Roles of Brassinosteroids in Mitigating Heat Stress Damage in Cereal Crops.

Heat stress causes huge losses in the yield of cereal crops. Temperature influences the rate of plant metabolic and developmental processes that ultimately determine the production of grains, with high temperatures causing a reduction in grain yield and quality. To ensure continued food security, the tolerance of high temperature is rapidly becoming necessary. Brassinosteroids (BR) are a class of plant hormones that impact tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses and regulate cereal growth and fertility. Fine-tuning the action of BR has the potential to increase cereals' tolerance and acclimation to heat stress and maintain yields. Mechanistically, exogenous applications of BR protect yields through amplifying responses to heat stress and rescuing the expression of growth promoters. Varied BR compounds and differential signaling mechanisms across cereals point to a diversity of mechanisms that can be leveraged to mitigate heat stress. Further, hormone transport and BR interaction with other molecules in plants may be critical to utilizing BR as protective agrochemicals against heat stress. Understanding the interplay between heat stress responses, growth processes and hormone signaling may lead us to a comprehensive dogma of how to tune BR application for optimizing cereal growth under challenging environments in the field.

The Evaluation of Upper Labial Swelling: An Arteriovenous Malformation.

Vascular malformations, which include disorders of the lymphatic or vascular systems, can appear in a variety of ways on radiographs, in the radiological department, and histologically. High-flow lesions with direct arteriovenous connections are known as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). These lesions can cause soft tissue loss and deformity since they are difficult to diagnose early. This case report describes a 75-year-old female who presented with a severe bluish-purple swelling on her top lip. After conducting a thorough investigation, the patient's condition was quickly identified as AVM. After confirmation by USG Doppler and histological examination, the patient underwent a successful surgical resection that revealed a confined vascular lesion suggestive of AVM. The discussion explores the hemodynamic and embryologic factors that contribute to the formation of AVM, pointing out differences in hemodynamic properties and clinical symptoms. Treatment choices are influenced by the categorization of peripheral AVMs according to clinical standards and angiographic flow characteristics.

A Comparative Study of Outcomes of Submucosal Diathermy Versus Inferior Turbinoplasty in Patients With Deviated Nasal Septum With Inferior Turbinate Hypertrophy.

Introduction Nasal obstruction due to deviated nasal septum (DNS) and inferior turbinate hypertrophy (ITH) is a common problem necessitating surgical intervention. Submucosal diathermy (SMD) and inferior turbinoplasty (IT) are two commonly performed procedures aimed at improving nasal patency. Methods A prospective comparative study was conducted on 56 patients with DNS and inferior turbinate hypertrophy, divided into SMD and inferior turbinoplasty groups. Preoperative and postoperative assessments included symptom assessment using the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) questionnaire. Results Both procedures led to significant improvements in nasal symptoms and quality of life. Inferior turbinoplasty showed slightly better outcomes in symptom improvement compared to submucosal diathermy. Conclusions Inferior turbinoplasty appears to offer slightly better outcomes in improving nasal symptoms compared to SMD in patients with DNS and inferior turbinate hypertrophy. However, both procedures are effective and safe options for surgical management. Individualized treatment decisions should consider patient preferences and surgeon expertise.

Clival Osteomyelitis in an Adult Patient: A Case Report.

Clival osteomyelitis is an uncommon skull base infection that mostly affects elderly diabetics and is frequently caused by malignant otitis externa or paranasal sinus infections. It manifests as severe otalgia, fever, auditory fullness, and purulent otorrhea. Clinical history, physical examination, test data, radiographic findings, and pathogen identification all contribute to a diagnosis. Treatment consists of extended intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics, with severe cases necessitating surgical debridement. We present a case of a 20-year-old girl with bilateral ear discharge, nasal blockage, and purulent rhinorrhea, as well as a dull neck ache increased by extension. An MRI revealed osteomyelitis in the clivus and right atlanto-occipital joint. The clival abscess was drained transnasally using endoscopic techniques. Microbiological tests revealed Streptococcus intermedius. The post-operative recovery was uneventful, with extended antibiotic therapy. Early identification and treatment are critical for preventing serious consequences, as illustrated in this case, where surgical and antibiotic care improves patient outcomes.

Dentigerous Cyst in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report.

One of the most prevalent types of odontogenic cysts is a dentigerous cyst, which is usually connected to the crown of an immature tooth. We report the case of an 11-year-old boy, who had a swelling over his left cheek, which was determined to be a dentigerous cyst by radiological imaging and clinical examination. Over the course of two months, the peanut-sized mass grew to 3x2 cm. A massive, well-defined cystic lesion connected to an unerupted premolar tooth was found on a CT scan of the left maxillary alveolar arch and sinus floor. Under general anesthesia, the patient had a Caldwell-Luc surgery to remove the cyst. In order to avoid difficulties related to cyst formation, which can invade surrounding tissues and even result in cancer if left untreated, early detection using radiological imaging is essential. Complete excision of the cyst is the treatment, particularly for big lesions, in order to limit morbidity and lower the likelihood of aggressive behavior. This case emphasizes the necessity of thorough examination and surgical intervention when necessary, underscoring the significance of early identification and adequate therapy to minimize potential problems related to dentigerous cysts. In cases of dentigerous cysts, early intervention, and appropriate surgical procedures are critical to reducing morbidity and improving patient outcomes.

The Assessment of Auditory Function in High-Risk Neonates and Infants Using Brainstem-Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA).

Introduction Hearing impairment in neonates and infants is a critical concern due to its potential to impede language acquisition, cognitive development, and overall quality of life. Brainstem-evoked response audiometry (BERA) stands out as a valuable diagnostic tool. The early detection of hearing impairments is paramount in neonatal care. Hearing loss during infancy can impede speech and language development, social interaction, and academic achievement. High-risk neonates, including those born prematurely or with low birth weight, have a heightened susceptibility to hearing impairment due to various factors such as exposure to ototoxic medications, mechanical ventilation, and complications associated with prematurity. Methods A hospital-based prospective study was conducted in the department of otorhinolaryngology; the study focused on high-risk neonates and infants from the outpatient department and inpatient department. The study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2024. A sample size of 70 patients was taken, including high-risk neonates and infants. Healthy term neonates and healthy infants were excluded from the study. Results In the current study, there were 40 males and 30 females. Among the infants surveyed, prematurity was the most prevalent risk factor, followed by perinatal asphyxia. Low birth weight was observed in 43% of cases, while hyperbilirubinemia and neonatal sepsis were the next. Among the 70 infants assessed, 50% were found to have normal hearing. Mild hearing loss was observed in 23% of cases, while 14% had moderate hearing loss. Severe and profound hearing loss were less common. Conclusion Our study highlighted the importance of early and routine auditory screening using BERA in high-risk neonates and infants, revealing a significant prevalence of hearing loss linked to various risk factors such as premature babies, low birth weight, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal intensive care unit stay, perinatal asphyxia, and ototoxic drugs during pregnancy. Prematurity is the most common risk factor. For language development, early diagnosis and intervention were crucial. If babies have profound sensorineural hearing loss, they can go for a cochlear implant.