middle East.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Unicystic ameloblastomas are less aggressive than solid (multicystic) variant, unfortunately this subtypes mimics clinically and radiographically more gentle lesions: like odontogenic cysts, so are misdiagnosed unless a histological study is carried out. Moreover, it is clinically silent and normally discovered accidentally. CASE PRESENTATION: 60-year-old male patient, suffering from a pain and swelling located in the left maxillary region; the patient came with double vision and that was the main compliment. Radiographs showed uniocular radiolucent lesion in the left sinus that contained an impacted third molar. Patient asked for minimal aggressive surgical intervention, and a curettage was preformed along with third impacted molar extraction. Final diagnosis was obtained from histological study, the result was intraluminal unicystic ameloblastoma plexiform subtype. Healing went eventually, patient recovered double vision in one month period and six years follow up showed no recurrence. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Unicystic ameloblastoma is a rare odontogenic lesion, with clinical, radiographic and gross features of jaw cysts. The lesion histologically shows typical ameloblastomatous epithelium lining part of the cyst cavity with or without and/or mural tumor growth. Unicystic ameloblastoma usually presents in posterior mandibular ramus region, while it is rare and atypical in posterior maxillary region. Unicystic ameloblastomas with orbital invasion cases are 4 worldwide and this case reports represents the first case in the Middle East. CONCLUSION: Thorough examination is recommended when unilocular radiolucency of the jaw is detected. Likewise, orbital surgeons are highly advised to take into account the biological behaviors of maxillary odontogenic tumors.

Bilateral ossifying fibroma affecting the jaws: Literature review, rare case report.

BACKGROUND: Ossifying fibroma (OF) is a benign lesion could occur in different areas of the body and contain fibers, cells and non-organic materials in non specific amounts. It is growing could be slow or rapid and according to this an array of treatment options must be considered to avoid future complications. CASE PRESENTATION: In this article, we present a case report of a 40-year-old female patient who visited the dentist with the intention of having a normal check up. Bilateral lesion was observed in the mandible, the patient had no medical history of trauma. The lesion was removed surgically and analyzed histologically and the result was ossifying fibroma in both sides. DISCUSSION: Ossifying fibroma is a rare tumor to be found in the oral cavity, and the family of fibro-osseous lesions (FOLs) has in general the same pathologic features and differ from each other in clinical view so the definitive diagnosis is based on mixture of all these elements. The treatment is complete surgical excision. CONCLUSIONS AND LITERATURE REVIEW: 11 cases were discovered and archived since 1968 until now, the distribution of cases is nearly equal in the oral cavity, and the infection of females is higher than males.

Posterior mandibular glandular cyst: A rare case report.

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic glandular cyst (GOC) is one of the uncommon cysts of the jaws with difficult diagnosis due to the presence of many clinical and histopathological overlaps with other odontogenic lesions, and the definitive diagnosis is only possible by histological examination. It is initially asymptomatic and affects the anterior mandible with no gender predilection. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment due to the high rate of recurrence. To date, there are less than 200 documented cases worldwide. CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-year-old female patient who consulted the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery due to numbness and swelling. She has no medical history with medications or genetic diseases. The lesion was diagnosed as an odontogenic glandular cyst, and then treated with surgical resection and plate-and-screw replacement. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Odontogenic Glandular cyst is an uncommon cyst it is difficult to diagnose depending on clinical features and radiographic imaging only, the definitive diagnosis is based on histological examination. The preferred treatment is surgical resection with safety edges. CONCLUSION: More care should be given to report this rare entity to assure accurate and early diagnosis.

Intraosseous hemangioma of the mandible: A rare case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Intraosseous hemangioma is a benign vascular tumour, it is mostly seen in long bones, vertebrae, and rarely on jaw bones, it usually occurs with its cavernous form. Medical literature is lacking a full description of capillary hemangioma of the jaws due to its rareness. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68 year old male referred to the dentist for normal checking, without significant medical history nor presuming medications. The panoramic radiograph showed radiolucent lesion in the right mandibular body. Surgery was performed and the excisional biopsy was subjected to a private oral pathology lab for the definite diagnosis, which was capillary hemangioma. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Intraosseous hemangioma rarely occurs in the jaws. Normally it is asymptomatic and discovered accidently on radiographs. Radiological findings for intraosseous hemangiomas are not well documented. Treatment of intraosseous capillary hemangioma differs according to the dimension and size of the lesion. CONCLUSION: This paper aims to guide the clinician to start including hemangioma in the differential diagnosis for translucent lesions located in the jawbones, when radiographs show the necessity of that, in order to avoid uncontrollable bleeding and even death during any surgical intervention.

Intraosseous lipoma of the jaws: Review of the literature and rare case report.

BACKGROUND: Lipoma is a benign tumor that arises at the expense of mature adipose tissue, it can occur anywhere in the body that contains adipose tissue. However, the intraosseous lipoma is considered a rare bone tumor, that affects the long and flat bones, but it is uncommon in the jaws. Usually, diagnosis based on clinical and radiographic features is insufficient and histopathology analysis is of utmost importance for the final diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: In this article, we present a case report of a 28-year-old female patient who visited the dentist with the intention of extracting an impacted tooth. She had no medical history with medications or genetic diseases. The tooth was extracted with a small soft mass that was subjected to histological analysis and it was found to be an intraosseous lipoma. DISCUSSION: Intraosseous lipoma is a rare tumor of the oral cavity, and it can be difficult to diagnose when only clinical and radiographic features are based, and the definitive diagnosis is based on histological examination. The treatment is complete surgical excision. CONCLUSIONS AND LITERATURE REVIEW: 30 cases were discovered and archived since 1948 until now, most of them were in the posterior region of mandibular, and the infection of females is higher than males with different final sub-diagnosis of types of intraosseous lipoma.

Proliferative Activity of Myoepithelial Cells in Normal Salivary Glands and Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas Based on Double Immunohistochemical Labeling

Objective: To investigate the proliferative activity of myoepithelial cells (MEC) in normal salivary glands (NSG) and adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC)) Study design. Twenty -three salivary gland specimens (13 ACC, 10 NSG) were studied using double immunohistochemical labeling for α smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)). Results: There was a significant difference in PCNA reactivity in normal samples between myoepithelial cells of the parotid glands and of the submandibular glands, rates being higher in the latter. Neoplastic myoepithelial cells exhibited higher expression than neoplastic epithelial cells. In addition, myoepithelial cells of the cribriform type of ACC showed PCNA reactivity lower than those of the tubular type, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in epithelial cell rates. We could not identify myoepithelial cells in solid pattern due to α-SMA negativity; although high PCNA reactivity was evident. Conclusion: These data suggest that the myoepithelial cell has a key role in ACC oncogenesis, more so than its epithelial cell counterparts. Moreover, the data provide a histopathological interpretation for aggressive clinical features of submandibular ACC, as the myoepithelial cells were less differentiated as compared to those of parotid glands.