Improving emotion regulation in breast cancer patients in the early survivorship period: Efficacy of a brief ecologically boosted group intervention.

PURPOSE: This study reports the short- and mid-term benefits of an eight-session emotion and self-regulation group intervention ecologically boosted through daily app-based prompts. The intervention was designed for breast cancer patients in the early survivorship period meeting criteria for clinical levels of psychological symptoms. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to the immediate intervention arm (n = 61; intervention received immediately) or to the delayed intervention arm (n = 59; intervention received 5 months later). Psychological symptoms, including anxiety, depressive symptoms, emotional distress, fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), worry, and intrusive thoughts were assessed through questionnaires. Emotion regulation was assessed in a dynamic emotion regulation task and in everyday life. Assessments were completed at baseline (T1), 5 months (T2) and 10 months (T3) later. RESULTS: Treated patients reported lower levels of worry and intrusive thoughts. They improved their ability to down-regulate the intensity of their negative emotions when exposed to cancer-related triggers in the dynamic emotion regulation task. They reported fewer and less intense negative emotions and more positive emotions in their everyday life. Benefits were maintained 5 months later, except for positive emotions in everyday life. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that focusing on emotion regulation is a relevant approach in the treatment of psychological symptoms for breast cancer patients in the early survivorship period meeting criteria for clinical levels of psychological symptoms. The intervention led to changes in patients' dynamic and everyday life emotion regulation. Consolidation sessions may be needed to sustain benefits in positive emotions and to increase the effect sizes.

Evaluating response to radium-223 using 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

AIM: Conventional imaging techniques and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values are not useful to follow-up patients during Radium-223 treatment. The study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of prostate-specific membrane antigen PSMA PET/CT-based response in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) receiving Radium-223 dichloride treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients treated with radium-223, having performed two 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scans (baseline 1 month before treatment initiation and follow-up 2 weeks after the third cycle), were retrospectively evaluated. Visual and quantitative PET image analyses were performed, and patients were dichotomized into progressive (PD) and non-PD according to Response Evaluation Criteria in PSMA­imaging (RECIP1.0) and PSMA-PET Progression criteria (PPP). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Cohen's Kappa (κ) was used to test the agreement between the two criteria. The Cox regression hazard model and Kaplan-Meier method were used for survival analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-eight mCRPC patients were evaluated. Sixteen (43%) and 18 (64%) patients had PD according to RECIP1.0 and PPP, respectively; κ = 0.85 (95% CI 0.65-1.00). After a median follow-up of 16 months (interquartile IQR 9-33), 20 (71%) patients died. Patients with PSMA PD showed a higher risk of death than non-PD according to RECIP1.0 (HR = 2.9; 95% CI 1.14-7.46; p = 0.029) and PPP (HR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.04-7.64; p = 0.042). For both criteria, the median OS was shorter for PD than non-PD (37 vs. 12 months, Log-rank; p < 0.05). The C-index for RECIP1.0 and PPP were almost equal (0.66 and 0.63; respectively). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that PSMA-PET/CT imaging is valuable for monitoring radium-223 treatment. Both PSMA PET/CT response criteria (RECIP1.0 and PPP) perform similarly predicting OS at follow-up after three cycles of radium-223. These findings urge further validation in prospective trials.

Sirolimus and kidney growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), aberrant activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is associated with progressive kidney enlargement. The drug sirolimus suppresses mTOR signaling. METHODS: In this 18-month, open-label, randomized, controlled trial, we sought to determine whether sirolimus halts the growth in kidney volume among patients with ADPKD. We randomly assigned 100 patients between the ages of 18 and 40 years to receive either sirolimus (target dose, 2 mg daily) or standard care. All patients had an estimated creatinine clearance of at least 70 ml per minute. Serial magnetic resonance imaging was performed to measure the volume of polycystic kidneys. The primary outcome was total kidney volume at 18 months on blinded assessment. Secondary outcomes were the glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin excretion rate at 18 months. RESULTS: At randomization, the median total kidney volume was 907 cm3 (interquartile range, 577 to 1330) in the sirolimus group and 1003 cm3 (interquartile range, 574 to 1422) in the control group. The median increase over the 18-month period was 99 cm3 (interquartile range, 43 to 173) in the sirolimus group and 97 cm3 (interquartile range, 37 to 181) in the control group. At 18 months, the median total kidney volume in the sirolimus group was 102% of that in the control group (95% confidence interval, 99 to 105; P=0.26). The glomerular filtration rate did not differ significantly between the two groups; however, the urinary albumin excretion rate was higher in the sirolimus group. CONCLUSIONS: In adults with ADPKD and early chronic kidney disease, 18 months of treatment with sirolimus did not halt polycystic kidney growth. (Funded by Wyeth and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00346918.)

Impact of saturated compared with unsaturated dietary fat on insulin sensitivity, pancreatic ß-cell function and glucose tolerance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the dietary fat type on type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) with mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA, respectively) on insulin sensitivity, pancreatic ß-cell function, and glucose tolerance, as surrogate endpoints for T2D. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that replaced ≥5% of total energy intake provided by SFA with MUFA or PUFA and reported indexes of insulin sensitivity, ß-cell function, and/or glucose tolerance. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) up to 9 January, 2023. Eligible interventions had to be isocaloric, with no significant difference in other macronutrients. Data were synthesized using random-effects model meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of 6355 records identified, 10 parallel and 20 crossover trials with 1586 participants were included. The mean age of the participants was 42 years, 47% were male, mean body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) was 26.8, median baseline fasting glucose was 5.13 mmol/L, and the median duration of interventions was 5 weeks. Replacing SFA with MUFA or PUFA had no significant effects on insulin sensitivity [standardized mean difference (SMD) SFA compared with MUFA: 0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.06 to 0.09, I2 = 0% and SMD SFA compared with PUFA: 0, 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.14, I2 = 0%]. Replacing SFA with MUFA did not significantly impact the ß-cell function, evaluated by the disposition index (mean difference: -12, 95% CI: -158 to 133, I2=0%). Evidence on glucose tolerance (SFA compared with MUFA or PUFA) and on ß-cell function when SFA were replaced with PUFA was scant. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term substitution of saturated with unsaturated fat does not significantly affect insulin sensitivity nor ß-cell function (the latter in the SFA compared with MUFA comparison). Future studies are needed to elucidate longer term effects of dietary fat saturation on glucose homeostasis. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020178382.

PSMA PET/CT for Response Assessment and Overall Survival Prediction in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Treated with Androgen Receptor Pathway Inhibitors.

We aimed to evaluate the role of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT for response assessment and outcome prediction in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs), including abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 30 ARPI-treated mCRPC patients who underwent 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT within 8 wk before (baseline) and 12 ± 4 wk after treatment initiation. Total PSMA tumor volume was calculated using the fixed threshold method (SUV ≥ 3). Patients were categorized as PSMA responders (PSMA-Rs) or PSMA nonresponders (PSMA-NRs) on the basis of both European Association of Urology/European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EAU/EANM) criteria and Response Evaluation Criteria in PSMA PET/CT (RECIP) 1.0. PSMA-R included patients with a complete response, a partial response, or stable disease, and PSMA-NR included those with progressive disease. On the basis of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), patients were classified as biochemical responders if PSA decreased by at least 50% and as nonresponders if it did not. The Φ-coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation of PSMA- and PSA-based responses. Survival analysis was performed using the Cox regression hazard model and the Kaplan-Meier method. Predictive accuracy was tested for both response criteria. Results: On the basis of PSMA PET/CT, 13 (43%) patients were PSMA-NR according to the EAU/EANM criteria and 11 (37%) patients were PSMA-NR according to RECIP 1.0. Significant correlations were observed between PSMA- and PSA-based responses for both criteria (Φ = 0.79 and 0.66, respectively). After a median follow-up of 25 mo (interquartile range, 21-43 mo), the median overall survival was significantly longer for PSMA-R than PSMA-NR (54 vs. 22 mo) for both the EAU/EANM criteria and RECIP 1.0, with hazard ratios of 6.9 (95% CI, 1.9-26; P = 0.004) and 5.6 (95% CI, 1.69-18.26, P = 0.005), respectively. No significant difference in predictive accuracy was found between the 2 criteria (C-index, 0.79 vs. 0.76, respectively, P = 0.54). Flare phenomena at the second PSMA PET study were not observed in our cohort. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that PSMA PET/CT is a valuable imaging biomarker for response assessment and overall survival prediction when performed at 3 mo after ARPI treatment initiation in mCRPC patients. Both proposed PSMA response criteria (EAU/EANM and RECIP 1.0) seem to perform equally well. No PSMA flare was observed. Prospective validation of these findings is strongly needed.

Paclitaxel plus carboplatin and durvalumab with or without oleclumab for women with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: the randomized SYNERGY phase I/II trial.

Chemo-immunotherapy is the first-line standard of care for patients with PD-L1 positive metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). SYNERGY (NCT03616886) is a dose-finding phase I and a randomized phase II, open-label trial evaluating if targeting the immunosuppressive adenosine pathway can enhance the antitumor activity of chemo-immunotherapy. The phase I part included 6 patients with untreated locally-advanced or mTNBC to determine the safety and recommended phase II dose of the anti-CD73 antibody oleclumab in combination with the anti-PD-L1 durvalumab and 12 cycles of weekly carboplatin and paclitaxel. In the phase II part, 127 women were randomized 1:1 to receive chemo-immunotherapy, with (arm A) or without (arm B) oleclumab. The primary endpoint was the clinical benefit rate at week 24, defined as stable disease, partial or complete response per RECIST v1.1. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate, duration of response, survival outcomes (progression-free survival and overall survival), and safety. The trial did not meet its primary endpoint, as the 24-week clinical benefit rate was not significantly improved by adding oleclumab (43% vs. 44%, p = 0.61). Exploratory median progression-free survival was 5.9 months in arm A as compared to 7.0 months in arm B (p = 0.90). The safety profile was manageable in both arms.

Low-Dose Nivolumab with or without Ipilimumab as Adjuvant Therapy Following the Resection of Melanoma Metastases: A Sequential Dual Cohort Phase II Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Optimal dosing and duration of adjuvant treatment with PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors have not been established. Prior to their regulatory approval we investigated a low-dose regimen of nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in a sequential dual-cohort phase II clinical trial. METHODS: Following the complete resection of melanoma metastases, patients were treated with a single fixed dose of ipilimumab (50 mg) plus 4 bi-weekly fixed doses of nivolumab (10 mg) (cohort-1), or nivolumab for 1 year (10 mg fixed dose, Q2w x9, followed by Q8w x4) (cohort-2). Twelve-months relapse-free survival (RFS) served as the primary endpoint. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 235 weeks for cohort-1 (34 patients), and 190 weeks for cohort-2 (21 patients), the 12-months RFS-rate was, respectively, 55.9% (95% CI, 39-72), and 85.7% (95% CI, 70-100). Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 27 (79%), and 18 (86%) patients, with 3 (9%), and 1 (5%) grade 3 adverse events in cohort-1 and -2, respectively. Immunohistochemical quantification of intra- and peritumoral CD3+ T cells and CD20+ B cells, but not PD-1/PD-L1 staining, correlated significantly with RFS. CONCLUSIONS: One year of adjuvant low-dose nivolumab could be an effective and economically advantageous alternative for standard dosing, at the condition of further confirmation in a larger patient cohort. A shorter low-dose nivolumab plus ipilimumab regimen seems inferior and less tolerable.

Efficacy of a medication adherence enhancing intervention in transplantation: The MAESTRO-Tx trial.

BACKGROUND: Well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing efficacy of post-transplant medication adherence enhancing interventions and clinical outcomes are scarce. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial enrolled adult heart, liver, and lung transplant recipients who were >1 year post-transplant and on tacrolimus twice daily (convenience sample) (visit 1). After a 3-month run-in period, patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to intervention group (IG) or control group (CG) (visit 2), followed by a 6-month intervention (visits 2-4) and a 6-month adherence follow-up period (visit 5). All patients used electronic monitoring for 15 months for adherence measurement, generating a daily binary adherence score per patient. Post-intervention 5-year clinical event-free survival (mortality or retransplantation) was evaluated. The IG received staged multicomponent tailored behavioral interventions (visits 2-4) building on social cognitive theory and trans-theoretical model (e.g., electronic monitoring feedback, motivational interviewing). The CG received usual care and attended visits 1-5 only. Intention-to-treat analysis used generalized estimating equation modeling and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Of 247 patients, 205 were randomly assigned (103 IG, 102 CG). At baseline, average daily proportions of patients with correct dosing (82.6% IG, 78.4% CG) and timing adherence (75.8% IG, 72.2% CG) were comparable. The IG had a 16% higher dosing adherence post-intervention (95.1% IG, 79.1% CG; p < 0.001), resulting in odds of adherence being 5 times higher in the IG than in the CG (odds ratio 5.17, 95% confidence interval 2.86-9.38). This effect was sustained at end of follow-up (similar results for timing adherence). In the IG, 5-year clinical event-free survival was 82.5% vs 72.5% in the CG (p = 0.18). CONCLUSION: Our intervention was efficacious in improving adherence and sustainable. Further research should investigate clinical impact, cost-effectiveness, and scalability.

Improved adherence to tacrolimus once-daily formulation in renal recipients: a randomized controlled trial using electronic monitoring.

BACKGROUND: With effective agents available to prevent posttransplantation acute organ rejection, medication adherence becomes a key factor for successful treatment outcomes after renal transplantation. A once-daily, modified-release oral formulation of tacrolimus has been developed to simplify dosing and improve medication adherence. METHODS: Adherence Measurement in Stable Renal Transplant Patients Following Conversion From Prograft to Advagraf is a randomized multicenter controlled trial to evaluate adherence between a tacrolimus once-daily regimen and a tacrolimus twice-daily regimen using an electronic monitor to document drug intake. After enrolment, all patients continued the twice-daily regimen for 3 months and then were randomized 2:1 between the two formulations and followed for 6 months. Adherence was decomposed into patients' persistence and implementation of each regimen. RESULTS: Two hundred nineteen patients (45% male; 3±2 years after transplantation) were analyzed (145 once daily and 74 twice daily). At 6 months after randomization, 81.5% of the once-daily group and 71.9% of the twice-daily group remained persistent with the treatment (P=0.0824). Among patients who remained engaged with the regimen, 88.2% of the once-daily group and 78.8% of the twice-daily group (P=0.0009) took the prescribed number of daily doses. When the patients took the twice-daily regimen, the average percentage of missed doses was 11.7% in the morning and 14.2% in the evening (P=0.0035). CONCLUSIONS: Regimen implementation of tacrolimus once daily is significantly superior to the twice-daily regimen. There was a residual prevalence of suboptimal adherence that will have to be countered by means other than reformulation and regimen simplification. Electronically compiled dosing histories provide detailed data on patient adherence that can be used for efficient medication management.

Identification and assessment of adherence-enhancing interventions in studies assessing medication adherence through electronically compiled drug dosing histories: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Non-adherence to medications is prevalent across all medical conditions that include ambulatory pharmacotherapy and is thus a major barrier to achieving the benefits of otherwise effective medicines. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review was to identify and to compare the efficacy of strategies and components thereof that improve implementation of the prescribed drug dosing regimen and maintain long-term persistence, based on quantitative evaluation of effect sizes across the aggregated trials. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials that tested the efficacy of adherence-enhancing strategies with self-administered medications. The searches were limited to papers in the English language and were included from database inception to 31 December 2011. STUDY SELECTION: Our review included randomized controlled trials in which adherence was assessed by electronically compiled drug dosing histories. Five thousand four hundred studies were screened. Eligibility assessment was performed independently by two reviewers. A structured data collection sheet was developed to extract data from each study. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: The adherence-enhancing components were classified in eight categories. Quality of the papers was assessed using the criteria of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions guidelines to assess potential bias. A combined adherence outcome was derived from the different adherence variables available in the studies by extracting from each paper the available adherence summary variables in a pre-defined order (correct dosing, taking adherence, timing adherence, percentage of adherent patients). To study the association between the adherence-enhancing components and their effect on adherence, a linear meta-regression model, based on mean adherence point estimates, and a meta-analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Seventy-nine clinical trials published between 1995 and December 2011 were included in the review. Patients randomized to an intervention group had an average combined adherence outcome of 74.3 %, which was 14.1 % higher than in patients randomized to the control group (60.2 %). The linear meta-regression analysis with stepwise variable selection estimated an 8.8 % increase in adherence when the intervention included feedback to the patients of their recent dosing history (EM-feedback) (p < 0.01) and a 5.0 % increase in adherence when the intervention included a cognitive-educational component (p = 0.02). In addition, the effect of interventions on adherence decreased by 1.1 % each month. Sensitivity analysis by selecting only high-quality papers confirmed the robustness of the model. The random effects model in the meta-analysis, conducted on 48 studies, confirmed the above findings and showed that the improvement in adherence was 19.8 % (95 % CI 10.7-28.9 %) among patients receiving EM-feedback, almost double the improvement in adherence for studies that did not include this type of feedback [10.3 % (95 % CI 7.5-13.1 %)] (p < 0.01). The improvement in adherence was 16.1 % (95 % CI 10.7-21.6 %) in studies that tested cognitive-educational components versus 10.1 % (95 % CI 6.6-13.6 %) in studies that did not include this type of intervention (p = 0.04). Among 57 studies measuring clinical outcomes, only 8 reported a significant improvement in clinical outcome. LIMITATIONS: Despite a common measurement, the meta-analysis was limited by the heterogeneity of the pooled data and the different measures of medication adherence. The funnel plot showed a possible publication bias in studies with high variability of the intervention effect. CONCLUSIONS: Notwithstanding the statistical heterogeneity among the studies identified, and potential publication bias, the evidence from our meta-analysis suggests that EM-feedback and cognitive-educational interventions are potentially effective approaches to enhance patient adherence to medications. The limitations of this research highlight the urgent need to define guidelines and study characteristics for research protocols that can guide researchers in designing studies to assess the effects of adherence-enhancing interventions.

Low-dose oral sirolimus and the risk of menstrual-cycle disturbances and ovarian cysts: analysis of the randomized controlled SUISSE ADPKD trial.

UNLABELLED: Sirolimus has been approved for clinical use in non proliferative and proliferative disorders. It inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway which is also known to regulate ovarian morphology and function. Preliminary observational data suggest the potential for ovarian toxicity but this issue has not been studied in randomized controlled trials. We reviewed the self-reported occurrence of menstrual cycle disturbances and the appearance of ovarian cysts post hoc in an open label randomized controlled phase II trial conducted at the University Hospital Zürich between March 2006 and March 2010. Adult females with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, an inherited kidney disease not known to affect ovarian morphology and function, were treated with 1.3 to 1.5 mg sirolimus per day for a median of 19 months (N = 21) or standard care (N = 18). Sirolimus increased the risk of both oligoamenorrhea (hazard ratio [HR] 4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 29) and ovarian cysts (HR 4.4, CI 1.1 to 26); one patient was cystectomized five months after starting treatment with sirolimus. We also studied mechanisms of sirolimus-associated ovarian toxicity in rats. Sirolimus amplified signaling in rat ovarian follicles through the pro-proliferative phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Low dose oral sirolimus increases the risk of menstrual cycle disturbances and ovarian cysts and monitoring of sirolimus-associated ovarian toxicity is warranted and might guide clinical practice with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00346918.

Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive drug treatments: longitudinal study of electronically compiled dosing histories.

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of dosing history in patients prescribed a once a day antihypertensive medication. DESIGN: Longitudinal database study. SETTING: Clinical studies archived in database for 1989-2006. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who participated in the studies whose dosing histories were available through electronic monitoring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Persistence with prescribed antihypertensive treatment and execution of their once a day drug dosing regimens. RESULTS: The database contained dosing histories of 4783 patients with hypertension. The data came from 21 phase IV clinical studies, with lengths ranging from 30 to 330 days and involving 43 different antihypertensive drugs, including angiotensin II receptor blockers (n=2088), calcium channel blockers (n=937), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (n=665), beta blockers (n=195), and diuretics (n=155). About half of the patients who were prescribed an antihypertensive drug had stopped taking it within one year. On any day, patients who were still engaged with the drug dosing regimen omitted about 10% of the scheduled doses: 42% of these omissions were of a single day's dose, whereas 43% were part of a sequence of several days (three or more days-that is, drug "holidays"). Almost half of the patients had at least one drug holiday a year. The likelihood that a patient would discontinue treatment early was inversely related to the quality of his or her daily execution of the dosing regimen. CONCLUSIONS: Early discontinuation of treatment and suboptimal daily execution of the prescribed regimens are the most common facets of poor adherence with once a day antihypertensive drug treatments. The shortfalls in drug exposure that these dosing errors create might be a common cause of low rates of blood pressure control and high variability in responses to prescribed antihypertensive drugs.

Adherence to HAART therapy measured by electronic monitoring in newly diagnosed HIV patients in Botswana.

AIMS: This pilot study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of electronic adherence monitoring of antiretroviral medications in HIV patients who recently started Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in Francistown, Botswana and to compare this with self-reporting. METHODS: Dosing histories were compiled electronically using Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) monitors to evaluate adherence to prescribed therapies. Thirty patients enrolled in the antiretroviral treatment program were monitored over 6 weeks. These patients were all antiretroviral (ARV) naïve. After each visit (mean three times) to the pharmacy, the data compiled by the monitors were downloaded. Electronic monitoring of adherence was compared to patient self-reports of adherence. RESULTS: The mean individual medication adherence level measured with the electronic device was 85% (range 21-100%). The mean adherence level measured by means of self-reporting was 98% (range 70-100%). Medication prescribed on a once-a-day dose base was associated with a higher adherence level (97.9% for efavirenz) compared with a twice-a-day regimen (88.4% for Lamivudine/Zidovudine). CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to assess treatment adherence of patients living in a low resource setting on HAART by using electronic monitors. Adherence, even in the early stages of treatment, appears to be insufficient in some patients and may be below the level required for continuous inhibition of viral replication. This approach may lead to improved targeting of counselling about their medication intake of such patients in order to prevent occurrence of resistant viral strains due to inadequate inhibition of viral replication. In this pilot study a significant difference between the data recorded through the electronic monitors and those provided by self-reporting was observed.