Antibody against early driver of neurodegeneration cis P-tau blocks brain injury and tauopathy.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), characterized by acute neurological dysfunction, is one of the best known environmental risk factors for chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimer's disease, the defining pathologic features of which include tauopathy made of phosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). However, tauopathy has not been detected in the early stages after TBI, and how TBI leads to tauopathy is unknown. Here we find robust cis P-tau pathology after TBI in humans and mice. After TBI in mice and stress in vitro, neurons acutely produce cis P-tau, which disrupts axonal microtubule networks and mitochondrial transport, spreads to other neurons, and leads to apoptosis. This process, which we term 'cistauosis', appears long before other tauopathy. Treating TBI mice with cis antibody blocks cistauosis, prevents tauopathy development and spread, and restores many TBI-related structural and functional sequelae. Thus, cis P-tau is a major early driver of disease after TBI and leads to tauopathy in chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimer's disease. The cis antibody may be further developed to detect and treat TBI, and prevent progressive neurodegeneration after injury.

[Analysis of Delirium in Patients with Malignant Tumor in Palliative Care Unit].

BACKGROUND: Since delirium has various adverse effects in patients with malignant tumors, it is important to eliminate the cause. We investigated delirium in patients with malignant tumors. METHOD: Seventy seven malignant tumor patients who admitted to palliative care unit from May 2015 to March 2016 were subjected to a retrospective analysis of delirium. RESULTS: Delirium was present in 17 patients(22.1%)on admission, and in 38 patients(49.4%)before discharge. After hospitalization, delirium improved without relapse in 5 patients(29%)and the onset of delirium was avoided in 34 patients(57%). Factors of delirium at admission were nausea and day/night reversal, factors of delirium at discharge were dementia, pain, and day/night reversal. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we investigated the causes and course of delirium in patients with malignant tumors.

[Analysis of Early Palliative Care for Patients with Gastric Cancer].

BACKGROUND: Palliative care delivered to cancer patients late in the course of disease are inadequate to improve advance care planning and quality of life; thus, early palliative care is recommended. We retrospectively analyzed early palliative care delivered to patients with gastric cancer. METHOD: Forty-nine gastric cancer patients who underwent surgery and had received interdisciplinary care from the first visit(early palliative care)were assessed for physical and psychosocial symptoms. RESULTS: All patients were followed up continuously by a nurse certified in palliative care support to provide quality patient-centered care from the beginning(advance care planning). Four patients had experienced relapse, and 3 older patients had decided not to receive chemotherapy following their advance care planning. However, all 4 patients were admitted to a palliative care unit without barriers. CONCLUSION: Early palliative care might lead patients to have advance care planning, and a better quality of life.

Concussion, microvascular injury, and early tauopathy in young athletes after impact head injury and an impact concussion mouse model.

The mechanisms underpinning concussion, traumatic brain injury, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and the relationships between these disorders, are poorly understood. We examined post-mortem brains from teenage athletes in the acute-subacute period after mild closed-head impact injury and found astrocytosis, myelinated axonopathy, microvascular injury, perivascular neuroinflammation, and phosphorylated tau protein pathology. To investigate causal mechanisms, we developed a mouse model of lateral closed-head impact injury that uses momentum transfer to induce traumatic head acceleration. Unanaesthetized mice subjected to unilateral impact exhibited abrupt onset, transient course, and rapid resolution of a concussion-like syndrome characterized by altered arousal, contralateral hemiparesis, truncal ataxia, locomotor and balance impairments, and neurobehavioural deficits. Experimental impact injury was associated with axonopathy, blood-brain barrier disruption, astrocytosis, microgliosis (with activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, TREM2), monocyte infiltration, and phosphorylated tauopathy in cerebral cortex ipsilateral and subjacent to impact. Phosphorylated tauopathy was detected in ipsilateral axons by 24 h, bilateral axons and soma by 2 weeks, and distant cortex bilaterally at 5.5 months post-injury. Impact pathologies co-localized with serum albumin extravasation in the brain that was diagnostically detectable in living mice by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. These pathologies were also accompanied by early, persistent, and bilateral impairment in axonal conduction velocity in the hippocampus and defective long-term potentiation of synaptic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex, brain regions distant from acute brain injury. Surprisingly, acute neurobehavioural deficits at the time of injury did not correlate with blood-brain barrier disruption, microgliosis, neuroinflammation, phosphorylated tauopathy, or electrophysiological dysfunction. Furthermore, concussion-like deficits were observed after impact injury, but not after blast exposure under experimental conditions matched for head kinematics. Computational modelling showed that impact injury generated focal point loading on the head and seven-fold greater peak shear stress in the brain compared to blast exposure. Moreover, intracerebral shear stress peaked before onset of gross head motion. By comparison, blast induced distributed force loading on the head and diffuse, lower magnitude shear stress in the brain. We conclude that force loading mechanics at the time of injury shape acute neurobehavioural responses, structural brain damage, and neuropathological sequelae triggered by neurotrauma. These results indicate that closed-head impact injuries, independent of concussive signs, can induce traumatic brain injury as well as early pathologies and functional sequelae associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy. These results also shed light on the origins of concussion and relationship to traumatic brain injury and its aftermath.awx350media15713427811001.

Pin1 cysteine-113 oxidation inhibits its catalytic activity and cellular function in Alzheimer's disease.

The unique proline isomerase Pin1 is pivotal for protecting against age-dependent neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with its inhibition providing a molecular link between tangle and plaque pathologies. Pin1 is oxidatively modified in human AD brains, but little is known about its regulatory mechanisms and pathological significance of such Pin1 modification. In this paper, our determination of crystal structures of oxidized Pin1 reveals a series of Pin1 oxidative modifications on Cys113 in a sequential fashion. Cys113 oxidization is further confirmed by generating antibodies specifically recognizing oxidized Cys113 of Pin1. Furthermore, Pin1 oxidation on Cys113 inactivates its catalytic activity in vitro, and Ala point substitution of Cys113 inactivates the ability of Pin1 to isomerize tau as well as to promote protein turnover of tau and APP. Moreover, redox regulation affects Pin1 subcellular localization and Pin1-mediated neuronal survival in response to hypoxia treatment. Importantly, Cys113-oxidized Pin1 is significantly increased in human AD brain comparing to age-matched controls. These results not only identify a novel Pin1 oxidation site to be the critical catalytic residue Cys113, but also provide a novel oxidative regulation mechanism for inhibiting Pin1 activity in AD. These results suggest that preventing Pin1 oxidization might help to reduce the risk of AD.

Cis P-tau is a central circulating and placental etiologic driver and therapeutic target of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE) is the leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality globally and may trigger dementia later in life in mothers and their offspring. However, the etiological drivers remain elusive. Cis P-tau is an early etiological driver and blood biomarker in pre-clinical Alzheimer's and after vascular or traumatic brain injury, which can be targeted by stereo-specific antibody, with clinical trials ongoing. Here we find significant cis P-tau in the placenta and serum of PE patients, and in primary human trophoblasts exposed to hypoxia or sera from PE patients due to Pin1 inactivation. Depletion of cis P-tau from PE patient sera by the antibody prevents their ability to disrupt trophoblast invasion and endovascular activity and to cause the PE-like pathological and clinical features in pregnant humanized tau mice. Our studies uncover that cis P-tau is a central circulating etiological driver and its stereo-specific antibody is valuable for early PE diagnosis and treatment.

A distinct role for Pin1 in the induction and maintenance of pluripotency.

The prominent characteristics of pluripotent stem cells are their unique capacity to self-renew and pluripotency. Although pluripotent stem cell proliferation is maintained by specific intracellular phosphorylation signaling events, it has not been well characterized how the resulting phosphorylated proteins are subsequently regulated. We here report that the peptidylprolyl isomerase Pin1 is indispensable for the self-renewal and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells via the regulation of phosphorylated Oct4 and other substrates. Pin1 expression was found to be up-regulated upon the induction of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and the forced expression of Pin1 with defined reprogramming factors was observed to further enhance the frequency of iPS cell generation. The inhibition of Pin1 activity significantly suppressed colony formation and induced the aberrant differentiation of human iPS cells as well as murine ES cells. We further found that Pin1 interacts with the phosphorylated Ser(12)-Pro motif of Oct4 and that this in turn facilitates the stability and transcriptional activity functions of Oct4. Our current findings thus uncover an atypical role for Pin1 as a putative regulator of the induction and maintenance of pluripotency via the control of phosphorylation signaling. These data suggest that the manipulation of Pin1 function could be a potential strategy for the stable induction and proliferation of human iPS cells.

Cis P-tau underlies vascular contribution to cognitive impairment and dementia and can be effectively targeted by immunotherapy in mice.

Compelling evidence supports vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) including Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and treatments are not fully understood. Cis P-tau is an early driver of neurodegeneration resulting from traumatic brain injury, but its role in VCID remains unclear. Here, we found robust cis P-tau despite no tau tangles in patients with VCID and in mice modeling key aspects of clinical VCID, likely because of the inhibition of its isomerase Pin1 by DAPK1. Elimination of cis P-tau in VCID mice using cis-targeted immunotherapy, brain-specific Pin1 overexpression, or DAPK1 knockout effectively rescues VCID-like neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in executive function. Cis mAb also prevents and ameliorates progression of AD-like neurodegeneration and memory loss in mice. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that young VCID mice display diverse cortical cell type-specific transcriptomic changes resembling old patients with AD, and the vast majority of these global changes were recovered by cis-targeted immunotherapy. Moreover, purified soluble cis P-tau was sufficient to induce progressive neurodegeneration and brain dysfunction by causing axonopathy and conserved transcriptomic signature found in VCID mice and patients with AD with early pathology. Thus, cis P-tau might play a major role in mediating VCID and AD, and antibody targeting it may be useful for early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cognitive impairment and dementia after neurovascular insults and in AD.

Adenovirus type 5 with modified hexons induces robust transgene-specific immune responses in mice with pre-existing immunity against adenovirus type 5.

BACKGROUND: Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) is widely used as a vehicle for vaccine delivery in the treatment of infectious disease and cancer. However, the efficacy of Ad5 vectors has been limited in humans because exposure to Ad5 infections results in most adults having neutralizing antibodies against Ad5. To overcome this limitation, the hexon epitope present in the fifth hypervariable region of Ad5 was modified. METHODS: To evaluate the ability of Ad5 vectors encoding the HIV env protein to induce Ag-specific immune responses in the face of pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity, mice were administrated intramuscularly with the Ad-Luc vector, and then vaccinated with parental or hexon-modified Ad5 vectors (Ad-HisHIV, Ad-END/AAAHIV or Ad-HIV) at week 8. HIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses were detected through a combination of tetramer assays and intracellular cytokine staining from weeks 8-23. RESULTS: The hexon-modified Ad vector was able to escape from anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibody, and mice with the modified vector generated significantly lower individual neutralizing antibody than those immunized with the parental vector. Furthermore, mice with pre-existing anti-Ad immunity immunized with the modified vector generated significantly stronger cell-mediated anti-env responses than those immunized with the parental vector. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that Ad5 vector with hexon modification reduce their sensitivity to pre-existing anti-Ad immunity and improve their clinical utility.

Efficient osteoblast differentiation from mouse bone marrow stromal cells with polylysin-modified adenovirus vectors.

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are expected to be a source for tissue regeneration because they can differentiate into multiple cell types. Establishment of efficient gene transfer systems for BMSCs is essential for their application to regenerative medicine. In this study, we compared the transduction efficiency in mouse primary BMSCs by using fiber-modified adenovirus (Ad) vectors, and demonstrated that AdK7, which harbors a polylysin (K7) peptide in the C-terminus of the fiber knob, could efficiently express a transgene in BMSCs. Notably, AdK7 robustly drove transgene expression in more than 90% of the BMSCs at 3,000 vector particles/cell. Furthermore, we showed that in vitro and in vivo osteogenic potential of BMSCs was dramatically promoted by the transduction of Runx2 gene using AdK7. These results indicate that this transduction system could be a powerful tool for therapeutic applications based on BMSCs.

Pin1 Knockout Mice: A Model for the Study of Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease.

Pin1 knockout in mice causes age-dependent neuropathy characterized by motor and behavioral deficits, tau hyper phosphorylation, tau filament formation, and neuronal degradation. Here, we describe the methods with mouse behavior test, immunostaining, and immunoblotting to detect many aspects of neurodegeneration in Pin1 knockout mice.

Cis P-tau is induced in clinical and preclinical brain injury and contributes to post-injury sequelae.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by acute neurological dysfunction and associated with the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and Alzheimer's disease. We previously showed that cis phosphorylated tau (cis P-tau), but not the trans form, contributes to tau pathology and functional impairment in an animal model of severe TBI. Here we found that in human samples obtained post TBI due to a variety of causes, cis P-tau is induced in cortical axons and cerebrospinal fluid and positively correlates with axonal injury and clinical outcome. Using mouse models of severe or repetitive TBI, we showed that cis P-tau elimination with a specific neutralizing antibody administered immediately or at delayed time points after injury, attenuates the development of neuropathology and brain dysfunction during acute and chronic phases including CTE-like pathology and dysfunction after repetitive TBI. Thus, cis P-tau contributes to short-term and long-term sequelae after TBI, but is effectively neutralized by cis antibody treatment.Induction of the cis form of phosphorylated tau (cis P-tau) has previously been shown to occur in animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and blocking this form of tau using antibody was beneficial in a rodent model of severe TBI. Here the authors show that cis P-tau induction is a feature of several different forms of TBI in humans, and that administration of cis P-tau targeting antibody to rodents reduces or delays pathological features of TBI.

Potential of the Antibody Against cis-Phosphorylated Tau in the Early Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Alzheimer Disease and Brain Injury.

Alzheimer disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) share a common neuropathologic signature-neurofibrillary tangles made of phosphorylated tau-but do not have the same pathogenesis or symptoms. Although whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) could cause AD has not been established, CTE is shown to be associated with TBI. Until recently, whether and how TBI leads to tau-mediated neurodegeneration was unknown. The unique prolyl isomerase Pin1 protects against the development of tau-mediated neurodegeneration in AD by converting the phosphorylated Thr231-Pro motif in tau (ptau) from the pathogenic cis conformation to the physiologic trans conformation, thereby restoring ptau function. The recent development of antibodies able to distinguish and eliminate both conformations specifically has led to the discovery of cis-ptau as a precursor of tau-induced pathologic change and an early driver of neurodegeneration that directly links TBI to CTE and possibly to AD. Within hours of TBI in mice or neuronal stress in vitro, neurons prominently produce cis-ptau, which causes and spreads cis-ptau pathologic changes, termed cistauosis. Cistauosis eventually leads to widespread tau-mediated neurodegeneration and brain atrophy. Cistauosis is effectively blocked by the cis-ptau antibody, which targets intracellular cis-ptau for proteasome-mediated degradation and prevents extracellular cis-ptau from spreading to other neurons. Treating TBI mice with cis-ptau antibody not only blocks early cistauosis but also prevents development and spreading of tau-mediated neurodegeneration and brain atrophy and restores brain histopathologic features and functional outcomes. Thus, cistauosis is a common early disease mechanism for AD, TBI, and CTE, and cis-ptau and its antibody may be useful for early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these devastating diseases.

Function and regulation of tau conformations in the development and treatment of traumatic brain injury and neurodegeneration.

One of the two common hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains is neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau). NFTs are also a defining feature of other neurodegenerative disorders and have recently been identified in the brains of patients suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). However, NFTs are not normally observed in traumatic brain injury (TBI) until months or years after injury. This raises the question of whether NFTs are a cause or a consequence of long-term neurodegeneration following TBI. Two conformations of phosphorylated tau, cis p-tau and trans p-tau, which are regulated by the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1, have been previously identified. By generating a polyclonal and monoclonal antibody (Ab) pair capable of distinguishing between cis and trans isoforms of p-tau (cis p-tau and trans p-tau, respectively), cis p-tau was identified as a precursor of tau pathology and an early driver of neurodegeneration in AD, TBI and CTE. Histological studies shows the appearance of robust cis p-tau in the early stages of human mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD and CTE brains, as well as after sport- and military-related TBI. Notably, cis p-tau appears within hours after closed head injury and long before other known pathogenic p-tau conformations including oligomers, pre-fibrillary tangles and NFTs. Importantly, cis p-tau monoclonal antibody treatment not only eliminates cis p-tau induction and tau pathology, but also restores many neuropathological and functional outcome in TBI mouse models. Thus, cis p-tau is an early driver of tau pathology in TBI and CTE and detection of cis p-tau in human bodily fluids could potentially provide new diagnostic and prognostic tools. Furthermore, humanization of the cis p-tau antibody could ultimately be developed as a new treatment for AD, TBI and CTE.

Active Pin1 is a key target of all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia and breast cancer.

A common key regulator of oncogenic signaling pathways in multiple tumor types is the unique isomerase Pin1. However, available Pin1 inhibitors lack the required specificity and potency for inhibiting Pin1 function in vivo. By using mechanism-based screening, here we find that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)--a therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) that is considered the first example of targeted therapy in cancer, but whose drug target remains elusive--inhibits and degrades active Pin1 selectively in cancer cells by directly binding to the substrate phosphate- and proline-binding pockets in the Pin1 active site. ATRA-induced Pin1 ablation degrades the protein encoded by the fusion oncogene PML-RARA and treats APL in APL cell and animal models as well as in human patients. ATRA-induced Pin1 ablation also potently inhibits triple-negative breast cancer cell growth in human cells and in animal models by acting on many Pin1 substrate oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Thus, ATRA simultaneously blocks multiple Pin1-regulated cancer-driving pathways, an attractive property for treating aggressive and drug-resistant tumors.

Localization of S100C immunoreactivity in various human tissues.

Using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we previously demonstrated that the S100C protein remarkably decreased after immortalization of normal human fibroblasts, and that this protein caused growth inhibition of human tumor cells when forcibly expressed in these cells, suggesting that S100C plays a significant role in tumor suppression. The present study was carried out to determine what type of human tissues express S100C protein, and, subsequently, whether the S100C content in these tissues changes after normal cells have been transformed into cancer cells. We found that ductal cells in various tissues were positively stained with the S100C protein. In comparison, epithelial cells in digestive organs such as the stomach, small intestine, and colon were not stained as strongly. When 14 pairs of human normal and cancerous tissues were stained with the antibody, decreases in the staining levels of S100C were observed in 6 kinds of cancerous tissues--from the bronchus, mammary duct, renal tubule, prostate, uterus, and testis--in comparison with staining in their normal counterparts. These results suggest that S100C is a new tumor marker protein, the expression of which significantly decreases after malignant transformation of human tissues.

Vaccination with Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Creates an Antigen-Specific Immune Response Against HIV-1 gp160.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are artificially derived from somatic cells that have been transduced with defined reprogramming factors. A previous report has indicated the possibility of using iPSCs as an immune stimulator to generate antigen-specific immunity. In our current study, we have investigated whether human iPSCs (hiPSCs) have the ability to enhance specific immune response against a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigen in a xenogenic mouse model. Our results show that BALB/c mice immunized with hiPSCs transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding HIV-1 gp160 exhibited prominent antigen-specific cellular immune responses. We further found that pre-treatment of hiPSCs with ionizing radiation promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-12, and IL-18. These cytokines might promote the activation of antigen-presenting cells and the effective induction of cellular immunity. Our present findings thus demonstrate that a hiPSCs-based vaccine has the potential to generate cellular immunity against viral antigens such as HIV-1 gp160 in a xenogenic condition.

Co-administration of viral vector-based vaccines suppresses antigen-specific effector CD8 T cells.

In this study, we explored immune responses after intramuscular co-administration of the HIV-1 gp160 Env gene-expressing adenovirus (Ad) vector and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector in a mouse model. Surprisingly, the simultaneous vaccination of the two vaccines, either as a mixture or separately, suppressed responses, when compared with the administration of each vaccine separately. Ad vaccine or MVA vaccine, co-administered with a mock MVA or mock Ad vector, also resulted in suppressing HIV-specific effector T-cell responses, and a part of antigen-specific memory T-cell responses. In an in vitro experiment, the two vectors infected individual cells and MVA suppressed the transgene expression produced by the adenovirus vector. This viral interference may involve soluble factor(s), secreted by virus-infected cells. Our study may help in designing a vaccination regimen and in investigating viral interference.

DNA vaccine expressing HIV-1 gp120/immunoglobulin fusion protein enhances cellular immunity.

In this study, we explored the possibility of augmenting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp120-specific cell-mediated immune responses in mice by means of a DNA vaccine encoding a mouse Ig Fcgamma2a fragment fused with gp120 (gp120-Ig, Ig-gp120). Western blotting analysis revealed that the HIV gp120 protein expression efficiency was higher in cells transfected with the gp120-Ig-coding plasmid (pGp120Ig) than in those transfected with the gp120 and Ig-gp120 expression plasmids (pGp120 and pIgGp120, respectively). pGp120Ig elicited more HIV-specific CD8 T cells and effector memory CD8 T cells than pGp120 in immunized mice. Furthermore, pGp120Ig significantly reduced the viral load after challenge with an HIV Env gp160-expressing vaccinia virus. These results demonstrate that covalent antigen modification with an Ig sequence can modulate antigen-specific cellular immune responses. The approach may be useful for vaccine development.