Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and dose intensification of V-ICE chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: a prospective randomized study of 300 patients.

PURPOSE: To assess whether granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) reduces the toxicity of chemotherapy and alters delivered dose-intensity. To assess the feasibility of dose-intensification of chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and determine whether it has an impact on outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with good- or intermediate-prognosis SCLC entered a prospective multicenter study that involved a 2 x 2 factorial design with randomization to six cycles of chemotherapy with ifosfamide 5 g/m2, carboplatin 300 mg/m2, etoposide 120 mg/m2 intravenously (I.V.) on days 1 and 2 and 240 mg/m2 orally on day 3, and vincristine 0.5 mg/m2 I.V. on day 15 (V-ICE) every 3 weeks (intensified arm) or every 4 weeks (standard arm). A second double-blind randomization to subcutaneous GM-CSF (250 microg/m2/d) or placebo for 14 days between chemotherapy cycles was made. RESULTS: Three hundred patients were entered. Myelosuppression was the main toxicity, with no significant difference in the incidence or grade between treatment groups. The incidence of febrile neutropenia and bacteriologically confirmed sepsis was unaffected by chemotherapy schedule or use of GM-CSF. Twenty-six percent greater dose-intensity was delivered in the intensified arm, with a trend for greater dose-intensity for those who received GM-CSF. Eighty-three percent of patients achieved a response (51% complete response [CR] rate), with no significant difference in response rates between treatment groups. Survival was significantly increased in the intensified compared with the standard arm (P = .0014); median survival rates were 443 versus 351 days and 2-year survival rates were 33% versus 18%, respectively. CONCLUSION: GM-CSF does not reduce the incidence of complications from myelosuppression of aggressive chemotherapy. Dose intensification of V-ICE to a 3-week schedule in SCLC is not associated with increased toxicity, but appears to improve survival significantly. Future studies should aim to deliver chemotherapy in maximal-tolerated dose-intensities.

Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and oral etoposide: a phase II trial in limited-stage small cell lung cancer.

Carboplatin/etoposide is an active regimen in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. This phase II trial evaluated whether adding paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) to this two-drug combination might increase its efficacy. Since April 1996, 55 patients were entered into the ongoing protocol. To date, 35 patients are evaluable for efficacy and toxicity. Most of the evaluable patients are male (28). The patients' median age is 60 years (range, 36 to 74 years); 32 patients have Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ratings of 1, and the balance are Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0. All patients had limited-stage disease. Patients received paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 via 1-hour intravenous infusion on day 1, carboplatin dosed to an area under the concentration-time curve of 5, also on day 1, and oral etoposide 100 mg on days 2 through 8. Overall, 31 patients responded to paclitaxel/carboplatin/etoposide therapy, including complete response in 13 patients (37.1%) and partial response in 18 patients (51.4%). Disease was stable in three patients (8.6%) and disease progressed in one (2.0%). Hematologic toxicity included neutropenia (World Health Organization grade 3 in 24.1% of patients, grade 4 in 31.3%), anemia (4% grade 3, no grade 4), and thrombocytopenia (3.2% grade 3, 2.1% grade 4). Nonhematologic adverse events included minor nausea/vomiting (1.5% grade 3, 9.2% grade 2), polyneuropathy (2.3% grade 2, 17.5% grade 1), and myalgia/arthralgia (8.2% grade 2, 16.4% grade 1). Paclitaxel/carboplatin/etoposide is active in small cell lung cancer with moderate toxicity and good subjective tolerance. There were no life-threatening hematologic or nonhematologic complications in this phase II trial.

Phase II study of paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Few cytotoxic agents tested in adequate phase II trials involving patients with non-small cell lung cancer have produced single-agent response rates greater than 15%. Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) is one of them, with reported response rates ranging from 21% to 36%. Platinum-based regimens have been key to the development of the most effective combination therapies for NSCLC. We are currently investigating the efficacy and toxicity of combining paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) given by 3-hour infusion, followed by cisplatin (75 mg/m2) via 1-hour infusion, on a 21-day schedule for the treatment of 75 chemotherapy-naive patients with stage IIIB (17.3%) or stage IV (82.6%) non-small cell lung cancer. Patient characteristics include a median age of 58 years (age range, 28 to 75 years) and a median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2; 19 patients (25.3%) are women and 56 (74.7%) are men. All patients received standard prophylactic premedication as well as adequate hydration. To date, 75 subjects and 328 courses are evaluable for toxicity. Hematologic toxicities have been moderate; grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 37% of cycles (50% of patients), and grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia was observed in only 2% of cycles (2% of patients). Other notable toxicities were World Health Organization grade 2 or 3 alopecia and nausea/vomiting. Grade 1 or 2 peripheral neuropathy occurred in 26% and grade 3 or 4 in only 1% of all courses. Of 67 patients evaluable for response, complete remission was noted in three (5%) patients, partial remission in 25 (37%) patients, stable disease in 22 (33%) patients, and progressive disease in 17 (25%) patients. These results suggest that combination paclitaxel/cisplatin is active and well tolerated in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

Paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: results of a phase II trial.

We performed a clinical phase II trial of the combination of paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced (stage IIIB) or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), using a 3-hour infusion of paclitaxel followed by a 1-hour infusion of cisplatin. Treatment was repeated every 21 days, for a maximum of six cycles. The patients received paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m2. At present, 52 chemotherapy-naive patients with stage IIIB (17.3%) or stage IV (82.7%) NSCLC have been entered into this ongoing trial. Ten (19%) of the patients are women and 42 (81%) are men. With 197 courses of chemotherapy given, all 52 patients are evaluable for toxicity. Hematologic toxicities were moderate: World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 38.7% of the cycles (47.7% of patients), and WHO grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia was observed in 1.5% of cycles (3.8% of patients). Other toxicities consisted mainly of WHO grade 2 or 3 alopecia and nausea/vomiting. World Health Organization grade 1 or 2 polyneuropathy occurred in 30.4% and grade 3 or 4 only in 1% of all courses. Of 40 patients evaluable for response, a complete remission was noted in one patient, a partial remission occurred in 13 patients (32.5%), stable disease was seen in 14 patients (35%), and disease progressed in 12 patients (30%). These results suggest that the combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin is active and tolerable in the treatment of NSCLC. The efficacy of the combination seems high in this poor-prognosis population.

Phase III trial with and without lonidamine in non-small cell lung cancer.

One hundred eighty four patients with advanced inoperable non-small cell lung cancer were treated with either lonidamine (A), mitomycin-C/vindesine (B), or mitomycin-C/vindesine plus lonidamine (C) in a prospective randomized trial. The response rates for each treatment arm were 3.4% (A), 22.4% (B) and 25.9% (C), respectively. This difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.01). The median survival time for patients treated with mitomycin-C/vindesine and mitomycin-C/vindesine plus lonidamine was 194 days and 221 days, respectively. In comparison with 145 days for lonidamine alone there is a statistically significant difference in survival between the chemotherapy groups (P less than 0.01). When combined with mitomycin-C/vindesine, lonidamine induces an increase in the response rate and there is a higher proportion of patients living after 12 months of treatment (32% v 20%) in comparison to mitomycin-C/vindesine alone. The subjective tolerance of all treatment groups was very good, toxicity was only mild without major differences between the treatment arms. Combination chemotherapy with mitomycin-C/vindesine plus or minus lonidamine could prolong survival in advanced inoperable nonsmall cell lung cancer significantly without severe toxicity.

Ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide combined with 41.8 degrees C whole body hyperthermia for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

We performed a phase II study combining 41.8 degrees C whole body hyperthermia with ICE chemotherapy, i.e. ifosfamide (5 g/m(2)), carboplatin (300 mg/m(2)) and etoposide (150 mg/m(2) on days 2 and 3), administered every 4 weeks, for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Of 27 chemonäive, non-metastatic patients enrolled, 25 patients were evaluable for response. Overall response rate was 20% (five partial remissions; 95% CI 8.9-39.1%). Median survival time from the start of treatment for all patients was 76.6 weeks (95% CI 65.4-87.8 weeks). Progression free survival for all patients measured 29.6 weeks (95% CI 24.4-34.7 weeks). One year overall survival was 68% and 2 year overall survival was 20%. Major treatment toxicities included grade 3/4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in 74 and 33% of treatment cycles, respectively. One patient died due to sepsis. These promising results are consistent with continued clinical investigation; a phase III clinical trial with whole body hyperthermia as the independent variable has been initiated.

Phase I study with combination therapy of pirarubicin, etoposide, and vincristine in small-cell lung cancer.

The toxicity and efficacy of the combination of pirarubicin (THP), etoposide, and vincristine were investigated in a phase I trial. The dose of THP was modified in steps of 10 mg/m2 or 5 mg/m2 differences, starting with 40 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1. Doses of etoposide (100 mg/m2 i.v. days 1-3) and vincristin 2 mg i.v. day 1) remained constant. The schedule was repeated every 3 weeks. A minimum of four patients were recruited at each dose level. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined as follows: toxicity WHO grade 3 and 4 in five of eight patients of one dose step (exception: leukocytopenia at the time of nadir WHO grade 4 is relevant for the MTD). Currently, 20 patients have been treated. The administered dose levels of THP were (mg/m2); 40 (5 patients), 50 (4 patients), 55 (6 patients), and 60 (5 patients). Screening of cardiac function (ECG, ultrasound cardiography) was performed at the start of the treatment and before each course. There were no signs of cardiotoxicity up to a cumulative dose of 360 mg/m2. Leukocytopenia WHO grade 3 was observed in seven courses (12%), and grade 4 was observed in two courses (3%) as main side effects. The subjective tolerability (nausea, vomiting, and alopecia) was mild to moderate. We decided upon 55 mg/m2 MTD because WHO grade 4 leukocytopenia developed in one patient after the first course and two not conclusively clarified early deaths occurred at the 60 mg/m2 pirarubicin dose level. Eighteen patients were evaluable for response: one CR (6%), eight PR (44%), four NC (22%), one EP (6%), and four ED (22%). This means a response rate of 50% and a median survival time of 10 months. We have initiated a phase II study with the elaborated schedule.

A randomized trial with mitomycin-C/ifosfamide versus mitomycin-C/vindesine versus cisplatin/etoposide in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

192 evaluable patients with advanced inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer were treated with either mitomycin-C/ifosfamide (A), mitomycin-C/vindesine (B), or cisplatin/etoposide (C) in a prospective randomized trial. The response rates for each treatment arm were 30.0% (A), 22.7% (B), and 25% (C), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.4) between treatment arms. The median survival time was 27 weeks (A), 23 weeks (B), and 25 weeks (C), respectively. With regard to toxicity the combination mitomycin-C/vindesine was superior to treatment arms A and C. Nausea and vomiting (WHO 3 + 4) occurred only in 6.1% of the patients versus 43.3% of those treated with mitomycin-C/ifosfamide and 36.7% of those treated with cisplatin/etoposide. This difference is statistically highly significant (p = 0.0001). Because of its very low toxicity, especially for gastrointestinal symptoms, the combination mitomycin-C/vindesine was judged superior to the other combinations. None of these regimens, however, had a major impact on survival in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

[Computed tomographic findings in diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma]. / Computertomographische Befunde bei diffusem malignen Pleuramesotheliom.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare tumour and often difficult to diagnose. In this report, the CT findings of 50 patients with proven malignant pleural mesothelioma are described and tabulated. In 31 cases the CT findings could be compared with the results of thoracotomy and thoracoscopy. CT proved reliable in evaluating the exact extent of the disease. Additionally, a combination of findings can be detected by CT, suggesting the diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma. The limitations of CT in malignant pleural mesothelioma are discussed.

Randomised phase II study comparing topotecan/carboplatin administration for 5 versus 3 days in the treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Topotecan is an active drug in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). In our previous study, a combination of topotecan with cisplatin was associated with a median overall survival of 7.6 or 8.7 months, depending on the duration of treatment. We have replaced cisplatin by carboplatin in this trial, with the objective of creating a more convenient schedule for our patients. Furthermore, we have also compared the standard 5-day schedule with an experimental 3-day schedule. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients with metastatic disease were included. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either topotecan 0.75 mg/m2, days 1-5, and carboplatin AUC 5, day 5 (arm A) or topotecan 1.25 mg/m2, days 1-3, and carboplatin AUC 5, day 3 (arm B). Six cycles were given at a 3-week interval. RESULTS: A total of 91 patients were assessable for response. The response during therapy was 86.9% in arm A and 80.0% in arm B. Median survival in arm A was 11.8 months and in arm B 11.6 months (P=0.37). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of topotecan and carboplatin is active in extensive-disease SCLC. Toxicity and median survival were comparable in both arms. Three days of treatment seems to be similar to the 5-day regimen.

[Therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma]. / Die Therapie des malignen Pleuramesothelioms.

The different therapeutical procedures of malignant pleura-mesothelioma are reviewed. A comparison of studies published so far is difficult or impossible because of the heterogeneity of the clientele and of the protocols. The median survival of untreated patients is 6 months from the date of diagnosis. Radical surgical treatment results in 2-year survival in 10-37%. As these data are not different from those of untreated patients, and additionally this procedure is associated with a perioperative mortality of 6-31%, the indication for radical resection has to be applied very critically. As pleuramesotheliomas are often resistant to radiotherapy, tumour remissions under this treatment are extremely rare. However, this therapy has a palliative analgesic benefit. Chemotherapy with anthracycline containing combinations leads to partial remissions in 20% and a median survival of 11 months. Whether multimodal therapeutical concepts are advantageous or not, will have to be established.

[Chemotherapy of non-small cell bronchial cancer with mitomycin C, vindesine and cisplatin. Results of a phase II study]. / Chemotherapie des nicht-kleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinoms mit Mitomycin C, Vindesin und Cisplatin. Ergebnisse einer Phase-II-Studie.

Forty-five patients (39 male, 6 female) with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer were treated with combined mitomycin C, vindesine and cisplatin. All patients had measurable disease and had no previously received chemotherapy. The performance status of all patients was over 60%. Twenty-one patients had limited, 24 extensive disease. The overall remission rate was 53.3% (3 complete and 21 partial remissions) with a median remission duration of 9 months. Adeno- and squamous cell carcinoma responded to the chemotherapy with a remission rate of 63% (7 out of 11 patients) and 58% (14 out of 24 patients), but there were only 30% responders in large cell carcinoma (3 out of 10 patients). The median survival time for responders was 12 months, for those with no change and for patients with progressive disease 6 months. Myelosuppression and renal toxicity of the combination was generally not a treatment problem; subjective tolerance, however, (gastrointestinal upset) was poor.

[Conservative, palliative therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma]. / Konservative, palliative Therapie des malignen Pleuramesothelioms.

No effective conventional therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma has yet been described. Radiotherapy does not increase median survival, but there is a palliative analgesic benefit. Chemotherapy with a different regimen in 182 patients led to a median survival time of 12 months. In comparison to an untreated historical group of 142 patients, there is an advantage in survival of 5 months. Additional surgical treatment has not prolonged the life expectancy. The percentage of long-time survivors was 5.5%.

A phase II study of pirarubicin in malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Thirty-five non-pretreated patients (29 male, six female) with malignant pleural mesothelioma, median age of 68.5 years (range, 29 to 78 years) and a median performance status of 80% (range, 60% to 100%) were treated with 70 mg/m2 Pirarubicin. The treatment was repeated every 3 to 4 weeks (median duration per cycle, 23 days) up to progression or severe toxicity. The median cumulative dose given was 294 mg/m2, or 4.5 cycles. All patients were evaluable regarding response. Three partial remissions were achieved, leading to a remission rate of 8.6%. The median duration of remission was 6 months. Five patients achieved minor response, and a further 14 patients were stable under treatment with Pirarubicin. The median survival time was 10.5 months. Leukocytopenia was the main dose-limiting factor and 20% of the patients experienced World Health Organization (WHO) Grades III and IV. Anemia and thrombocytopenia were mild. Nausea and vomiting, WHO Grades I and II, were observed in 46% of all patients. Alopecia, Grades I and II, was seen in 47% and Grade III in 6%. No signs of cardiac dysfunction were detectable, except for cardiac arrhythmia in four patients (11%). Pirarubicin is an active drug in the treatment of pleural mesothelioma with fewer severe side effects than doxorubicin.

[Phase III therapy study in patients with small cell bronchial cancer]. / Phase-III-Therapiestudie bei Patienten mit kleinzelligem Bronchialkarzinom.

In a prospective randomized study 150 patients with small cell lung carcinoma (80 cases with extended, 70 cases with limited disease) received either cisplatin + etoposide (DDP/VP) or cyclophosphamide + etoposide (cyclo/VP) as induction chemotherapy. Patients were crossed over when less than complete remission was achieved. Treatment failures received a salvage regimen with adriamycin + vindesine (ADM/VDS). Remission rates (complete + partial remissions) achieved with DDP/VP were 87.4% (40.6% + 46.8%) in limited disease and 72.2% (10.1% + 62.1%) in extended disease; response rates seen following cyclo/VP were 78.8% (31.5% + 47.3%) in limited and 51.0% (6.9% + 44.1%) in extended disease. Median survival time for patients in complete remission was 12.0 months following DDP/VP and 14 months following cyclo/VP; for patients in partial remission 10.0 and 9.0 months, respectively. The analysis of the treatment results shows an equal effectivity of both induction regimes which, however, seem to be largely cross resistant. DDP/VP probably causes more stable longtime remissions. The salvage regimen ADM/VDS was ineffective. The results achieved with this rather complex therapeutic strategy are not superior to those seen with simpler regimes.

[Cisplatin-Vepeside versus Endoxan-Vepeside in the treatment of small cell bronchial cancer. A randomized study]. / Cisplatin-Vepesid versus Endoxan-Vepesid in der Behandlung kleinzelliger Bronchialkarzinome. Eine randomisierte Studie.

Within the framework of a multi-centre prospective randomised therapeutic trial, 150 patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) were treated with cisplatin/vepesid and endoxan/vepesid. The aim of the study was to establish whether cisplatin--which although effective is commonly associated with adverse effects--can be replaced by endoxan. The sequence of treatment was oriented to the stage and course of the tumour disease. In the event of a treatment failure, cross-over to the alternative combination was effected. In terms of remission rates, the combination cisplatin/vepesid proved to be more effective than endoxan/vepesid, in particular in the case of patients with extensive disease. With respect to duration of remission and survival duration, however, no significant differences were to be seen.

[Chemotherapy of advanced non-small cell bronchial cancer with mitomycin C/ifosfamide versus mitomycin C/vindesine versus cisplatin/etoposide--a prospective randomized study]. / Chemotherapie des fortgeschrittenen nicht-kleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinoms mit Mitomycin-C/Ifosfamid versus Mitomycin-C/Vindesin versus Cisplatin/Etoposid--Eine prospektiv randomisierte Studie.

In a prospective randomised study involving patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer, no differences were to be seen in the remission rates (30.3%, 22.7% and 25%, respectively; p = 0.4) achieved by the combinations mitomycin/ifosfamide, mitomycin/vindesine and cisplatin/etoposide. Nor were any statistically significant differences to be found in terms of the duration of survival. The median survival durations were 6.5, 5.5 and 6 months, respectively (p = 0.7). With respect to toxicity, the combination mitomycin/vindesine proved to be superior, in particular since virtually no gastrointestinal toxicity was observed with this combination. On the basis of these results and the-state of our knowledge to date, the conclusion may be drawn that cisplatin-containing combinations should no longer be employed in the chemotherapeutic treatment of non-small-cell cancers.

[Possibilities of chemotherapy in patients with bronchial cancer]. / Möglichkeiten der Chemotherapie bei Patienten mit Bronchialkarzinom.

The introduction of chemotherapy in the treatment of small cell lung cancer made this a potentially curable disease. Despite intensive efforts, non-small cell lung cancer, however, remains refractory to chemotherapy. In patients with small cell lung cancer efforts are concentrating on increasing the cure rates. In patients with non-small lung cancer efforts are directed at achieving an optimal combination of palliative action and quality of life.

[Chemotherapy of advanced non-small-cell and small-cell bronchial carcinoma with bendamustine--a phase II study]. / Chemotherapie des fortgeschrittenen nicht-kleinzelligen und kleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinoms mit Bendamustin--Eine Phase-II-Studie.

In the palliative treatment of advanced SCLC and NSCLC there is a big need for effective and well tolerable drugs. Bendamustin is an alcylatic agent which had shown activity in the treatment of Non Hodgkin- and Hodgkin-Lymphoma as well as in the treatment of solid tumors like Mamma-Carcinoma and Colorectal-Carcinoma. We treated 21 patients with NSCLC (5 pat. Stad. III b, 16 pat. Stad. IV) and 22 pat. with Extensive Disease SCLC with Bendamustin 70 mg/m2 i.v., day 1-4 (q.28 days). We observed a response rate of 40.9% in the patients with SCLC (9 PR/40.9%), (0 CR) and no response in the patients with NSCLC. Hematologic toxicity in both groups was mild (Leucopenia WHO 1 + 2: 13 pat./30.2%, WHO 3: 2 pat./4.6%; Anemia WHO 1 + 2: 13 pat./30.2%, WHO 3: 1 pat./2.4%; Thrombopenia WHO 1 + 2: 4 pat./9.6%, WHO 3: 1/2.4%). Non Hematologic toxicity consisting of Nausea/Vomiting (WHO 2 + 3:13 pat./30.2%), Diarrhea (WHO 2 + 3:3 pat./7%), Obstipation (WHO 1 + 2: 2 pat./4.6%), Fever (WHO 1 + 2: 9 pat./20.9%) and Alopecia (WHO 1 + 2: 13 pat./31.7%, WHO 3: 1 pat./2.4%) was well tolerable. Cardiac Arrhythmias occurred in 7 pat./16.3% and PNP in 2 pat./4.6%. Treatment had to be stopped in one patient because of an allergic skin reaction. Bendamustin is a well tolerable cytostatic drug with a remarkable activity in advanced SCLC which is comparable to other well known agents in the treatment of this disease. Because of the good toxicity profile a combination with other compounds might be feasible. In advanced NSCLC Bendamustin showed no activity.