Genetic testing for inherited colorectal cancer and polyposis, 2021 revision: a technical standard of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG).

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and 30% of all cases of CRC are believed to have a familial component and up to one-third of these (10%) are hereditary. Pathogenic germline variants in multiple genes have been associated with predisposition to hereditary CRC or polyposis. Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common hereditary CRC syndrome, caused by variants in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 and is inherited in a dominant manner. Heritable conditions associated with colonic polyposis include familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) associated with APC pathogenic variants, MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP) caused by biallelic MUTYH pathogenic variants, and polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis (PPAP) caused by POLE or POLD1 pathogenic variants. Given the overlapping phenotypes of the cancer syndromes along with the limited sensitivity of using clinical criteria alone, a multigene panel testing approach to diagnose these conditions using next-generation sequencing (NGS) is effective and efficient. This technical standard is not recommended for use in the clinic for patient evaluation. Please refer to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) clinical practice guidelines to determine an appropriate testing strategy and guide medical screening and management. This 2021 edition of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) technical standard supersedes the 2013 edition on this topic.

Variant interpretation is a component of clinical practice among genetic counselors in multiple specialties.

PURPOSE: Genomic testing is routinely utilized across clinical settings and can have significant variant interpretation challenges. The extent of genetic counselor (GC) engagement in variant interpretation in clinical practice is unknown. This study aimed to explore clinical GCs' variant interpretation practice across specialties, understand outcomes of this practice, and identify resource and educational needs. METHODS: An online survey was administered to National Society of Genetic Counselors members providing clinical counseling. RESULTS: Respondents (n = 239) represented all major clinical specialties. The majority (68%) reported reviewing evidence documented by the laboratory for most (>60%) variants reported; 45.5% report seeking additional evidence. Prenatal GCs were less likely to independently assess reported evidence. Most respondents (67%) report having reached a different conclusion about a variant's classification than the testing laboratory, though infrequently. Time was the most commonly reported barrier (72%) to performing variant interpretation, though the majority (97%) indicated that this practice had an important impact on patient care. When presented with three hypothetical scenarios, evidence typically used for variant interpretation was generally applied correctly. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to document variant interpretation practice broadly across clinical GC specialties. Our results suggest that variant interpretation should be considered a practice-based competency for GCs.

Genetic counselor review of genetic test orders in a reference laboratory reduces unnecessary testing.

Genetic tests are routinely ordered by health care providers (HCPs) within a wide range of medical specialties. Many providers have limited knowledge or experience with ordering and interpreting genetic tests; thus, test order errors are common. Rigorous review of genetic test orders by genetic counselors (GCs) can provide a direct financial benefit to medical institutions, patients and insurers. GCs at ARUP (Associated Regional University Pathologists) Laboratories routinely perform a preanalytic assessment of complex molecular genetic test orders that includes reviewing clinical and family history information and considering the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of ordered tests. GCs contact the ordering institution and/or HCP as needed to collect additional clinical information and confirm the test order or suggest alternative testing based on the provided information. A retrospective review of the GC-facilitated test changes over a 21-month period at ARUP laboratories was performed. Approximately 26% of all requests for complex genetic tests assessing germ line mutations were changed following GC review. Testing fees associated with canceled tests were summed to estimate the cost-savings resulting from GC-facilitated test reviews. The test review process resulted in an average reduction in charges to the referring institutions of $48,000.00 per month. GC review of genetic test orders for appropriateness and clinical utility reduces healthcare costs to hospitals, insurers, and patients.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 RET protooncogene database: repository of MEN2-associated RET sequence variation and reference for genotype/phenotype correlations.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an inherited, autosomal-dominant disorder caused by deleterious mutations within the RET protooncogene. MEN2 RET mutations are mainly heterozygous, missense sequence changes found in RET exons 10, 11, and 13-16. Our group has developed the publicly available, searchable MEN2 RET database to aid in genotype/phenotype correlations, using Human Genome Variation Society recommendations for sequence variation nomenclature and database content. The MEN2 RET database catalogs all RET sequence variation relevant to the MEN2 syndromes, with associated clinical information. Each database entry lists a RET sequence variation's location within the RET gene, genotype, pathogenicity classification, MEN2 phenotype, first literature reference, and comments (which may contain information on other clinical features, complex genotypes, and additional literature references). The MEN2 phenotype definitions were derived from the International RET Mutation Consortium guidelines for classification of MEN2 disease phenotypes. Although nearly all of the 132 RET sequence variation entries initially cataloged in the database were from literature reports, novel sequence variation and updated phenotypic information for any existing database entry can be submitted electronically on the database website. The database website also contains links to selected MEN2 literature reviews, gene and protein information, and RET reference sequences. The MEN2 RET database (www.arup.utah.edu/database/MEN2/MEN2_welcome.php) will serve as a repository for MEN2-associated RET sequence variation and reference for RET genotype/MEN2 phenotype correlations.

De novo loss-of-function variants of ASH1L are associated with an emergent neurodevelopmental disorder.

De novo variants of ASH1L, which encodes a histone methyltransferase, have been reported in a few patients with intellectual disability and autistic features. Here, we identified a novel de novo frame-shift variant, c.2422_2423delAAinsT which predicts p.(Lys808TyrfsTer40), in ASH1L in a patient with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), fine motor developmental delay, learning difficulties, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sleep apnea, and scoliosis. This frame-shift variant is expected to result in loss-of-function. Our report provides further evidence to support loss-of-function alterations of ASH1L as causative for an emergent neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by MCA, intellectual disability, and behavioral problems, and further delineates this genetic disorder.

Challenging identification of a novel PiISF and the rare PiMmaltonZ α1-antitrypsin deficiency variants in two patients.

OBJECTIVES: α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is associated with an increased risk for lung and liver disease. Identification of AAT deficiency as the underlying cause of these diseases is important in correct patient management. METHODS: AAT deficiency is commonly diagnosed by demonstrating low concentrations of AAT followed by genotype and/or phenotype testing. However, this algorithm may miss novel AAT phenotypes. RESULTS: We report two cases of AAT deficiency in two patients: a case of the novel phenotype PiISF, misclassified as PiII by phenotyping, and a case of the rare phenotype PiMmaltonZ misclassified as PiM2Z. CONCLUSIONS: These cases highlight the importance of understanding the limitations of a commonly used diagnostic algorithm, use of further gene sequencing in applicable cases, and the potential for underdiagnosis of AAT deficiency in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

α1-antitrypsin deficiency in fraternal twins born with familial spontaneous pneumothorax.

We report a case of spontaneous familial pneumothorax in fraternal twin boys. The twins' family history is remarkable for reactive airway disease and a female sibling also born with spontaneous pneumothorax. The family had no history of connective tissue disorders, renal cancer, or dermatologic diseases. Analysis of the twins' α(1)-antitrypsin (AAT) genotype, phenotype, and serum concentration revealed that both were compound heterozygous for rare SERPINA1 alleles. These findings suggest a role for AAT deficiency in spontaneous pneumothorax of the newborn. To our knowledge, these are the first genetic data to support etiology of neonatal spontaneous familial pneumothorax.